Spacesuits astronauts: paha noonoo. Ka mua hoopii

Spacesuits astronauts - ka mea, aole pono mau kapa no ka poe mikanele i loko o ka Astronomical. Ka mua o kēia mauʻikeʻia i loko o ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia. Ua i kekahi manawa, i ka wa i ai i ka lewa heʻe ua aneane hapalua o ka kenekulia. Eia naʻe,ʻepekema ike i ka ulu ana o extraterrestrial wa, i nā hua'ōlelo o ka i oko, mai ko kakou mau, inevitable. Ia mea ke kumu no ka wā e hiki mai huakaʻi i hōʻea ai i hele mai i ka astronaut lol;, i mea hiki ke hoomalu aku i kekahi kanaka, mai ka papa make no ia.

I ka manaʻo o ka spacesuit

He aha mea i ka lako a pan no ka la i hele aku ai? Spacesuit - mea heʻano o ka hana mana o ka 'enehana. He He'āhihi wa ku replicating i ke kinona o ka kanaka kino.

ʻO kēia spacesuit i hoʻolako pono me ka a pau astronaut ola kākoʻo nenoaiu. Akā, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka mea, nā mea a pau i loko o ia mea olelo hoopomaikai, a pono ai ke aupuni '.

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

Ka hua'ōlelo "hoopii" i Palani kumu ae. Kikokiko i ka manaʻo i manaoia ma ka 1775 Abota mathematician Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. O ka papa, i ka pau ana o ka 18th kenekulia o ka lele i loko o ka lewa,ʻaʻole i moe i. Ka hua'ōlelo "hoopii", a ma Greekʻano "waapa-kanaka", ka mea i hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka luʻu lako a pan.

Me ka Hekikai o ka makahiki makahiki i hoʻohana i kēia manaʻo i loko o ka 'ōlelo Lūkini. Waleʻaneʻi ka mea, ua lilo ka iki okoa manaʻo. hoomaka ae la ke kanaka i piʻi aʻe ia i luna. Ma keia pili ua he hemahema no kūikawā lako a pan. No laila, ma ka kiʻekiʻena o ehiku kilomika mea mehana ke kapa a me ka oxygen ea paha. Mamao ma ka laulā o ka umi tausani mika aie i ka'aloʻahiʻa kulu kauoha i ka pressurized kāpena, a me ka compensating hoopii. I ole ia, ka wā depressurization ke kahu moku i ka malamalama, e hooki i ka hoʻokemu ka oxygen. Ua pono, ina oe e hele i kiekie ae? Ma keia hihia, oe, e pono i ka pokole hoopii. He pono e loa pilipaa. A hiki aku i ke kipi i loko o ka puʻuwai o ka hoopii (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loko o 40 pakeneka o ka lewa), e hoola i ola ke kahu moku.

Ma ka 1920s, he helu o nā 'atikala o ka' ōlelo Pelekānia physiologist Dzhona Holdena. I ia i ka mea kākau i noi i ka hana e uhauhaʻi, o kela ano, e hoomalu aku i ke ola a me ke ola ana o balloonists. He hiki ho'āʻo e hoʻokō lākou mau manaʻo. Ua kūkulu ia i ka hoopii, a ho'āʻo ia i loko o ka manaʻo koikoi keena maluna, i kahi mea i loaʻa ka manaʻo koikoi e like me ka kiʻekiʻena o 25,6 ei. Naʻe, i ka hana o ka balloons i ke ala hou i loko o ka stratosphere -ʻaʻole he nike makemake. A me ka 'Amelika balloonist Mark Ridge, no ka i i hoʻohana i ka hanana lole,' o ia hoʻi, Eia naʻe, ua i ohi ia. Ia mea ke kumu o ka hoopii i mālamaʻia i loko o ka hana pono i ole, ua ho'āʻo.

