Suburbanization - o ia manaʻo? He aha ka ke koena unuhi urbanization, de-urbanization a me ka suburbanization?

Man - he mea me ia, o ka papa, ka nohona, e imi ana i ka poe o ka 'ē aʻe. A no ke aha la ka honua i ka heluna mau i ka "holo" a hiki i ka nui kulanakauhale. Ma ka kekahi lima, kanaka - i kūlohelohe. He he integral hapa o ka hehee ai maoli, o ka maoli panorama. Penei, na kulanakauhale, a ma kona ano maoli like - me ka hana a me ka a no ka maluhiluhi koe i keia la i ka nui o nā koʻi lipi a puni i revolves ke ola o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kaiāulu elua.

Ma kēia 'atikala e kūkākūkā mākou manaÿo e pili pū ana i ka hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā pauku. He aha ka ke suburbanization, de-urbanization a me ka urbanization? He aha mea i ka manaʻo o kēia mauʻekolu manaÿo?

Meaning o "urbanization"

Kaʻia "urbanization" ua loko mai o ka Roma hua'ōlelo "ia Urebano", i translates like "kulanakauhale". Ma lalo o urbanization (i loko o ka broadest hoohalike) e maopopo i ka ulu a Mānoa i ke kulanakauhale o ka o loko o kanaka ke ola a me ka lehulehu. Ma kaʻololī pono, ia mea he kaʻina hana no ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokiwikā kanaka, a me ka "hoʻohālana" ana o kanaka, mai ke kula - i loko o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā megacities.

Ma urbanization, me he kaiapili-yeiiiie? Aneiai kŰia a me ka kaʻina, 'Imi hoomaka ae la e kamaʻilio ma ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia, ka wā o ka pakeneka o ka hoʻokiwikā heluna hoomaka ae la e mahuahua hikiwawe loa. Ke kumu no keia i ka hooulu ana o ka hana i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, i ka muli o kēia mau hou hana, e like me ke ana o ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'oihana i loko o hoʻokiwikā wahi.

ʻepekema, ua hōʻike 'o ka helu ana o, ao ke ano o ka urbanization keʻano o ka hanaʻana, oia hoi:

• depopulation o ke kula - i loko o ke kūlanakauhale;
• ka hou 'ana o kauhale - ma hoʻokiwikā noho;
• i ke kahua o ka nui a me ka holistic suburban mau mea o ka noho.

Ma ka ninau "He aha ka suburbanization, urbanization, de-urbanization, ruralisation?" geourbanistika me 'epekema - kekahi o ka loa nui mau mea o kēia kanaka hana kemika.

A me ka manaʻo o "urbanization" mea pili loa aku i ka kŰia o laila,-kapa urbanization wahahee, i mea typical no na wahi i Roma Amerika a me ka Hikina Hema Asia. He aha ka urbanization hoopunipuni. I mea, he mea ole ia manao ulu o nā kūlanakauhale, i ua ole pu ma ka pono mahuahua ma ka hana a me ka hooulu ana o nā aeuiiai ieaia?. E like me ka hopena, i ka kua'āina heluna pono wale "hoʻoneʻe" i nui kulanakauhale. Wahahee urbanization, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO pu ma ke kēia i loko o ka nele i, a me ka nānā aku i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, no laila,-kapaia "slums" - i manaoia no ka maʻamau hoʻokiwikā mau kaiāulu kanaka.

I ka nui o ka urbanization i loko o kekahi mau aina

Aupuni Hui Pū 'Keʻena o Economic a me Social Affairs makahiki prepares ka aʻe pane lākiō o ka urbanization o ko ke ao nei. i lawelawe 'ia kēia mau haʻawina, mai ka makahiki 1980.

I ka nui o ka urbanization - o ka pakeneka o ka hoʻokiwikā heluna i ka huina heluna kanaka o ka aina. A me ia mea i ka ia i loko o kekahi mau aina o ke ao nei. Ke'ī mai, ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa uku o ka urbanization (ināʻaʻole e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka dwarf moku'āina, oia no kekahi kulanakauhale) i paa ma Kuwait, Qatar, Pelekiuma a me Malta. Ma kēia mau'āina a pau nā hoailona o ka urbanization aku i 95%. Nō hoʻi, i ka nui o ka urbanization Ua kiʻekiʻe ma ka'Āina Hao, Argentina, Japan, kaʻIseraʻela, Uruguay a me Venezuela (ma luna o 90%).

Russian huahelu i loko o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, e like me un koho ka 74%. Aia ma lalo Loipālākiō urbanization ke aupuni ' Papua New Guinea , a Burundi (me indices o ka urbanization 12,6 a me ka 11.5% niioaaonoaaiii). Ma Europa, i ka haahaa urbanization i kela mea typical no Moldova (49 pakeneka).

Ka manaʻo o hoʻokiwikā agglomeration

Kauhalenui? Eou - he kŰia i ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ke kaʻina hana o ka urbanization. Kēia kaʻina hana o ka hui ana i ka kokoke hoʻokiwikā noho i loko o ka luna 'a me ka noniakahi kahua. I loko o kēia'ōnaehana 'ano apau loa i ke ana a me ka mālama nui kamaʻilio:-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, amo, iao? A me ka moʻomeheu. Kauhalenui? Eou - o kekahi o na kumu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao urbanization keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Aia nō nā papa kuhikuhi hoailona ia mea o nā agglomerations:

• monocentric (i hanaʻia ma ke kikowaena nucleus o ke kulanakauhale);
• polycentric (hoʻomāhuahua ana o kekahi mau hua'ōlelo hoʻokiwikā noho).

na kēia mau hiʻona e ano no ka Kauhalenui wahi:

1. I huiia kikowaena kulanakauhale a me ka mea e pili nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale (me ka nui discontinuities ia kenekoa).
2. I ka nui o ka hana hou-i mau mea i loko o ka Kauhalenui wahi pono pono mamua o ka pakeneka o ka mahiʻai aina.
3. No kekahi agglomeration ua wehewehe aku ma kela la i keia commuting - hana, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka moʻomeheu oo? Ecia.

