Transgenic mea kanu: ka makaukau a me ka hoʻohana '

Ke kahe ana o genetically Hoʻololi 'mea kanu hou ka moʻolelo i loko o nā makahiki. enehana Transgenic i kona mau hoa a me defenders, nae ka pilikia, aole ia i lilo clearer ma manawa. Ma keia 'atikala mākou, e kālele ana ma luna o ka ua genetically Hoʻololi' ulu, ma ka mea o ko lakou pros a me ka hooluolu, e e hooku iho la ia ia me examples o transgenic mea kanu.

Ke urgency o ka pilikia

I ka nui o ka Honua Honua i ka hoʻomaka o ka 2016 ua like ia 7,3 ieeeea kanaka, a ua ulu hikiwawe loa i keia la. He nui nā lāhui kanaka ma ka Honua haha aku i ka ikaika shortage o ka ai a me ka wai. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka palapala ole o ke kanaka ma ke ano maoli, i kūpono i ka depleted lepo fertility.

Ma ka XX kenekulia ka mea i nalowale ole e emi malalo o 20% o ka hua-e lawe ana i mau mea ma luna o ka Honua. Lākou wahi, a mau e emi iho ma ka hopena o liluwelo hoʻololi iho, desertification, flushing o ka pono keia mau mea ili, kāʻili 'ana i ka aina no na hana.

Ke hoʻololi i ka mahi ana i hanalima ulu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o metanola hiki aku ai i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka wahi o ka mahi aina, a exacerbates hou i ke kahua o ke kanaka kino.

Russian Kuhina o Health haʻawina i hōʻike i ka heluna o ka ai ua wehewehe aku ma ka emi i loko o ka nui o biologically waiwai huahana. E like me ka hopena, he shortage o ka hua kumuʻiʻo, nā wikamina a me nā kumumea kūlohelohe.

ʻepekema wńnana i ka hua ma ka helu o nā kaiaulu o ka manaʻo kanaka ma ka Honua a hiki i 9-11 ieeeea? Ma ka 2050, no laila, e pono e ka palua ana paha hoi Triple i ka buke o ka mahiʻai huahana a puni ka honua. Kēia mahuahua mea i hiki ole i ka hoike o transgenic mea kanu, e kōkua hoʻonui i ka buke o ka ulu, a emi ke kumu kuai o nā huahana, e like me na waiwai i mea ole i ka mea kanu ulu ma ka 'enehana kuʻuna.

Ke pā like o ka 'ike loea hou

I kekahi mea ola meaola i nā'ōewe e hoʻoholo i nā mea a pau o kona hiʻona. Ka Uluwehi O Ke kaula nā'ōewe i hana waiwai. Ke kaulahao iho ua kapaia ka genotype (genome).

Mua, hou hapaluaʻano likeʻole i loaa mai ma o ka hui malu pu ana o ka makua mea kanu i hoʻololi nā'ōewe i kekahi i kekahi, a kiʻi hou hiʻona. Kēia kaʻina hana i ka nui loa o ka manawa, a me ka hope huahana mea,ʻaʻole e mau ana mai i ka 'upu'.

Ma ka hooulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou ka mea, ua hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mea kanu genotype wikiwiki ma ka mea e pono ai nā'ōewe i hoʻolaunaʻia ma. Keia olelo o ka noiʻi ha awina i ua kapaia aaiaoe wilikî. Mea kanu me ka hoololi nā'ōewe kapa transgenic paha genetically Hoʻololi '. Aaiaoe nā kānakaʻenehana ho okumu hou genotypes. No laila, hikiʻole ke koke kiʻi hou kanu. E like me ka manawa e hoʻololi i ka genotype me ka maopopo manao.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike'ōewe ka hoʻololi 'ana

Aaiaoe 'enekinia, kōkua i ka hoʻolauna nā'ōewe mea e hoʻopale i ka likeʻole nā palapala aʻe:

• Herbicidal mele.
• Pesticide mea haʻilula keimikala.
• Phytopathogenic microorganisms.

Hoʻolauna me nā'ōewe e hoomahuahua i ka maturation au, hoʻopunipuni naikokene. Hiki hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka'aminoʻakika haku mele' ana o ke kumuʻiʻo mea kanu.

Ka hooulu ana o ka mahiʻai hana, a kanu i ka mea ulu i loko o nā'āpana hele aku ai i nā'ōlelo o ka pests a me ka maʻi hoololi. E kaua aku ia lakou, nä känaka 'epekema ho okumu lehulehu Nine Inch i huiʻia. Pests ke kiʻekiʻe o ke hakuloli i ka hoomake iho no hoi, a lilo hoʻopale. Na? Aneie kulana home 'ole e deteriorating i keia: make i makemake nā mea kolo, a me ka lepo haule nā palapala Nine Inch.

