State Bank. Kapa me ka moku'āina komo

Russian moku'āina-waiwai mau kapa a pau i ka hana hoihoi mōʻaukala a me ka i Kekahi Mau 'o ka hana i loko o ko kakou aina. E ka pehea ka pilina ma waena o ka mana Hoʻohana a me ka hui panakō kaiaulu ike.

Central Bank a me ka State Bank: i ka manaÿo o ka lākiō

Ma ka mea kaulana Media, i ka hua'ōlelo "ka Central Bank" a me ka "State Bank" i kekahi manawa hōʻike '. Ma ka kekahi lima, aohe mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i hewa: "CB" - State Bank, he loa nona aupuni. Ma ka mea 'ē aʻe, he mea he ano okoa o na huaolelo "moku'āina kapa," - He He kalepa laweʻae'ē kula, he hapanui o ka a (50% mahele) nova ma ka moku'āina (i hookuu i loko o ka maka o ke aupuni). Ka lua o ka hoohalike ana hoi, ua olelo ia i loko o ka Lūkini ahakanaka a me ka journalism. Hoikehonua, nui kapa me ka moku'āina komo - "VTB 24", "makauliʻi Bank" ( "Sberbank o Rusia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". I huli ai oe, ai ka ole-moku'āina ( "kalepa") e ia i ka aie kula, he nui ua lü ua waiwai e kekahi kanaka (kekahi a oi).

No ke aha la ka "kikowaena panakō" haawiia no ma ka State Bank? ʻano nui, no ka mea,, e like ke aupuni kulanui, kū ma luna o kalepa laweʻae'ē kulanui, hooponopono iho i ke ea puka o ke kala, regulates ke aupuni kālā'ōnaehana i mau, ka hoʻoponopono pilikia,ʻano nui ole-pono-ana, aka, i ke kokoke ana i kaʻoihana o ka moku'āina.

Bank State a me ka 'ole-moku'āina: kaʻokoʻa

Ka waiwai kaʻana like o ka moku'āina nona pali, - wale oleloʻano. State-waiwai mau kapa, a kalepa laweʻae'ē hui okoa mai kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe ma muli o ka nui' ē aʻe - kena ae la, e like me ka rula, me ka hana pono hana. Ke eia hiki ke hōʻike '. State Bank IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kaumaha ana loan me ka hoihoi uku haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka waiwai kālā kulanui. Ke kumu no ka mea - 'ano hana ana, ua hoʻohiki ma ke aupuni.

Commercial kukuluia'na ua pono ole kekahi haawi, a me ka mea, ua hoʻoikaika e compensate no ka poho ma muli o ke mahuahua hoihoi holo 'awelika. Ka moku'āina kapa haʻahaʻa panee kumu i hoʻokomo kālā ma mua i loko o kekahi kulanui, a me keia hoi mea maopopo: ka mua nō i ka hana kuʻuna hilinaʻi o ka heluna kanaka, oiai ka hope e pio ia,ʻo ka hana kapikala. State-mea a kapa a puʻu, e like me ka rula, ua oi'ōlewa i loko o ke kahua o ke dute pilikino E pili ma mortgages aie, e emi i ke kamepiula (a mea heʻilihune o ka hoailono aku preferential lapaau kaumaha ma ke aupuni).

Mōʻaukala: The State Bank o ka Russian aupuni a pau

Ka muli o ka moku'āina-waiwai kapa a ua ole e pili ana i ka Socialist au hou, i ka wa o ka moku'āina hoi malalo o na mea a pau, a me uku kulanui. Ka hui panakō'ōnaehana, a me ka mea e alakai ana ia kūlana o ka moku'āina i loko o Rusia i ka lōʻihi mōʻaukala. Ke prototype o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia moku'āina-waiwai mau kapa a pau i lilo ai-kapa moku'āina-waiwai kula (iʻikeʻia i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia). Mawaena o ka luawai-ike - "Loan Bank" (hoʻokumu i ka 1733), "Bank Loan" no ke ano hanohano, a me ka "Bank o Pāʻoihana, a me ka poe kalepa '(nāʻikeʻia i loko o ka-ka m 1754). An hana hoihoi 'oiaio o ia i ke ehuehu o nā mea a pau ekolu kulanui me ka "ino aie" a hele bankrupt no ka mea, ka mea hiki ole uku loan.