E like me ka un, ma luna o mākou Honua, eia i emi ma mua o 450 Kauhalenui mau mea, kela mea keia mea o ka i ola ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi miliona kanaka. Ka nui loa agglomeration i loko o ke ao nei iʻikeʻia e ka Tokyo Kauhalenui Area, i ka hale i puni 35 miliona kanaka. Ke alakai aupuni i loko o ka huina helu o ka hoʻokiwikā agglomerations i: China, USA, India, Brazil a me Rusia.

Hoʻokiwikā agglomerations ma Rusia

Interestingly, ma Rusia ma ka moku'āina pae i Ua i helu mahina o hoʻokiwikā agglomerations i loko o ke aupuni. Nolaila, o ka mea hoike ma kēia pukana i e iki okoa mai kekahi i kekahi.

Naʻe, i loko o ka mokuna o Rusia ua hoʻoholo ihola e līkaia 22 agglomeration. I ka nui o ka ia e like penei (i loko o parentheses hōʻike i ka He kokekau wale helu ana o kanaka):

1. Moscow (ma kahi o 16 m).
2. St. Petersburg (5.6m).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2m).
5. Rostov (1.7m).

I ka Russian Kauhalenui mau typical o kiʻekiʻe industrialization o ka ?? eoi? Ee, he nui kiʻekiʻe o ka aeuiiai ieaia? Acaeoey, he nui ka helu o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe kulanui. Ke bulk o na agglomerations ma Rusia e monocentric, i mea, ka mea, i kekahi, he okoa-oaio?, A hoʻi a pau i nā kauhale a me nā wahi e pili ana.

Suburbanization: ka wehewehena

Ano ka mea, Ua pono, e noonoo 'ē manaÿo i mea' Imi hoʻohana ma hoʻokiwikā haʻawina. Suburbanization - o ia o ka manaʻo, a me ka mea o kona o Mānoa?

Kēia manawa ua komo i loko o kaʻeleu oAaEeIeIAaIAeO i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka iwakalua kenekulia. Suburbanization - keia kŰia ua pu ma ka hana kūpono 'ana o nā wahi e pili ana - cii ke aupuni' a puni nui kulanakauhale.

Ma ka pau ana o ka hope ke kenekulia, he lālā hua helu ana o kanaka, i lilo ai, e neʻe ai i ka maka o ke kulanakauhale, i mai i ka leo o nā hale hana a me kaʻino ea, a kokoke i ka kūlohelohe Landskap. I ka Ia manawa, i kēia mau "nā meaʻeʻe moku" mai i hoʻomaka e mahi i ka aina, a hoala moa. Ka mea, e hoʻomau i ka hana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, Noho he mau hora kēlā me kēia lā, e kiʻi i, a mai ka hana. O ka holo ana, suburbanization lilo hiki wale mililani aku i ke kūpono 'ana o ka nuipa a motorization.

Urbanization - i ka suburbanization!

Nei, i ka Magazine "Ka Economist" paʻi he hoihoi 'atikala ma hope mai "Na Ka o na wahi e pili ana." E like me ke kikokikona o ka 'atikala, suburbanization - ia mea i mea ole, aka, o ka ", hūnā" urbanization! Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ulu wale i ke kulanakauhale a me ka Kauhalenui like me ka honua o keia la ma ka lilo ana o na wahi e pili ana. Ka hoʻokoe 'o "Ka Economist" ke kahea mau wale laekahi metropolis - ia Aloha London, a Tokyo.

Ano, ua hiki ke ike i kekahi hana hoihoi kiʻi: ina 30-40 makahiki aku nei na outskirts o ka nui kūlanakauhale i lilo "hale" no ka meaʻuʻuku iho kona waiwai Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka, akā,'ānō, ua loli diametrically na mea a pau. Ano hapaha o ka waiwai hale e increasingly ike i loko o suburban wahi.

A de-urbanization ia?

Eia hoi, e pono e hana me i kekahi manaʻo. De-urbanization - he kaʻina hana e ku pono ana i ka urbanization (mai ka Palani "dez" - he hōʻole).

De-urbanization ua wehewehe aku ma keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka resettlement o ka heluna kanaka ma waho o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma ka global ano, o ka manawa no hoi o ia hoʻi, ka negation o ka maikaʻi kūlana o nā kūlanakauhale ma ka kaiāulu. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka pähola 'ana o de-urbanization - mea, e hoʻopau i ka pau honua ka nui kulanakauhale.

I ka hopena ...

Urbanization, de-urbanization, suburbanization ... a pau këia mau manaÿo i loa pili loa aku i kekahi i kekahi. Inā urbanization - o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaikaʻi a Mānoa ke kulanakauhale ka i loko o ke kaiāulu, ka suburbanization - mea, ma ka mea ku ole, outflow o ka heluna kanaka i loko o suburban wahi.