? Ac? O Sovietʻepekema

I ko kakou aupuni i komo i loko o ka spacesuit lunaʻenehana Evgeniy Chertovsky, ka mea i he lâlâ o ka Institute o maunakea Medicine. No ka makahiki eiwa, mai ka 1931 a hiki i 1940, oia hoʻomohala 7 Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka wepa lako a pan. Ka honua ka mua Soviet lunaʻenehana nō ka hoʻoneʻe pilikia. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ke ala a hiki i ka kekahi kiekie spacesuit ballooned. Ma hope iho o ia, i pio i ka ke kahu moku, e e hiki oi aku hooikaika ana e wale lena i ka uha mua a me ka lima. Ia mea ke kumu o ka palapala B-2 Ua hoʻololi i like ka lunaʻenehana me na ami.

I ka 1936, he hou hoʻokolohua o ka lewa lako a pan. He He palapala B-3, na aneane pau loa na lāliʻi noho i loko o ke kālā no e uhauhaʻi, e hoʻohana i ka Lūkini cosmonauts. Hoao i kēia koho, kūikawā lako a pan i wahi 19.05.1937 I kaumaha bomber TB-3 Ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ke kaa.

Mai 1936, i ulu ka astronauts makahiki e uhauhaʻi, a me ka poe hou nā kānakaʻenehana o ka Central hydrodynamic Institute. Ma keia mea, hooeueu ae la i Ka Mua sci-fi maikam "Space holo ana", hana ma ka neʻepapa me Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Ka hoopii mua i ka 'inideka SK-UP-1 opiopio nā kānakaʻenehana i papahana, ua hanaʻia, a hoao i ka pono 1937 a hiki mawaho manaʻo o kēia ipu e hoike ana i kona extraterrestrial ana. Ma ka mea mua ho no ai pili aku i ka lalo a me ka hoaka o māhele o ke kāʻei i hoakaka hūlili. Hōʻike i nui ka hoʻoneʻe poʻohiwi ami. Keia hoopii lākeke ua i mai o kekahi mau-ahu iho rubberized lole.

A houʻano hoopii okoa alo hana nona iho e noho'ōnaehana, papahana no 6 hola o ana hana. SK-ʻanuʻu-8 - I 1940, ua hanaia ka hope mālama '-kaua Soviet spacesuit. Ikea ai o ka lako a lawe ma ke kinai-153.

Creation o ka kūikawā? Iecaianoaaiiuo

Ma ka postwar makahiki, ka Initiative e manao la, e uhauhaʻi, intercepted mahuka ana Research Institute. ua loaa kona hoʻomalu i ka hana o ke hoʻololi i costumes, papahana no ka mokulele pailota, e lanakila hou ka wikiwiki a me ka kiʻekiʻena. Eia naʻe, no ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hookahi kula ka mea, ua i lawa. I mea no ke aha la, ma October ka makahiki 1952, i ka lunaʻenehana Aleksandrom Boyko Ua hanaia he kupaianaha Oihana. He ua i loko o ka suburban Tomilino, ke kanu helu 918. I keia la, ua kapaia ka mea kanu NPP "Zvezda". Ma ka mea, i ka manawa o ka hoopii Gagarin i hanaia.

Lele ana ma ka lewa

Ma ka hopena o 1950s, he au hou o ka? Acaeoey o extraterrestrial hakahaka. A no loko mai o kēia wā o ka Soviet manao nā kānakaʻenehana hoʻomaka ke hoʻololi i ka "Vostok" - o ka mua a puni kaa. Naʻe, ka mea i initially? Oaony i ka wa küpono na astronauts eʻaʻole e pono no keia rocket. I ka ke kahu moku, Ua manao ia e ia ma ka kūikawā airtight ipu, i mea e e hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka pae ana o ka hanauna mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku. Naʻe, i kēia noaia hoao ia e loa cumbersome, a, eia hoi, ninau mai la hana lōʻihi-manawa e ho'āʻo ai. Ia mea ke kumu o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha maloko o ka "hikina" ma August 1960, i ua redesigned.