I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia he mau moku'āina-mea a mau kapa, lawe hoʻokomo kālā (nei listen Consignations), he mea no ka hana o ke kapikala hoʻomāhuahua i ka lilo ana o hoʻokomo kālā. I ka 1786 ia hookupaa "State aina kapa", kahi i lilo ai hana prototypes o keia la ka moraki papahana. Ka mua ke kālā hoolilo i loko o ka Lūkini aupuni a pau iʻikeʻia ma ka hoʻomaka o ke XIX kenekulia. Lākou e hoʻoili ana i ka "National Commercial Bank". I ka hapalua like-kenekulia aie kulanui 'Imi privatized, ke kaʻana like' ana o ke aupuni ua hoʻemi alo i loko o ia mau mea. Ma ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa umi moku'āina mau kapa a pau i koe i loko o Rusia, hoʻohana a puni 50 a pilikino kālā kulanui, mau haneri koi pohō a ae kōkua nā kaiapili, na tausani o ka poe liilii, ahahui. Ma hope o ka 1917 kipi, i ka'ōnaehana o ka aie kulanui i undergone he nui ka kūkuluʻana.

Mōʻaukala: ka moku'āina hui panakō'ōnaehana i loko o ka USSR

Na Bolsheviks hai aku i ka mikanele monopoly o ka mana i loko o ka hui panakō. Commercial laweʻae'ē kulanui i nationalized. Alakai kālā kula o ka aina i ka "People ka Bank o ka RSFSR" hookolokoloia Commissariat, i ka hana o na kulanui i pāpā. Ma ka mea mua mau makahiki o ka Soviet Aupuni e ai kulanui i kekahi kuokoa, akā, ma ka pau ana o 20-ies o kā lākou hana i maoli lilo i subspecies o ka lahui hoʻolālā. Ka "State Bank o ka USSR", i loko o ka? Aieao o ka aoao laina e hana hooponopono maluna o ka issuance o loan, ka'āponoʻana hoʻokomo kālā.

Ma ka hapalua like-20th kenekulia i loko o ka USSR ia hana loa he wahi o ka aie kulanui. Ka papa kuhikuhiE ua "State Bank", "? Ieoaeunoai Bank", "VTB", e like me ka makauliʻi pali. Ma na makahiki o perestroika, aia no kekahi kālā kaiaulu poe - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" a me ka "makauliʻi Bank". Ua Ua hanaia ma ka uku kula, e hana i na oihana hana - "Vnesheconombank". Ma ke kakahiaka nui '90s, he kānāwai e hana i ka hui panakō'ōnaehana i mea kokoke i ke kālā no realities.

Mōʻaukala: moku'āina-waiwai kapa ma Rusia i keia la

Ke kanawai "Ma mau kapa a pau a me ka hui panakō Activity o ka Russian Hui", aponoia ma hope o ka'opi o ka USSR, ua loaʻa i ka mea, he "kikowaena kae", i ka "makauliʻi Bank", like hoʻi me kuokoa kalepa kukuluia'na. Ka hope ke hana ma ke kumu o ka laikini o ka Central Bank, i ka pono, e kau aku i ko lakou iho hoihoi holo 'awelika, a e kālā hana. I ka helu o ia kulanui i ulu e like me ka ka nāhelehele i, iaʻikeʻia he mau haneri kēlā me kēia makahiki. i ke kālā kumupaʻa o kēia mau "kapa ma ka wikiwiki" ua loa maikai, he nui loa i hōkaiʻia. I ka loa i ka pilina paʻa, nae, he ka Lūkini moku'āina-waiwai mau kapa a pau.

Mōʻaukala: i ka papa kuhikuhiE moku'āina kapa o ka aina

"Sberbank" - moku'āina-mea a kapa, ua noʻonoʻo na alakai poʻe i loko o Rusia, ua hoʻonoho iho i ka kula me ka mōʻaukala o ka oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka kenekulia: i ka 1841, ma ke kauoha o ka Emperor Rotehama I, he mau makauliʻi kapa ma Rusia. Kā lākou hana i "aliʻi ma" i waena o na kanaka o ka moku'āina, ua hai mai la laua, i mea na pono o ke hoʻokomo kālā. I ka wā ma mua o ka kipi i loko o kēia mau kulanui mau miliona i hoopuka passbooks, he mau tausani makauliʻi mau kapa a pau. I loko nō o ka paakiki huli ana i loko o nā makahiki mua o Socialist kūkulu, ua kōkua? Anoa hoʻokele waiwai o ka aina o ka. No ka manawa o ke Kaua Honua 'Elua, ka wā poe kanaka ke ruble, e kōkua i ka mua, a ma hope o - e hoihoi i ka hoʻokele waiwai luku.

