Nā polokina: liluwelo kūlana. Ke liluwelo kūlana o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ke kino

Nā polokina, ke liluwelo kūlana o ka mea e e kūkā mai i keia la - kūkulu o ka kiʻekiʻe-hakakino i huiʻia o'amino nāʻakika. I waena o nā mea a pau i ka'ē aʻe ke aloha i huiʻia, ka mea i waena o ka loa luna 'i loko o kā lākou' ole. Ma elemental haku mele 'ana nā polokina oko mai i ka momona, a me nā carbohydrates: i hou i ka o oxygen, hydrogen a me ka kalapona ka mea, i loaʻa naikokene. Eia hou kekahi, he paʻa mau hapa o ka mea nui nā polokina ka luaipele, a me kekahi pihaʻi me iodine, he hao a me ka phosphorus.

Ke liluwelo kūlana o ke kumuʻiʻo ka loa kiʻekiʻe. He mau wahi i pili e i ka nui loa o ka nui o ka protoplasm, a me nuclei o ola keena. All holoholona a kanu meaola i nā polokina.

One 'ole kekahi mau hana

Ke liluwelo kūlana a me ka oihana o kaʻokoʻa i huiʻia kona mauʻokoʻa. E like me ka waiwai a pau i loaa i kekahi Nine Inch 'ole, kēlā kumuʻiʻo hanaʻia loa hana kūikawā kuleana pili i. Wale i loko o kekahi mau hihia ka mea, ke hana mau interrelated. No ka laʻana, epinephrine, a ua hua mai i loko o ka adrenal medulla, komo i ke koko, maoli he koko, a me ka oxygen ma hokii, koko kōpaʻa. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea he stimulant o pūnao, oiai ke anu-koko holoholona - a me ka uwao o ka'emi ko kahua. Me oe e ike, e hanaʻia he nui i hana 'ia ma kahi hoʻokahi.

Ke enzymatic (catalytic) kuleana pili i

Mau biochemical reactions 'ia ma ka noho ana meaola, e lawe mai ma lalo o käkou mau rula, ma lalo i ka mahana mea kokoke i 40 ° C, a me ka pH aneane'ākilikai. Ma lalo o kēia mau rula, negligible uku o ka hanana o na mea he nui o lakou. No laila, ma ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo, ua pono nā'ūhū - kekahi liluwelo catalysts. Aneane na reactions a pau, koe wale no ka photolysis o ka wai i loko o ola meaola i catalyzed ma nā'ūhū ia. Mau kumu mua i kekahi nā polokina a kumuʻiʻo eiiieaenu me ka cofactor (ke aloha lātoma paha ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ion). Nā'ūhū i loa e wae triggering pono kaʻina. Penei, ka catalytic hana, a kūkākūkā hou luna, - kekahi o ka poe e lawe nā polokina. Ke liluwelo kūlana o kēia hui, nae, kona manaʻo 'aʻole e kaupalena'. He nui no hoi na hiʻona i e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei.

amo kuleana pili i

No ka wa o na keena koi ana i ka ai iiiaanoaa o 'ona i loko o ka Kalaiaina o ka mea, i hoolako ia me ka ikaika a me ka hale i nā puke. i kūkuluʻia nā liluwelo membranes ma luna o kekahi, he pono ole rula. Ua palua ahu iho la ka lipids, i hoʻouna ma ka moku nā polokina i loko o laila. I ka Ia manawa kālele ana hydrophilic macromolecules 'ō a ma luna o kaʻili lahilahiʻili, a ma o ka mānoanoa o ko lākou - hydrophobic "huelo". Kēia 'ole mea impervious i ka nui eiiiiiaiou:'amino nāʻakika, pulapula o ke, mekala' åkilikai metala Ion. ia lŘlŘ ka anal o kēia mau kumu i loko o na keena Via amo nā polokina e i loko iho i loko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Ma koʻohune, no kekahi laʻana, aia no he kūikawā kumuʻiʻo e hoʻolako i ka hoololiia ana o ka lactose (waiu kōpaʻa) ma ka pāʻili lahilahi.

Ma multicellular meaola, aia no he ano o ka amo ana o kekahi mau waiwai mai kekahi hui, a hiki i kekahi. Mākou e kamailio kuhikuhi e pili ana hemoglobin (kiʻi ma luna). Ma ke koko wai koko, ma ka hou, ia mea mau lāʻau lapaʻau albumin (ka amo kumuʻiʻo). Ka mea, i ka hiki i ka lilo i ka pilina paʻa pono a pau o hana me ka digestion o kona kaikea a momoma nāʻakika, e like me ia me ka helu o ka hydrophobic'amino nāʻakika (e laʻa me, tryptophan) a me na mea he nui ai '(kekahi penicillins, sulfonamides, aspirin). Transferrin, i hoakaka amo i loko o ke kino o ka hao Ion, o kekahi laʻana. Hai i ke i a tseruplazmin i 'ohua' keleawe Ion. No laila, nānā mākou i ka amo mana e hana nā polokina. lākou liluwelo kūlana, a mai keia wahi o Hawaii nei'āina nui.

