Makahiki 1770: Kaua o Chesma. kumu kaua

Ua ike no, i ka wa ua ka manuwa kaua o Chesma? 1770 a me ka manawa hookahakaha ma Rusia. Ke kaua i wahi ma ka Bay o Cesme i ka 1770, July 24-26 (July 5-7), i loko o ka wahi ma waena o nā mokupuni o Kio, a me ka komohana palena o Anatolia. Ua ua ike ia i loko o ka wahi mua ua lehulehu ʻoihana moku kaua ma waena o Venetian Repubalika a me Ottoman aupuni a pau ma waena o ka Turkish a me ka Lūkini'auwaʻa. Kaua i kekahi hapa o ka Apana Peloponnesian kipi i ka 1769 a me ka mua o ka hiki ana mai o ka Helene Kaua o kona kūʻokoʻa 'ana (1821-1829 makahiki).

I kēia lā Day no koa nani o Rusia kaulana ma luna o 7 o Iulai - ia mea i ka lā o ka lanakila o ka Lūkini'auwaʻa ma luna o ka Kauai i loko o ke kaua o Chesma.

prehistory

He nui nā huahelu Chesme 1770. O kaua i wahi i loko o ia makahiki. Once i ka makahiki 1768-ka m Lūkini kaua wawahi mai me Tureke, Rusia hoouna aku i kekahi mau squadrons i ke Kaiwaenahonua kai, mai ka Baltic. Ua makemake no ka mea lealea, i ka noonoo ana o ka Ottomans mai ka First pae huakaʻi (Black Sea'auwaʻa), a oia laila, o ka eono wale battleships.

Elua Russian squadron i kauoha mai ai ma ka Adimarala Gregory Spiridov a me English kuhikuhi Hope Adimarala Elfinston Dzhon, a ua alakaiia'ku lakou e Kauna Orlov Aleksey. E like me ka hopena, ua loaʻa i ka hoao ana luina i ka Ottoman'auwaʻa heleuma i loko o ke kai kūʻono o Cesme (Tureke West Coast).

Ma lalo o puʻe mai Farani, a me ka ole o ka Polish pilikia i ka makahiki 1768 o ka Ottoman aupuni a hai aku kaua i Rusia. Ma keia wahi, ma ka hema KUMUMANAʻO NUI kuhikuhi koe ka ia kulana, a ua i loko o ka XVII kenekulia. Ma ka Russian aupuni a i ole i ka'auwaʻa i loko o kaʻEleʻele a me Azov moana, a noho alii iho la manuwa koa awa. I mea, o ka Black Sea ua he "Turkish loko." Sea o Azov, Black Sea a me North Crimea e hoʻomalu aku i ka Ottoman aupuni a pau - mau aina a pau i ka springboard no militarism e ku e ia Rusia.

kaua

Makahiki 1770 ... Chesma kaua ... No ke aha la i hiki mai ia? I ka makahiki 1768-la i loko o ka Akuma ka, Crimean lio kaua akula Rusia, hoomaka ae la ke kaua. Kaʻenemi Ua luku a me ka auhee, akā, i ka make māinoino koe. Hawaii Black Sea Ua lilo i ka walaʻauʻana keaka o ke kaua, ma ka Lūkini kaua no ka oi ma mua o elima makahiki o kaua ana me na puali koa o ka Ottoman Porte, a me ka Crimean Khanate.

hana

E hoʻomanaʻo i ka helu 1770. Chesma kaua mea 'o ia hoʻi. Ma ka Black Sea'auwaʻa i pono ia e compensated. I mea no ke aha la i loko o St. Petersburg manao, e hoouna aku i ka Kaiwaenahonua squadron o ka Baltic kai, a mai laila aku i ka olelo hooweliweli aku Tureke. Ke kumu o manao ana o ka huakaʻi ua e kākoʻo i ka hiki uprising o na Kristiano e noho ana ka Balkan Peninsula (oi loa ka Aegean mokupuni, a me ka Helene Peloponnese) a me ka make māinoino o ka Kauai, mai ka hope.