Sergei Korolev Buro kilo kaua nō i hoʻololi i ka ipu ma ka ejection hookolokolo. Ma keia manao, wā e hiki mai astronauts pono hoomalu i loko o ka hanana o ke depressurization. A ka mea, ua i ka hoopii. Naʻe, i ka manawa no kona docking me ka mokulele nenoai nele. Ma keia manao, a pau ia ua pono no ke ola o ke kahu moku, waiho 'ana i loko o ka noho.

Ua kapaia ka mua spacesuits astronauts SC-1. Lākou mau kumu kiʻekiʻena hoopii, "Vorkuta" Ua lawe, papahana no ka kinai-interceptor SU-9 poʻe hoʻoholo moku. Piha? Aeiino? Malalo wale mahiole. Ua hookupaa i keʻano papa hana e hoʻi i ka mīkiniʻimi. Inā ka puʻe i loko o ka hoopii koke slams ka aniani moakaka kila.

Lako a pan no ka astronauts i ma luna o kanaka hae. No ka mea lele mua ka mea i hanaia no ka poe i hoike mai i ka pono nui o ka aʻo. Kēia Trio o nā luna, i komo pū Yuri Gagarin, German Titov a me Grigory Nelyubov.

Interestingly, na astronauts ma ka makahiki ma hope kipa i ka hoopii. Kekahi o ka mea kūikawā e uhauhaʻi, SC-1 momoku ahi, ua hoouna aku la i loko o ka Astronomical i mau unmanned ho'āʻo OOOXO o ka "Vostok" spaceship, e paa ana ia i loko o March 1961 Ma hou a hiki i ka mana hoʻoʻauwana ma luna o ka moku i ka mannequin "Ivan Ivanovich",ʻaʻahuʻia i loko o ka hoopii. Ma ka umauma o keiaʻimi hoʻopunipuni kanaka hoʻouka kekahi me nā hīnaʻi manu me Guinea puaa a me nāʻiole. A ma ka mea e pae i ka occasional hoike i ole ia "Ivan Ivanovich" no ka malihini, Ua kau i ka papa ma lalo o ka pāpale kila o kona hoopii a me ka palapala "ʻia".

Nā uhauhaʻi, SC-1 hoʻohana no kaʻelima manned holo ana o ka "Vostok". Eia naʻe, wahine astronauts ke lele i loko o ia mau mea. No ia mau mea, i ke kükohu o SC-2 Ua hana. Ua Ua loaʻa mua kona hoʻohana i ka holo ana o ka "Vostok-6". Mākou ua hanaʻia ka mea hoopii, e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka 'o ka wahine kino' ole, no ka Valentina Tereshkova.

? Ac? O 'Amelika hoʻomalu

Ma ka hoʻokō 'ia i ka polokalamu "Mercury" US akamai hōʻalo no ka mea Soviet nā kānakaʻenehana, pela ana i ko lakou noi. No laila, ka mea mua Amelika makahiki hoopii i loko no o ka mea i na astronauts i loko o ka lewa i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, e e hou i loko o ka Astronomical.

Akamai Rassel Kolli ua i ka hana lole Moku Mark, mua manao no na de na pailota o kaʻoihana moku maunakea. Haʻalele nā ana hoʻohālike, keia hoopii ua'ōlewa, a ua he kŘpa a haʻahaʻa kaumaha. E hoʻohana i kēia koho ma ka makahiki papahana ma ka manao i ua mau loli i kuhikuhi loli ana i ka mahiole noonoo.

Nā uhauhaʻi Americans Ua ai lakou pono. Wale kekahi manawa, i ka wa a ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku "Mercury-4" holoʻana, a kokoke loa e komo, i ka hoopii kokoke i hōkaiʻia ka astronaut Virgil Grissona. I ka ke kahu moku, māhunehune kauoha aku e kiʻi mai, no laila, pehea la ka loihi o hiki ole ke disconnected mai ka onboard ola-kākoʻo nenoai.

