He aha substance hiki e: papa, ano, waiwai. Helu waiwai o ka waiwai

Ke kumu o sciences kemika o ka wahi o ka kanaka ike, i haʻawina no ka haku mele 'ana a me nā' ano o ka hui, e like me ka pono me lākou ae loli '. Kekahi o ka Central nīnau o kemika makemake e like penei: aha i na papa o ka waiwai? Special pauku o ka 'epekema, e like me,'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha Nine Inch, loa noʻonoʻo i ka' ole a me ka waiwai o ka hui, a i hōʻike lākou mea hiki cia.

He aha ka ka Nine Inch i ana, e puunaue i ka physical kino a me ka mea, i mea heʻano o nā mea - mau a me nā nīnau e uhi nō ia iā mākou i loko o kēia hana.

Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o kemika

Ma na lala o ke kanaka ike i ke ki - ka hoʻokumu paʻa manaʻo a me ka manaÿo, a paʻa i ka slender edifice o ka 'epekema. No ka makemakika - he helu i iaaiey -ʻikepili abstraction. Ke Nine Inch waiwai ninoaaeyao he kikowaenaʻoihana - 'ano o ka mea, i mea mall huahelu o nā'ātoma, nā lātoma a me Ion. Hoʻohuiʻia i loko o nā ana, ka mea hana i ka fantastic nui o ka hui likeʻole kaʻokoʻa Nine Inch a me physical waiwai o ka waiwai.

Ke kino a me ka mea

Ma muli o ka mea ia e hoohalike o ka moku'āina o aggregation, he mea hiki i ka mea i loko o ke ano maoli, e hooholo: paa, kinowai a gaseous. E hoʻolālā i kekahi aniani puka olu oia i mall huahelu o Nine Inch hui hana kino. Waiwai nona na (particles) (nā'ātoma, nā lātoma a Ion) e hoʻohanaʻia ke kanaka no kekahi pono, a koi, haawiia i likeʻia. No ka laʻana, lepo pipili, aniani - ia meaʻimi hoʻopunipuni, a me ka wahie, one, māpala - he kūlohelohe mea.

He aha mea he maemae waiwai

Ma kemika, e maopopo ma waena o ka 'ona kanaka a me nā mea huihuina. Ka hope i ke ano maoli ma kekahi mau kauoha o ka nui i oi aku: wai kai, ke koko, ka waiu, na pohaku, ka makani ia makou ke hanu - ia mea he huihui 'ana o kekahi mau hui. E ike lea i na waiwai maemae hiki ia i loko o ka papa kula kemika Keʻena. Reagents i loko o ka mea i haawi e like me ka loa o ka maemae. Pela, i oi loa maemae ano o ka nui hapa iki o ka impurities Ua emi o 0,0001%, akā, ma ka kiʻekiʻe 'enehana na hana e like me microelectronics, nā lopako, ka aerospace hana, e like me keʻano o ka maemae lawa.

No ka laʻana, ma semiconductors 10 milliardov germanium nā'ātoma ua 'ae' ole aku ma mua o kekahi huikala'Ātoma. E hooholo i mea no ka waiwai o ka pololei, hoʻohana 'ia ke kālā no ano o Nine Inch Ka Ikepili, e like me ka lakou hoopuehu, solubilization a me colloid-Nine Inch lapaau. Ma hope o liberation mai na impurities o kona Nine Inch a me physical waiwai o ka mea i kū hoʻokahi.

'ōlelo kemika

I ka hua'ōlelo 'epekema, hoʻohana i ka manaʻo o ka mea, kemika hoʻohana i nā hōʻailona o nā kumu mua. Ka mea, hōʻike i ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana o nā lātoma. Ke'ī mai, ma ka manao paa o ke aloha i huiʻia o nā nā papakuhikuhi ka mea, he mau koho, e like me he huina lakou o ko mau haʻilula, e like me kona Nine Inch waiwai o ka'ā huahana.