He aha hana i ka hana i ka Lūkini squadron? Ua loaʻa iā ia e uhai i kaʻenemi o ka moana laina o ka 'ōlelo i loko o ke Kaiwaenahonua kai, e wehe i kekahi o kona mana kuhikuhi ('auwaʻa) mai ka Black Sea wahi o hostilities. A hiki i ka pomaikai ana o ke squadron ua e hopu i ka mea nui Hawaiian heluʻai i loko o Tureke, a me aeie i ka Dardanelles. Ke kumu nui loa i aia i loko o ka Aegean kai, a, e like me ka mea e kuhikuhi mai i loko o ka "pae o Helene." Nolaila i ka inoa "Greek huakaʻi."

manaʻo

Lōʻihi hele makahiki 1770. ke kaua o Chesma kanaka hoomanao malie. Owai ka invented e hoouna mau moku Lūkini i ka Aegean kahakai, hoala e ae la, a kākoʻo i ka uprising o ke Karistiano heluna koe ma laila ma luna o ka Ottomans? No ka mea manawa mua i kēia manaʻo ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i ka laila punahele o ka empress Ana II Orlov Grigory. Paha, i kēia manaʻo i mua hoike ma ka wā e hiki mai alihi kaua o ka huakaʻi ke Kauna Orlov Aleksey, ka hoahanau o ka Gregory, ka mea wale nō i apono ia, a donos ia Ana.

Ua ua ike ia Orlov Aleksey kākau ai i kona kaikaina, e pili ana i na pilikia o keia kai eʻe a me ke kaua i loko o kekahi mau: "hea hana e hele i Constantinople a me ke kala o na mea a pau haipule, a Orthodox Kristiano, mai kaʻauamo. A au e olelo aku i kēia, i ka Auguseto Peter I loko o ka palapala la, a me ka mea, Mohammedan hoʻomaloka, e kipaku aku i ka one steppes ma ko lākou noho kahiko ka hale. Here pietyʻikea hou, a me ka hoolea aku i ko kakou Akua, ka mea mana loa. " I ka manawa o ka hoolohe ana o ka hei ana i ka Aha o ke kai eʻe ma ka Empress Orlov Grigory ua kālaiʻia i kona manaʻoi hāpai 'ia penei: ", E hoʻouna i loko o ka palapala o ka moku peʻa i loko o ke Kaiwaenahonua kai, a mai laila kekahi mau o ka moku eʻenemi sabotage"

Kekahi poe akamai i aku nei au i ke kaua ana o Chesma i ka 1770 ua ku pono ana i ka makemake o Rusia e i kekahi kuokoa OAAIeOO mai ka Black kai a hiki i ke aouli o ko ke ao nei i ka moana. A laila au i ole e pono ai i ka olelo e.

flotilla

Ano ka uuku kokoke nana i ka makahiki 1770, i ke kaua o Chesma (Lūkini-Turkish kaua). Russian flotilla oia o eiwa laina moku, ol 'ekolu (hoʻokahi-pū 36 a me ka paʻa o ka 32-kī), 17-19 kākoʻo moku a me ka moku bombardirskogo "ka hekili" (pūkuniahi 10).

Ka ike ana i kaʻenemi'auwaʻa ma June 23, i ku ma ke kua o ka mokupuni o Kio i heleuma, mākou armada ma ka wanaao o June 24 (July 5th) i ka 1770 komo i ka Kio wahi, i kapaʻia isolates ka mokupuni mai ka Riviera, Anatolia, mai ke kūkulu'ākau mai me ka hui pu pahee makani. Ma keia mokuna, mai ke awawa a hiki i ke kūkulu'ākau Chesmensky, ku iho la ma ka laina elua heleuma Ottoman armada.