Hana i ku-wale e uhauhaʻi,

Aie i ka kokololio iki mai o ka? Acaeoey o ka makahiki e pono ai, e kükulu i kekahi palapala hou kūikawā costumes. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mua Ke Ana Hoʻohālike he wale hoʻopakele. Aie i ka mea i ka mea, e pili ana i ke ola kākoʻo nenoaiu o ka manned spacecraft, astronauts ma ka makahiki i loko o ua kapa hiki ole hele. E Haʻalele i ka mea e wehe ae extraterrestrial kahua ua pono e kükulu i kekahi pakiko-i kakauiaʻi maluna pokole hoopii. Mau hana akamai o ka USSR, a me ka Hawaii.

Americans ma lalo o kona mau makahiki polokalamu "Gemini" hana hou wale nō o nā uhauhaʻi G3C, G4C, a me ka g5c. I ka lua o ka ia i manaoia no ka spacewalks. I loko nō o ka mea i pau US spacesuits i pili i ka onboard ola-kākoʻo'ōnaehana, i kukulu pakiko-i kakauiaʻi maluna pa alima i loko o ia mau mea. Inā pono, ka mea makemake e kokoke lawa waiwai e kākoʻo i ka astronaut ola i loko o ka hapalua o ka hora.

Ke hoopii G4C 03.06.1965 Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ke kahua Amelika Edvard Uayt. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia uaʻaʻole he paionia. No ka elua a me ka hapalua mahina mua ka mea, e hiki mai ana i ka moku hele i loko o ka lewa Alexei Leonov. No kēia holo, Soviet nā kānakaʻenehana hoʻomohala i ka hoopii o "Berkut". Ua kuhi mai NC-1 ma ke alo o ka lua o ka containment. Eia hou, i ka hoopii i Zaplechny backpack, i hoʻolako pono me ka o oxygen nā paukūʻolokaʻa, a ma kona mahiole i loko iho Kānana.

Oiai ma ke kahua a puni he kanaka ua pili i ka ehiku-mika waapa kaula, e like me ka hapa o ka a i ka damping manaʻo, pou kaula, kila uea a me nā kaukini loloa no ka pilikia ka oxygen lako. Ewa, mai loko o extraterrestrial makahiki i wahi ma 18.03.1965, Alexei Leonov i waho o ka spacecraft no 23 mau minuke. 41 kek..

ʻO e uhauhaʻi, no ka meaʻimi loa i ka lewa o ka Moon

Ma hope o? Acaeoey o ka Honua ka Astronomical kanaka hoʻouka ihola lākou. A me kona mau mua AIM ua e hoʻomaka poe mikanele i ka mahina. Akā, i kēia pono i na mea hana nona iho la, e uhauhaʻi, a makemake e waho o ka moku no kekahi mau hola. Ka mea, i ma ka Americans ma ka "Apollo"? Ia? Aiiu? Acaeoey hana. Mau uhauhaʻi, i ka hoomalu ana no ka astronauts mai ka ikehu lā overheating, a mai micrometeorites. Ka mana mua ulu Helu spacesuits kapaia A5L. Ma hope, akā naʻe, ka mea, ua hou. Ke hou wale nō A6L hoakaka wela'īpale lākeke. Version A7L ua fireproofʻano.

I Helu spacesuits mea he integral nunui-pona costumes, he'ōlewa ami i ka laholio. Cuffs a me nā pūliki koa, he mea hiki ke hooheheeia mau apo no ka IeIIeYOA sila Loan a me ka mahiole. Pihi e uhauhaʻi, ka hoʻohana vertical zipper; akeke nui, mai ka groin a hiki i ka'ā'ī.