Aaiaoe 'enekinia, e kaumaha ana i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā'ōewe i paka palekana i ka pests. Ma nā komako wa e ohi ai'ōewe ma o na la kokololio ka palaho. Nā kaʻukama i hoʻohuiʻia nā'ōewe kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o kō, oe hopena i me ka meaʻala kaʻukama. Theoretically kēia mau kiʻina hana ae kanu e ulu hemolele, a haawi kiʻekiʻe e haawi i ko a me ka mea i makau i parasites a mai i lilo maʻi.

Keia mea ua lawe mai mai 1984. Ka mua transgenic mea kanu i kakau i ka 1983. Ka mea, ua i ka paka, ma ka halepaahao me nā hale i hoʻolauna kolu-aoao nā'ōewe. Paka kahua hoao ana i lawe mai i ka makahiki 1986, i loko o ka United States. A ma ka 1994 o ka United States hele ma kuai ana transgenic ai. O lakou na nā komako me ka haʻahaʻa oo ana wā a me soybeans. Ma hope o nā makahikiʻelua ma luna o ke kuai i hele mai i ka papa inoa o genetically 'enekinia, ulu: palaoa, nā komako, uala, soybeans, rapeseed, radish, squash, a me ka pulupulu.

Mai laila, ke'ōewe ka hoʻololi 'ana pili i nā mea a pau kanu, na meakanu e ulu ana. O ke kumu ho i ka waiwai pomaikai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, o ka Hawaii uhini lele pepehi nui ulu o ka uwala, i mea no ke aha la ieeeea? O dala i nalowale. I ka olelo hooholo ma ka lokomaikai o transgenicʻuala,ʻaʻole paha ia Hawaiiʻuala uhini lele. Oe ke hoʻomau e kahea aku i ka transgenic kanu i examples. I ka lā, i ka papa inoa mea he nui. Ua aneane Ua loaa a pau meakanu lākou aaiaoe māhoe.

Ka scientific kaʻina

E pili ana transgenic mea kanu i hoʻomaka me ka hoʻokomo 'ana i ho'ākāka' ia i nā'ōewe i kanu keena no ka hoʻohui 'i loko o kā lākou mau chromosomes. Ke kaʻina hana o ka haole nā'ōewe Nohie ina e wehe 'ia ka mea mua halepaahao paia ma na nā'ūhū i hoʻolaunaʻia ma: pectinase a cellulase, i hiki aku ai i keʻano o nā protoplasts. I hoʻolaunaʻia ma hou nā'ōewe i loko o ka protoplast 'ole, ma hope a na aeee i hana' ike loea i loko o nutrient rula, laila, i hanaʻia e hoʻohana i ke keena no ka loaa o ka mea kanu.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu o aaiaoe 'epekema - he transgenic mea kanu hoʻopale i herbicides a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi. No keia mea i ka hana o ka transgenes i ka hoike na nā mea'aʻaʻa i loko o ke keena e ku e ia mea hoʻomaʻi kumuʻiʻo i hoʻolaunaʻia ma. Excretion o ka hana 'ike loea i paku ole ia i nā mea hoʻomaʻi, hiki ke hana i kekahi loea' ohana ka palekana o ka mea kanu, mai na ano o ke kanu mea hoʻomaʻi ka maʻi.

Ka walaʻauʻana ano o ka hana transgenic mea kanu i:

1. Ka hoʻohana a Agrobacterium. Ua mea e hoʻolauna i kūikawā koʻohune i loko o ka mea kanu genotype.
2. "DNA-ka pū." Ma keia hihia, nä känaka 'epekema literally "e pana aku ai" o kona DNA i loko o ka halepaahao. E like me ka hopena, e kūkuluʻia kēia mau "pōkā" me kona DNA i ka makemake wahi.

A maikaʻi cia

Koho i ka mea hiki ole ke loaa i ka mea kanu me ka nui nui o nā wikamina. Ka hooulu ana o ka biochemistry nae i ka wa pono. No ka laʻana, ka mea i kauʻia ka "gula ka laiki" me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka wikamina A. 'Oi strawberries me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka wikamina C. hua soybean, i mahuahua ka palima o ka nui o ka wikamina E.

E ho ohana i mea kanu hua mai la i kela waiwai nā polokina, vaccines, nā mea'aʻaʻa. E ho ohana i kanu nenoai e recombinant nā polokina ma ke kālepa pālākiō. Ka loa mua i loaa kanaka ulu hōmona i ka makahiki 1986. Mai laila, he wahi lihi iki o ka synthesized nā polokina, i waena o i mea:

• avidin (hoʻohana 'ia i loko o hakakino kālaimeaola noiʻi);
• casein (waiu kumuʻiʻo hoʻohana me he ai mea hoʻonui);
• Collagen a me ka elastin (nā polokina no ka lapaau).