Ma ka mea, he 16 kaa (o a eono, he 90- a 80-pu, oiai na mea e ae, e like Lūkini, i hoʻolako pono me na mea paahana, 66), 60 moku liilii, a me 6 ol '. Turkish'auwaʻa i kauoha mai ai e Hassan AL-olowalu - Kapena Pasha. He ua i ka manawa i loko o ka poʻe hoʻomoana ma ke kahakai, a me kona hope Hassan-Bey (na koa Algerian), ka mea i ua kūkākūkāʻia ia, mai ka moku enemi Pono e komo, a lawe aku la me ia mau mea i loko o ka lewa. Aka hoi, i kona mau Corvettes hiki ole ke hahai aku i kēia rula, like i heleuma. E like me ka hopena, Lūkini me kā lākou mau aliʻi no ka holo i ke Initiative i loko o ke kaua wale.

Orlova nā kaʻa mokulele

I ka makahiki 1770 i ke kaua o Chesma (Lūkini-Turkish kaua) nui i alakaʻi ai i ka papa o ka hope mōʻaukala. Ua ua ike ia ke kilakila ikaika o kaʻenemi i mua Hahau helu Orlov. Akā, paa e hilinai ana ma ka ikaika o kona poe koa, a me ke alo o ke Akua, kūkākūkā nō ia me nā luna a me nā luna, a me nā hoʻoholo e hoouka aku i ka Turkish'auwaʻa. Orlov kauoha he Springe (uwea, pili ma ka heleuma i malama i ka moku ma ke kulana) ma ka hihia oe i e hekau aku i ka enemi. Helu kūkulu i ka laina o ke kaua, a hele ma ka Kauai i loko o kēia mea:

• Rearguard: moku "Svyatoslav" (Adimarala Lalakua, skipper Roxburgh), "Mai hoopa mai iaʻu" (skipper Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Adimarala Spiridonov, Kapena Cruz), " 'Eulopa" (ka luna Klokachev), "Three haipule" (skipper Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Three Hierarchs" (helu Orlov Aleksey, i ka wahi hânai holoholona Greig), "Januarius" (skipper Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Ke Kaua ma ka Kio pilikia

Chesma kaua (1770, 7 July) huli mōʻaukala hoʻi. E hoʻomaka, noonoo i ke kaua i loko o ka Kio pilikia, a i wahi ma June 24 (Iulai 5th). Russian moku ua kuikahi au i kekahi papahana, a hele aku la i ka hema palena o ka Turkish laina. Ma hope iho o ia, ua huli aʻela, a hoomaka ae la e e waiho aku i na mokuʻenemi. hoomaka Tureke'auwaʻa ae hoʻolele mamao me ekolu uwea (560 m) ma 11: 30-11: 45. Mau moku Lūkini i i ke ahi hoʻi i lōʻihi i kokoke i kaʻenemi ma ka mamao o 80 kaua (170 m) no kokoke hakakä ma 12:00.

I ekolu mau moku Lūkiniʻoihana kaʻa ua pomaikai ole oe: "St. Januarius "limanui huli, ma mua o kona lilo i ka lineup," Europe "hala i kona wahi, i hana ino iki mai me heʻilihune, huli, a haʻalele i ka'ōnaehana, i ke kua o ka" Rostislav "a me ka" Three Hierarchs "ma ka hope o ke kula, ua hoʻokōʻia ka lua o ka moku o ka enemi ma mua o kona hiki kū ana ma ka laina, a me ka hopena i ka mea hewa i hao i ka corvette "Ekolu luna kiʻekiʻe".