Americans i hiki ma luna o ka Moon 21.07.1969, ka Ma keia lele, loaʻa i ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā uhauhaʻi A7L.

Mākou e hele ana i ka mahina a me ka Soviet cosmonauts. No keia nuʻukia mea e ho okumu spacesuits "Merlin." Ua ua he kalaka nui-ʻoʻoleʻa hoʻokolohua o ka hoopii, a nona hoʻi he kupaianaha hoʻi puka. Ke astronaut i, e piʻi i loko o laila, kahikoia no pela ma kapa. Au e pani i ka puka mai o ka loko. No keia mea, ua hoomakaukau i kaʻaoʻao une lōhai a me ka luna 'noaia o kaula. Loko o ka hoopii ua, a me ke ola-kākoʻo nenoaiu. Eia naʻe, ke kipa ma ka Moon ma ka Soviet cosmonauts, a nele. Akā, ke hoʻololi i ka hoopii i na de Ua a laila ia i loko o ke ana o nā ana hoʻohālike.

Lako a pan no na moku Hou Loa

Launch o "Soyuz" E hoomaka ana ma ka makahiki 1967, ka Soviet Union hoomaka. He mau kaa papahana no ka hanaia'na o orbital wahi. Manawa ma luna o ia astronauts kūpono māhuahua.

"Union" Ua hoi i hoopii mai "Hawk" no ka lele i ka moku. Kona oko ao mai ka "Berkut" i wahi i loko o ke ola kākoʻo'ōnaehana mea i manao ai. A me kona kōkua o ka holo ana o ka hanu Mix i loko o ka hoopii. Eia, ka mea, ua ua holoiʻia o nā contaminants a me ke kalapona'okikene lua, a laila, ho'ēmi.

Ke hou hoʻopakele hoopii "Sokol-K" Ua hoʻohana i ka mahuka ana o "Soyuz-12" ma September 1973 More holomua Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o aiiay lole kuai iho la ia i kuai laʻelaʻe 'ia i loko o Kina. He hana hoihoi i ka wa e holo ai ka manned spacecraft "Shanchzhou" astronauts i loko o ka mea, ua kahikoia no ia ma kapa, ka mea i loa reminiscent o ka Lūkini hāpana.

No ka spacewalk ua hana Soviet poʻe akamai i ka makahiki hoopii "Orlan". He he aupuni kūʻokoʻa he kalaka nui-ʻoʻoleʻa kapa, i like loa me ka Helu "gyrfalcon". Kau aku ma luna o ka mea i hele ma ka puka i loko o ka hope. Akā, e like me ka "Krechet", "aeto" ua paʻa. Kona lole a me kuko mau wawae maʻalahi like i ke koi 'ia kiʻekiʻe.

Nā spacesuits "Orlan" ua lele e wale Lūkini cosmonauts. Ma hope o ka ho o ka lako a ka Pākē ua i kā lākou mau "Feitian". Ma ia, ka mea hele mai i loko o ke kahua a puni.

Nā uhauhaʻi, o ka wā e hiki mai

I ka lā, NASA ua ulu i ka hou pokole polokalamu. O nā de i asteroids, i ka mahina, a me ka huakaʻi ma Mars. Ia mea ke kumu o ka hana mau ana o ka hou ka hoʻololi 'ana i nā uhauhaʻi, i ka wā e hiki mai, e i e hoʻohui i nā mea a pau ma ka olelo ano o ka hana e uhauhaʻi, a me ka hoʻopakele lako a pan. Ma ka Lolina, e pau ana haku polokalamu, ia mea nō IKE OLE IA.

Malia paha ka mea, e ia heʻoʻoleʻa paakiki kapa kila mea i malama i ke kanaka, mai nā mea a pau i ka io mawaho ololi, malia, laekahi loea ae e hana i kekahi ao iwi, hiehie mea e e mahalo ma ka wā e hiki mai wahine astronauts.