Hoʻohana hou o genetically Hoʻololi 'kanu meaola ka hoʻoponopono' nīnūnē a puni i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe meakino. No ka laʻana, e ho okumu i kekahi laau-biodegradatory. Ka mea, hiki ke kōkua i ka decomposition o kaʻaila, a me ka hoʻopōʻino 'ona i loko o nā'āpana.

E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai a me ka lepo, ke kanu hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ka hoʻokemu nā palapala waiwai, mai ke kaiapuni, o ka oi aku kaumaha ke hooheheeia. Ma kēia mau mea, i ke kēpau paka, ua pau mau uea '.

E hana i ka hana o ka huikala mea kanu i kanu ia ma ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi laila, wehe 'ia a inoculated me ka hou "wahine holoi" aoao. E huikala ia i ka wai, na mea kanu e hehu'ōnaehana bapetizo i loko o koʻana koko pāʻoihana.

hana kū i ke au

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hana transgenic mea kanu nā mau eiiiiiaiou:

1. ʻano likeʻole a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka productivity.
2. E pili ana i ka moʻomeheu hiki ke mau wa e ohi ai no ka makahiki. (No ka laʻana, i nā strawberries, fruiting manawa elua i loko o kekahi kauwela.)
3. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o transgenic mea kanu hoʻopale i nā mea kolo. (Aia mea he uala, uala uhini lele pepehi.)
4. ʻano, e lanakila i kekahi nana ana.
5. ? Aneii mea kanu hua holoholona kumuʻiʻo. (Ma Kina, paka cultivar loko ka hana kanaka lactoferrin.)

Ka hoʻohana a transgenic mea kanu kōkua i ke hoʻoponopono i ka helu o nā nīnūnē, i waena o lākou:ʻai shortages, agronomic hihia pharmacology ulu ana, a he nui na mea e ae. Aie i ka genetically Hoʻololi 'mea kanu e nalowaleʻana aku o nā palapala pesticides i i ke detrimental ia ma luna o ke kaiapuni. Transgenic mea kanu hoʻopale i nā mea kolo, - keia mea,ʻaʻole fiction, akā, he nui maoli kŰia i loko o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu.

Oko ao ma waena o genetically Hoʻololi 'a kūlohelohe mea kanu

Simple i loko o keʻike ma waena o kona ano maoli, a transgenic mea kanu mea,ʻaʻole hiki. Ua Ua loaʻa mai ma ka keʻena hoʻokolohua ho'āʻo ma.

Russian Kuhina o Health i ka 2002 kauoha na Manufacturers e lepili i nā huahana mea i haku a oi aku mamua o elima pakeneka gennopreobrazovannogo mea. Akā, ma ka ike maopopo, e like me ka lepili mea kokoke i kekahi kahea. Kūpono E kaha makau i hoike ia aʻe 'mau.

Ia e 'oe no ka waiwai, a me ka āpana kuai o genetically Hoʻololi' huahana aia mea he moku'āina kakau ana ina hana mea hookaumaha lakou. He loa disadvantageous no ka ai Manufacturers.

Peni ma luna o ka huahana aʻole i manaʻo 'ia i kaʻai, e i hewa ai i kānaka. Ia manawa, he nui nā kānaka kūʻai mai ike ia e like me ka poino maika i.

Genetically Hoʻololi 'mea kanu - aha mau mea?

Ma Rusia, ua ua heluʻia, a me ka mea loaʻa, e kaha i ka 10 ano o transgenic mea kanu. Mau nā:

• soybeans mau ano;
• Palaoa elima? Ueo;
• Elua mau uala;
• beets;
• kō beet mai keia.

Ma ke West, genetically Hoʻololi 'huahana i lepili, ka mea, littered na shelves. Ma Rusia, he nui like huahana, eia nae kūpono kaʻaʻai kahakai ma luna o ia mau mea ma laila. Eia naʻe, i laweia mai i kēia mau huahana mai nā'āina. Ma Rusia, ka genetically hoopahaohao moʻomeheu loaʻa ai a hiki wale nō i loko o 'epekema ho okolohua. He haaheo no nā kānakaʻepekema o ka uwala, aʻuala lau'ūhini lele me make.

Mea kaiapuni ku e ia mau uala. I ka noiʻi, i hoike mai ia ma kaʻaiʻana i kaʻuala i loko oʻiole loli o ke koko haʻilula, ka lākiō o ke kino o nā loko, he mea likeʻole pathologies. Eia naʻe, e like me nä känaka 'epekema, ia mea,ʻaʻole he kumu like me ka a pau, e hoolei aku i ka hana.