I huiʻia o ka poe noonoo ole a me ka luna '

Hoomau ana i ka huli 'ana no ka pane ana i ka ninau, heaha ka waiwai, ka mea i ke kumukuai o ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana i kekahi o na Mea Maluna mua hoʻopaʻa' ana i nā haʻawina o kemika - ka mahele i loko o na mea a me ka luna 'waiwai. Ka mea mua i loko o kona haku mele 'ana no nā'ātoma o wale kekahi Nine Inch hehee ai. No ka laʻana, oxygen ma - O _2, luaipele - S, kalipuna - Ca. Others, hea nui i huiʻia haku o nā'ātoma o elua (aeaie waiwai H ₂ O, CuS) a oi Nine Inch hehee wale. No ka laʻana, Na ₂ HI _3, BA (OH) _2. Simple waiwai, ma ka huli, hiki ke maheleia i ke hooheheeia, a non-ke hooheheeia.

I kaʻokoʻa ma waena o ia mea, e pili ana kuhikuhi me na ano like physical waiwai. Waiwai "ke hooheheeia" i wale recognizable ma ke ano silvery sheen, ka mea, i nui conductors o ka wela a me ka uila, like me ka transmitters o ka mua ano keia ano. Ole-ke hooheheeia ma ka poi pu hihia dielectrics. Ka mea, i kekahi conductors ilihune o ka wela, a. Naʻe, i kēia mahele Ua ākeʻakeʻa kumu 'ona. No ka mea, ma waena o ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals paʻakikī, e kikoo aku i ka maopopo pono ai. No ka laʻana, germanium, graphite, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka uila 'enekinia, e pili ana i' ole-ke hooheheeia.

Classes o eiiieaena waiwai

Systematizing ike wehewehe i ka Nine Inch, a physical waiwai o ka waiwai, nä känaka 'epekema no i puunaue i'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o nā papa. Oxides, nāʻakika, paʻakai a me nā kumu i aʻo i loko o au mamuli o kemika papa 7 - 9 papa a me nā papa o ke aloha 'ona (hydrocarbons, waiʻona mai ke kino, aldehydes) e hoʻolauna i loko o ka papahana o ka 10 - 11 kula.

Ka like o Nine Inch papa broadens ka naʻau o ke kanaka, ka paipai 'ana i ke kahua o ko maoli-honua ka ho'āʻoʻana, a he o ka nuiʻano o ka waiwai. Ke'ī mai, e noonoo pono i ka oxides, ua aʻo ole wale e pili ana i ka mea i ka waiwai o keia papa i loko o kona kino ai 'ole Nine Inch waiwai, akā, no ka ike no hoi i ka laha ana o oxides maoli ai, e like me hoakaka lākou hoʻohana i ka hana a me ka maʻamau o ke ola. Ke'ōlelo mai, silikone'okesaside SiO ₂ ia hoʻi kekahi hapa o ke one, ka lepo, māpala, pōaka, i hanaʻia i ka lithosphere o ka Honua.

Ua mea he nui maka mea no ka hale pono hana, ma ka hana o ke aniani, lepo pipili, pālolo. Me ka hao oxides FeO, Fe ₂ O _3, Fe ₃ O ₄ i ka walaʻauʻana eiiiiiaiou o nāʻano likeʻole o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee aha i ka mahinaʻai, e laʻa me, Krivoy Rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. Ka lewa ua hoʻomano imua me kalapona oxides, pakahi aku la ia i carbon dioxide, a me ka naikokene oxides.

Salt - ka loa nui papa o Nine Inch

Mākou Ua manaoia i nā 'ano o ka'okesaside - aeaie i huiʻia me ka o oxygen me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a non-ke hooheheeia. Ano, ke noonoo i kekahi o ka mea nui loa papa o'okanikaʻole waiwai - paʻakai. Lākou physical waiwai i wehewehe ia ma ka puka olu oia i ionic. He kuhikuhi i ka hiki e hoʻomaka uilaʻikena nā ma ka pāʻoihana a me ka hoʻoheheʻeʻia, a me ka kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka mahana. No ka laʻana, e like me ka paakai mea like me 801 ° C, ua kalipuna silicate - 1544 ° C.