mea loaʻa kuleana pili i

Kumuʻiʻo receptors mea o ka nui, pakahi aku la ia i ka viability o multicellular meaola. Ka mea, i noniakahi i loko o ka wai koko halepaahaoʻili lahilahi , a malama i ka puliki a me ka hou hou 'ana o ka lepa a komo i ka halepaahao. Ma keia hihia lepa paha e kekahi mai kekahi keena, a me ka puni kaiapuni. Acetylcholine receptors ma ka manawa o ka loa? Anoee. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka helu o ka interneuron hui 'ana ma luna o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a me ma ka neuromuscular pili' o Randy i loko o ka cerebral cortex. Mau nā polokina pāʻani aku me ka acetylcholine a ke hoʻouna i ka hōʻailona i loko o ka halepaahao.

Neurotransmitter no ka loaa ana i ka hōʻailona a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i ka mea pono e wehe' ia i mea e hoomakaukau ai i ka halepaahao ua hiki ke ike i ka hou no lepa. No keia mea, acetylcholinesterase - kūikawā'ūhū, i mea he hōʻeleu no ka hydrolysis o acetylcholine e choline a me ka'ākeka. Ia mea,ʻaʻole mea loa nui a me ka mea loaʻa hana i hanaʻia kumuʻiʻo? Ke liluwelo kūlana o ka eia, he aiiay hana no ke kino, he mea nui kēia. Me keia wale hiki ole ana.

aiiay kuleana pili i

Ke kino o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana mākou ke pane i ka helehelena o ka hanauna o ka haole (particles) o ka helu nui o lymphocytes. Ka mea, e hiki no ā 'inoʻino kekahi na kumu mua selectively. Mau haole (particles) e e Ka maʻi 'aʻai keena, pathogenic koʻohune supramolecular (particles) (macromolecules, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, etc.). B lymphocytes - he pūʻulu o lymphocytes, i produces kūikawā nā polokina. Mau nā polokina e hoʻohanohanoʻia i loko o ka circulatory nenoaiu. Ka mea, ike i haole (particles), pela ho okumu i no i koe luku loa kekahi eiiieaena. Mau nā polokina e haawi ia ia e like me immunoglobulins. A antigens haawiia i na waiwai i kāhea i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana pane.

'ole kuleana pili i

Pū nā polokina e hana i aloha hana kūikawā oihana i kekahi poe ma ka waiwai pili kēia mall. Mahalo iā ia, nae ka me mechanical ikaika a me nā waiwai o na nā'aʻaʻa o ola meaola. Mau nā polokina nā, kuhikuhi collagen. Collagen (Hawaii photo knm. Aia ma lalo) i loko o mammals mea e pili ana i ka hapaha o ke kumuʻiʻo nuipa a. Ua Ua synthesized i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE aeee i e i ka connective'aʻaʻa (kapaʻia fibroblasts).

Initially, ka collagen ua hanaʻia e like me procollagen - kona precursor e kahe ana o Nine Inch hana maikaʻiʻole i loko o fibroblasts. A laila, ka mea, ua hanaʻia i loko o ka ekolu polypeptide na kaula, ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho. Ka mea, ua akoakoa pu mai no mai o fibroblasts i collagen fibrils o kekahi mau haneri nanometers ma anawaena. Ka hope i hana i ka collagen filaments, i hiki mua e ike ma lalo o ka microscope. Ka laholio nā'aʻaʻa (akemāmā paia, i nā ipu i loko o ke koko o ka ili) extracellular kēia hiapo a collagen ma ka hou, no hoi he he kumuʻiʻo elastin. Ua hiki ke lalau iho i loko o ka 'ano akea huahelu, a laila, e hoʻi i kona kikokikona moku'āina. Kekahi laʻana o ka mall kumuʻiʻo e hiki haawiʻaneʻi - ka ropi fibroin. Ua Ua kaʻawale ma ke kahua o ka pupa mu enuhe. He ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ka ropi silika. Mākou e kākau i ka Hawaii nā polokina.

Hawaii kumuʻiʻo

A me keʻano o ka hanaʻana nui liluwelo kūlana o nā polokina i loko o ka manaʻo o ka Hawaii. Pokole hai e pili ana i keia a me kā lākou mau hana. Muscle contraction - mea he kaʻina manawa i Nine Inch ikehu ua hoohuliia i loko o me mechanical hana. Direct kona mau lala i mau nā polokina - myosin a me ka actin. Myosin mea he nui loa hana 'ole. Ua Ua hanaʻia o nā globular poo a me ka huelo (lōʻihi filamentary hapa). Kahi o 1600 HI o ka lōʻihi o kekahi lātoma. Ma poo hapa pela helu mahina no ma kahi o 200 HI.