Makauliʻi kapa ola ma mua o ka mihi ana o ka hui panakō'ōnaehana i loko o ka hopena o '80s - i ka wā i loaʻa i kekahi aie kula me ka ninau inoa - "makauliʻi Bank", ka moku'āina, ma naʻe o ka makeke kū i ke au o ka kūkuluʻana. ATMs mua ikea. Pili kēia i ka hoʻomohala i ka Soviet au nā pono, ua lilo "Sberbank o Rusia" na alakai aie kulanui o ke aupuni.

Ka hoʻohana o ka moku'āina-nova kapa no ka hoʻokele waiwai

Socialist manawa ma hope o mākou, e ko kakou aupuni kūkulu i ka hoʻokele waiwai capitalist. Ua makemake mea i ka mea, aole ia i mea i moku'āina kapa, ka mea nona kekahi waiwai o ka'āina hoʻoili. Aia mau, nae, i waena o economists kuhikuhi o ka hoomaopopo, ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka pono o kekahi kapa a puʻu, e like me ka rula, e ole mau coincide me ka lahui. Ka hope hoʻohuʻu i ka mea, i ke koi pohō a keʻano o ka hanaʻana he kaumaha i ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka heluna e loaa e pono hana no ka loan, a hoʻokomo kālā. Commercial kapa, ma ka huli, mālama e pili ana i ka waiwai a me ka nohona kūlana ma ko lakou manao i mae i loko o ke kāʻei kua. Ka mea, e hoihoi i ka fanning emi ka waiwai o ke kālā, a stimulates i ke koi no ke kālā, kiekie ae hoihoi holo 'awelika, he mea ulu ma ka inflow o speculative kapikala i loko o nā kapa. Ke aupuni o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona kumupaʻa i ka ia manawa i ke ukali e crises. Ia mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ke kuleana o ke aupuni a me ia mea,ʻaʻole e pono no ka hapanui kanaka. No laila, ma ka mea e hoola kumupaʻa i loko o ke aupuni pono Lūkini moku'āina mau kapa a pau. Ke alo o ka mea aole e hoole aku paha i na loina o ka makeke hoʻokele waiwai: ka moku'āina-nona kapa pāʻani he nui kūlana i loko o ka ulu Western'āina.

Ka hopena maikaʻi kūlana o ka moku'āina-nova kapa no ka hoʻokele waiwai

Aia ka he wahi o Hawaii i ua nō pili i kekahi mau pōʻino, mai ka hana o ka moku'āina kapa, i ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. A mau makahiki aku nei, poe akamai i ua kālailai i ka hui panakō nenoai o kekahi mau kakini'āina ma luna o ke kumuhana o ka pilina ma waena o ka hana o ka moku'āina mau kapa, a me ka Bedroom nele ( 'o ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka lehulehu aie). Ua huli mai e na Aupuni 'ke kuleana, ma ka aina e loan lalo, ma ka'āina, kahi a aie kulanui puleʻAmelika ponoi.

Where kapa me ka moku'āina komo Ua pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana e alakai ana i ka aie o ke aupuni, ma ka awelika, hoike no ka 45% o GDP. Ma'āina Kīwala'ō ma lalo kalepa kālā kulanui, ke kuleana, ma na loan ia 7%. Ke Bedroom nele, nae, mea iki kiekie ma Hawaii kahi Kīwala'ō ma kekahi laweʻae'ē kulanui, akā,ʻaʻole nui - ma kahi o 0,4% o GDP.

State kapa a lulumi mai: ka Kelemānia ka hoao ana

Germany - He aina kahi moku'āina kapa i nui okoa i loko o ka hana o ko lākou mau hana, mai kekahi, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka lua o kaʻano o ka hui - ka hapanui. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hana waiho i ka Kelemānia moku'āina-waiwai mau kapa - laweʻae'ē i ka papahana i mea pili i ka hoʻokele waiwai a pau. Ma ka Kelemānia moku'āina-waiwai kapa ke hoopuka aku aiʻano uʻi no ka hana: ka holo 'awelika o ka mea o 1.5-2% o ka makahiki. He hana hoihoi i haole nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā hiki i helu ma luna o kēia mau rula, oe wale Pono e hōʻike i ka uku kula i ka papahana mea hiki ke hana i kekahi 'ai'ē helu o ka hana, a, e pōmaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻokele waiwai Kelemānia.

Aia He He Kelemānia noho-mea a kapa a puʻu, e like me ka mea e kani fantastic, loan hoihoi ole, a me ka o ka mea, ma lalo o kekahi mau rula,ʻaʻole e hoʻi hiki. Pau kēia mau mea hōʻike i ka palena ma waena o ke ano o ka "moku'āina puu" a me ka uku kula o kekahi ona i loko o ka ulu capitalist Germany He nui aku nō i mua i loko o Rusia.