Poino i ka " 'Eulopa" Ua manaoia i ka "St. Eustace "ua ke alakaʻi moku Lūkini armada. Ma keia moku i hoouna aku ai i ke ahi o ka ekolu laina Turkish moku (me ka moku lawe hae o ka Ottoman'auwaʻa, "Burj Liliʻu Zafer", i kauoha mai ai e Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "ka hoʻomaka 'kau i ka moku lawe hae o ka Ottoman armada, ma mua no ka mea, ma luna o ke ahi. Ma hope o ke ahi mainmast "Burj One Zafer" au haule iho la i ka papahele o ka corvette "St. Eustace, oia exploded ". Mahope o 10-15 minuke, a puhi i "Burj Zafer y". Lalakua koi ua Lūkini nae futile a Spiridov me Kauna Orlovym Fodorom (alakaʻi o ke kaikunane o) haʻalele "St. Eustace, "i mua o ka melee. Pela au pakele i ka make, a me Skipper "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov Keoni a alakaʻi o ke kaua a me ka corvette "Ekolu Hierarchs".

14:00 Kauai, e oki i ke kaula heleuma, a hoʻi akula ma lalo o ka uhi o ke mauka iuo aaoa? I loko o Chesma Harbor.

Kaua i loko o ke kai kūʻono

Ua nui na koa i make i ka 1770 Chesma kaua i kekahi o ka loa ikaika. June 25-26 (July 6-7), ua he kaua ma Chesma Bay. Mea i loko o ka mea Turkish ahi-moku i hana nā moʻo o 7- a me 8-laina corvettes a me na moku e ae i aia ma waena o na lalani a me ke kahakai.

All lā June 25 (July 6) mau moku Lūkini ki ma ka Turkish flotilla a me ka Hawaiian kulana. Lau kākoʻo moku i ua hanaʻia i ke ahi-moku. At 17:00 ka pōkā pahū-moku "he hekili la" e kū ana i loko o ke alo o ka Chesma Bay, a hoʻomaka ae hoʻolele ma ka Turkish'auwaʻa. At 00:30 oia i hui ma ka laina moku " 'Eulopa", a ma ka 1:00 - "Rostislav", i hele mai i loko o ka hou o ke ahi moku.

"Rostislav", " 'Eulopa", a hoohewa, "Mai hoopa mai iaʻu," i hana i ka laina mai ka akau i ka hema, ua hoʻomaka' ana i kekahi kaua me ka Turkish armada. I keia manawa, "Saratov" ua ma halihali, a me ka ol ' "Africa" a me "ka hekili" i hao i ka pu ki aloha ma ke komohana o ke awawa.

At 01:30 a he iki mamua aku (e like me Lalakua, i ke aumoe,) ma muli o ke kī pūʻana, "Mai hoopa mai iaʻu" a me "ka hekili", kekahi o na moku laina o Tureke exploded ahi hohola i ke kino me ka ahi aliʻi no ka holo. Nā lapalapa koke ua hō'ā i nā moku ma ke awa.

No laila, e hoʻomau mākou i ka moʻolelo o ka hanana ia i wahi 7 July, 1770 Chesma kaua pono nana kēlā me kēia. Once exploded ma 02:00 o ka lua o ka Turkish moku, na ipu Lūkini oki kī pūʻana, a me ke ahi-moku komo i ke awawa. Elua o ia poe e noho ana ma lalo o ka noho luna ana o Kāpena Dugdale a me Gagarin, na Kauai pana aku la ia. Ma ke ala, Lalakua kuleana ia wale nō ke ahi-make Captain Dugdale, a hoole Gagarin ka moku i loko o ke kaua, e hele. Next kekahi moku, i kauoha mai ai ma ka Mackenzie, ua grappled me ka ipu ahi, a me kekahi (ma lalo o ka mana o ka Lutanela D. Ilina) - paʻa i ka 84-pu corvette laina.

Ua ua ike ia Ilyin ahi-ho'āʻia, a haalele aku la ia ia ma luna o ka moku a me ka hui. Ka moku exploded, a puhi aku ka hapanui o ka'ē aʻe Ottoman corvettes. By 2:30 exploded ekolu hou battleships.