Actin (kiʻi ma luna) - he globular kumuʻiʻo me he hakakino kaumaha o 42000. Ua hiki e polymerized e hana i ka lōʻihi 'ole, a me ka launa pū' ana i loko o ia ke alanui me ka poo o ka myosin. An pono o kēia kaʻina - kona kaukaʻi ma ke alo o ATP. Inā kona lehulehu ka i lawa ke kiekie, i hana myosin a me ka actin eiiieaen ua luku, a laila ka mea, ua loaʻa hou hou ma hope o ATP hydrolysis ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o myosin ATPase. Kēia kaʻina hana hiki ke malama, no ka laʻana, ma ka pāʻoihana, ai nā nā polokina ka nanaia mai. Ua lilo (viscosity) i ka hopena o ka mea e kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha eiiieaena i hanaʻia i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ATP. Ma waho aʻeo ka mea, nui ho'ēmi i kā ka (viscosity) ma muli o a hiki i ka make ana o ka luna 'hana, ma hope i ka mea, i nā helu kuhi puke i loaa i ka hopena o ATP hydrolysis. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka Muscle contraction, hula mau hana kūleʻa kūlana loa nui kekahi.

antibiotics

E hoʻomau i ka hōʻike aku i ke kumuhana "Ka liluwelo kūlana o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ke kino." Loa nui a me ka loa nui pūʻulu o maoli i huiʻia nā waiwai kapa antibiotics. Ka mea, eia no microbial kumu. Mau waiwai i anao? Aou kūikawā? Ueo o microorganisms. Ke liluwelo kūlana o ka'amino nāʻakika a me nā polokina mea C. Brewer, akā, antibiotics i ka kūikawā, loa nui kuleana pili i. Ka mea, inhibit i ka ulu ana o microorganisms e hoʻokūkū me ia. Ma ka 1940s, ka loaʻa a me ka pono o ka antibiotics ua revolutionized ka iapaau ana o infectious mai, kena ae la ia e koʻohune. It E e kaulana ia i loko o ka hapanui o na hihia o ka mea hoʻomaʻi antibiotics mai e hana, no laila, ke hoʻohana 'o ia i antiviral ai' mea ineffective.

examples o antibiotics

penicillin pūʻulu i mua i loko o ka hana pono. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o keia pae ka ampicillin a me ka benzylpenicillin. Antibiotics ma keʻano papa hana o ka hana a me ka Nine Inch ano like. Kekahi o ka poe i i hoʻomano hoʻohana i kēia lā, pāʻani aku me kanaka ribosomes, oiai ma ka mea koʻohune ribosomes inhibited kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, e ole pāʻani aku me ka eukaryotic ribosomes. No laila, no ka mea, o ka mea koʻohune aeee ka mea, e pernicious, a me ka holoholona, a me kanaka haahaa kaʻawahia. Oia antibiotics nā streptomycin a me ka chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

Ke liluwelo kūlana o ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ka mea nui, akā, ke kaʻina iho loaʻa paha kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. E kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana i ka mea wale nō i loko o kekahi mau hua'ōlelo.

Ke kaʻina hana a me ka liluwelo kūlana o ke kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis

Kēia kaʻina He He multistage, loa eiiieaena. Ua lŘlŘ ma na ribosomes - kekahi organelles. Ma ka hīnaʻi manu he mea he lākou o ribosomes. Ma E. coli, no kekahi laʻana, ma laila nō ma kahi o 20 tausani.

"E wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis a me liluwelo kūlana" - he hana nui no mākou loaa i loko o ke kula. A ka mea, kena ae la he nui pilikia. Ua pono, e ka loaʻa mai i kahi hookahi.

Kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i polypeptide na kaula. Ka mea, iloko, e like me kou ike, ua, mai ka kanaka'amino nāʻakika. Naʻe, ka mea hope i ole hana nui iho la ia. I mea e hoʻohui a hana i ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma, ka mea e noi mai ana ho'ā hope. Ua lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o kekahi nā'ūhū. Kēlā me kēia'aminoʻakika ma keia hihia i kona iho'ūhū, ua hōʻike hewa pila hāpa e like me ia. Ke kumu o ka ikehu no kēia kaʻina o ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ke'aminoʻakika mai ana o ka ho'ā hope lilo hou labile, a e hoopaa ana ma lalo o ka hana o ka'ūhū me ka m-RNA, i hāpai ia i loko o ka ribosome (no ka mea, o keia RNA kapa amo). Ke ribosome, nolaila, hana e pili ana me tRNA ho'ā ''amino nāʻakika. Ribosome - he ano o ka mea hoʻoili no kaʻaha kanaka o ka mea e hoʻopā ai'aminoʻakika o ke kumuʻiʻo kaula.

Hoʻololi kemikala o ke kūlana o ke kumuʻiʻo mea paakiki e overestimate, like synthesized hui hana mea nui i hana '. Aneane pau aeea hale komo o ia.

No laila, ua hōʻike mākou i loko o mau hua'ōlelo, ke kaʻina hana o ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis a me liluwelo kūlana. Keia manao familiarity me nā polokina. Mākou manaʻolana oe i ka makemake e hoʻomau ia.