Paʻakai komo 'ana i loko o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ke hooheheeia, alkalis, nāʻakika, a hiki ma ka pāʻoihana pane koke i kekahi i kekahi, ka hana' ana ma ka hoonohonoho hou reactions. Kemika ninaninau ole wale i ka waiwai a pau i loko o kona Nine Inch a me ka physical ka waiwai, akā, i uku nui noonoo i kona hoʻohana 'ana i ka hana, mahiai a me nā hale o. No ka laʻana, paʻakai koloriside, hoʻohanaʻia mākou ma ka mea e pickle i kaʻai o ka maka mea no ka hana nunui-tona hydrochloricʻakika, soda, chlorine. potasiuma paʻakai, e laʻa me, koloriside, nitrate a me ka sulufahate, nō ka mea pōhaku fertilizers i ka hōʻoi 'kekahi mea kanu e haawi i ko. Pōhaku paʻapuna poe ma ke ano maoli, mau hoʻohana i kūkulu.

Waiwai psychotropic waiwai

Natural paha artificially synthesized hui i alakaʻi ai i nā nā māhele o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a me kaʻike ākea hapa kapa waiwai paha neuroleptics. Ma ka hoʻomālama ma ka hopena maikaʻi waiwai a me kā lākou hana no ka i kekahi kanaka pilina, pinepine ka manawa "ai '" ke hoʻohana' ia. E möakäka hou i ka hopena psychotropic waiwai i ka'emi'ōnaehana i mau, ke hoole i na hui o keia moʻo i nā hōʻoi 'i ka EYI uku o excitation i ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula, a me ka inhibit hoohana ia ana o ka holoʻokoʻa ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu.

Ka mea, e ho'ākāka stimulators o nāʻano o nā receptors: eha, auditory, pilikia makapō, tactile. Kēia hiki i kekahi kanaka i ka kūikawā moku'āina o ka ike paka i, kapaʻia he loli. Ua pono ike maoli waiwai hoʻohana me softer hana ia ma luna o ke kanaka kino. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o kope ka papapa maka, kī lau, hua nutmeg.

Lawa haʻiʻawahia 'ole i nicotine i hae, ibotenicʻakika na i loko o ka extract noxious fungi. He nui ka eha, lapaʻauʻia i hoʻohana ma ka anesthesia, e like me Morphine, codeine, ephedrine, loko mai mea kanu. Ka mea, eia no hoi potent psychoactive i huiʻia. Ka loa ke koʻikoʻi, e alakai ana i ka piha loa ana o ke kanaka kino, he kalaka nui-kemikala a kemikala antipsychotic ai ': amphetamine, heroin, LSD. Ka hoʻohana a psychotropic ai 'ua pololei e hoʻomalu aku, a me ke noi e holo ma lalo o ka OAXA hooponopono ana o ke kauka.

Waiwai a pau a me nā hana mall

Ka huina o ke kaupaona ana o ke Nine Inch i huiʻia hiki ke kapaʻia ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka kekahi, kūikawā waiwai. No ka laʻana, ka loa ductile metala ma ke ano maoli, ua manaoia e ia i ke gula, i ke ono loa ia ka waiwai - -L-α-aminomalonicʻakika -aspargil. He mea 40 000 manawa kaʻono ma mua o ka papaʻaina kōpaʻa. Akā, i ka ninau o ka mea waiwai i ka fetidʻala, he mea ole hookahi pane like me ka helu ana o Hereme-luaipele i huiʻia me ka mau haʻilula RSH, kapaʻia mercaptans, hoʻopailuaʻala. Ka mea, i anao? Aou i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka palaho o ka mea i make, ke aloha mea noho i loko o nā feces o ka manu a me mammals, a me kekahi hapa o ka odoriferous glands o kekahi mau holoholona, e like me'Ōhonohono.

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ke ao nei ka nui a me ka hoihoi' mea, a me ka kemika - ka 'epekema e leie aku mākou, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina kā lākou' ole, ka waiwai a me ka nui i loko o kanaka ola.