Transgenic ulu nui maʻalahi? Aneii ki ina hana like, a me kekahi manawa i pakele. Transgenic huahana mea nui ho'ēmi maoli, no laila, i loko o ke koi ma ke underdeveloped'āina. I ka wā e hiki mai, ke aloha ka lau a me ka ai e ia i ka huina hoonui o ka pōʻeleʻele loa liilii, me ka kiʻekiʻe kumukūʻai.

Pono a me keakea o genetically Hoʻololi 'mea kanu

Aia mau mau ana ke kū'ē i manao e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka 'ike loea hou transgenic. Kekahi kānakaʻepekema i manaoio i ka hou 'ana o genotypicʻikepili loa palekana no ke kanaka kino a me ka mea nui e pono ai no ka hooulu ana o ka mahiai. Mea e ae manaoio i ka hopena o ia mau loli ', e hōʻike iā lākou iho wale nō ma hope o na makahiki.

i puunaueia ka Hekikai o transgenic mea kanu i ka honua ma ka hapalua. I waena o ka poʻe ma hope o - ka United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, a he nui na mea e ae. Ua hana ku e mai Europa a me na aina a me ka emi hope aku nenoaiu o ka mahiai.

Ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa aku i transgenic mea kanu ua manaoio aku no lakou i na hana 'ike loea e ho'ōla iā lākou iho lilo ineradicable ka nāhelehele i' ole e pili ana i nā kalana, hoohaumia iho la i ke kaiapuni. O ka holo ana, ia mea he mea hiki.

Ke kahua i loko o ke ao nei, a ma Rusia

Europa shelves ma genetically Hoʻololi 'huahana i loa pohihihi keia. State ana i ka mea i ikaika kānāwai e noi ana i 'ae' ia huahana. Aia nō kekahi rula no ka DNA. Kēia kūlana o 'Eulopa mea he pili, a-yeiiiie? Ano.

Ma Rusia mau kānāwai hou. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō i kanawai e ae, e kau mai gennoizmenennye moʻomeheu. Oe ke alakai i ka hooulu ana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o houʻano likeʻole, e like me ka pono i 'ae' ana i gennopreobrazovannye huahana mai nā lāhui. Ma Rusia i laweia mai transgenic soybeans a me ka palaoa.

Public manao ma ke kahua o ka waiwai gennoizmenennymi palapala Media, laʻelaʻe 'ia. Ka mea, inflate na scandals, a lawe i kaʻaoʻao o ka poʻeʻenemi gennopreobrazovannoy huahana. Ke scientific maopopo o kona palekana i ka ia manawa noho i loko o nā aka.

He kumu no e hopohopo nei?

I kekahi mea kanu susceptible i aaiaoe loli, kekahi OAXA maluhia loaʻa, e kaha ma mua o ka loaa ana ae i ka nuipa a palapala noi. Aupuni lapaʻau nāna eʻimi ana i ka? Aneie, a toxicological ka pilikia pili i ka mahi ana i kēia mau meakanu. No nui nā palapala 'ole ma hope o ka hoʻohana' ana o genetically Hoʻololi 'huahana i ole i ua i kakau.

Aaiaoe 'enekinia, e kaumaha ana i ka' ano lilelile ka manaʻolana 'ia: transgenic mea kanu mai i lilo maʻi a me ka mai ole popoʻole. Akā, mai poina i ka'ōlelo kahiko: ". Nature hoowahawaha aku i ka holo" Where e hele pests a me nā maʻi? He parasites ke koe ole ka ai a me ka make? He aha ia e keia kŰia nō unclear.

E like me ia nei hoa paio o ka enehana transgenic, nā kānakaʻenehana, geneticists hana kāʻili wale ei ka aoao maoli. Lakou, e like breeders ne e kekahi'ōewe i loko o kekahi olelo, a e inevitably e alakai i kaumaha hopena. Naʻe, i ka manawa, i hoopiiia a me surgeons o kāʻeʻaʻeʻa e ālai ia 'aʻe i ke kanaka kino a me kaʻenehana lapaau ua i holomua nui, a me ke kauka o ka hana,ʻaʻohe i kekahi kumu o ka hoopaapaa.

E ia e like me ka mea hiki, o ka holomua hiki ole ana. Paha, ka hoʻohana 'ana o transgenic mea kanu - o ka kokoke wā e hiki mai ana o ka mahiʻai hana. A, i ka ulu ana o ka aaiaoe 'enekinia, hiki ke kōkua mahiʻai, e kiʻi mai o na pilikia wahi, i hiki. A hou biotechnology e i hoʻoholo 'ana a me nā nīnūnē (ai,ʻanoʻenehana a me ka kālai'āina).

Ano, ka mea i ike i ka transgenic kanu (GMPs), e haawi mai lakou i mea hoike, a me ka pane a hiki i keia ninau e hiki i kekahi mea heluhelu o ka 'atikala.