Ka hola ma 04:00 Lūkini moku hoouna aku ai i ka moku, makemake e hoola ia,ʻaʻole naʻe e aa ana, a me na moku nui elua Aka hoi, ua hiki ke lawe wale i kekahi o ia mea, - "Rode '60-ka pū. Mai 04:00 a hiki i 05:30 puhi iʻeono hou moku kaua, a ma ka 7 hora - eha synchronously. Ma 8:00 i loko o ke kaua o Chesma Bay i pau.

hopena o kaua

He aha ka maikaʻi no ka 1770 makahiki, i ke aupuni o ka mōʻaukala? Chesma kaua mea maika i lawe mai Rusia? Ma hope iho o kēia kaua Lūkini'auwaʻa hiki fundamentally loko i ka Turkish palapala i loko o ka Aegean kai, a kaʻawale ke Dardanelles. A pau kēia mau nuances pâʻani 'o ia i mau manamana nui i loko o ka hōʻailona o ka Maluhia kuikahi o Kucuk Kaynarca aelike.

Ma ka olelo o Ana II, e hoʻoleʻa aku i ka lanakila ma ka Great Peterhof Palace i i Haliʻaaʻela ka manaʻoo mākou Chesmensky Hall (1774-1777 makahiki), i kukulu ia mau kia hoʻomanaʻo i hiki i kēia hanana: Chesme pilaster ma Tsarskoye Selo (1778), a Chesmensky kia ma Gatchina (1775) a ua kukulu ia Chesme Palace (1774-1777 makahiki) a me Chesma ekalesia o St. Ioanna Predtechi (1777-1780 makahiki) i loko o St. Petersburg.

Chesma kaua immortalized i loko o ka 1770 nou ana la o ke gula a me ke kala mau mekala, i i ua hanaʻia ma ka mea o Empress Ana I. Helu Orlovu Alekseyu i 'ae' e paʻa i ka proimenovanie inoa, e like me ka mea, i mai la, "Chesma".

inoa

Ua uaʻike ia i ka inoa "Chesma" ua hoʻokomoʻia ironclad armada o Lūkini koa'auwaʻa. By mea o Rotehama II i ke kapa Cesme Wahiiki, i ka manawa i ke kulanakauhale o ka Chelyabinsk māhele.

A i loko o ke awawa o Anadyr ma laila Scesma ahuula - kona ai-kapa huakaʻi i ka clipper "mea nāna e holo" i ka 1876.

Russian Peresidena Vladimir Putin i ka 2012, i loko o July, silaia e hoololi ai i ke kānāwai "Ma na anniversaries o Rusia, a me ka Wai o koa nani." E like me ka hopena, ua A ia la aku o ka'auwaʻa Lūkini ma ka Turkish i loko o ke kaua o Chesma, a ua kaulana ma 7 Iulai.

hoike

Moʻolelo i nō këia i ka makahiki 1770: Chesma ke kaua, i ke kumu o ka i ua uaʻike, Rusia hoonani aku la lakou i ke ao nei a pau. Ua ua ike ia Spiridov Hoike i ka Peresidena o ka College o ka Admiralty ma St. Petersburg helu Chernyshov: "Mahalo e ke Akua, a me ka hanohano o ka All-Russian flotilla! Mai ka 25 ko i 26 laʻenemi'auwaʻa pepehi, he paki, he paki, wela, make i ke kai, a hoʻokomo akula i loko o ka lani huli i loko o ka lehu, a haʻalele i ka wahi i mea e hoʻowahāwahāʻia weliweli, a hoomaka ae la lakou ia lakou iho e Kīwala'ō ma ka pae'āina o ko kākou Queen ".

A. G. Orlov brilliantly hoikeia na ko hooeueuia lakou e ka lanakila o Cesme, i loko o ka palapala i kona kaikaina: "Hello, kuu haku, ka hoahanau! Au e hai aku ia oe i kekahi wahi e pili ana i ko kakou hele ana: ka wā i kuni i ke ahi anywhere, i puʻe wale ka mea, e haʻalele i ka Morea. No ka vorogov me ka'auwaʻa hele, a kokoke ia ia, a kaua, hopuia, i luku, luku aku, luku iho la ia, a hoouna aku la i ka lalo, a incinerated. "