Tungsten, Molybdenum: oka a noi

Natural mea pōhaku me ka ho okumu i pihaʻi me tungsten ma ka hui likeʻole a me ka hanalima nā hoʻohui like ia pōʻalo mea technically hiki a me ka hoʻokele waiwai Oihana Hoʻonaʻauao, - tungsten, molybdenum i eliia, e like me ka pono me beryllium, ke tina, keleawe, bismuth, kēlā wā i kēia wā o Hereme, antimony, i ke kala, i ke gula, arsenic, tantalum, luaipele, scandium, niobium - honua ua pohihihi keia honua ke hooheheeia, e like me ka mea i waiwai ai ka inoa o ka pae. Maalo ae la oia ka mea e hoohehee tungsten ke keʻena - Molybdenum, loa na mea e ae e like, ka mea, ua wehe 'ia ma lalo o lehulehu, a hoolilo ia e wae a like noʻonoʻo.

Pehea la tungsten

Kuekene chemist Carl Scheele, pharmacist e aʻo, mālama 'ia ia mea i loko o ko lākou mau keʻena hoʻokolohua. Aia ia i ike i ke kanaka manganese, barium, chlorine, o ka oxygen. Ma kona ola ana, i kekahi mea i hana i ka loaʻa no i ka mea i hoʻokomo i ka Stockholm Academy o Sciences āna i hana ai. Hiki koke ma mua o kona make ana i ka 1781, ua kū mea ia i like ka i komo, pela ana mai i kekahi makana mea.

Ka hana ka ho'āʻoʻana, Carl Scheele ike ia tungsten (mea pōhaku, hope inoa i loko o kona hanohano scheelite) - i ka paakai o kekahi nō ike oleʻakika. Ua ua he loaʻa nui, akā, elua wale nō makahiki hope chemists mai Spain a me kana poe haumana i kaʻawale, mai keia mea pōhaku hao hou hehee ai i hoʻololi i nā postulates i loko o ka hana. Naʻe, i ka coup i wahi,ʻaʻole i kekahi manawa, i ka hope kenekulia, ma mua ka mea, lilo iho la maopopo mea i ka loaʻa kekahi waiwai i tungsten.

mahele

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mahinaʻai a pau tungsten i eliia e māheleʻia i loko o nā ano: exogenous a me ka endogenous. Mawaena o ka hope i ka skarn, pegmatite, stringer-aa koko (hydrothermal) greyzerovye aaiaoe ke ano o na mea e hooheheeia, a i hui i loko o ekolu papa i eliia me ka ho okumu. Kēia tungsten - ke tina, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

I kekahi manawa, ua loaʻa i loko o tungsten pegmatites, mai i ka mea, ua extracted a me scheelite ma ke ala, e alakai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka berulo, cassiterite, tantalum niobate paha spodumene. Pegmatitnye kahua - kumu o ka alluvial - hoʻomohala loa i loko o ka South Hikina Asia a me Africa.

kumukūʻai

Tungsten, molybdenum i loko o ka mea e hoohehee ai ua pili loa me ka māpala intrusions, kā lākou apical māhele, ma laila nō prikrovlevye hoʻokomo kālā, pinepine pu ma na mea i eliia stockworks nā intra- a me ka nadintruzivnymi pili.

Ka mea, nāna i hana i plascheobraznye hoʻokomo kālā, isometric a me ka'ololaha ina ka hapanui canopy kīhei pili. Ua pono ia, a ua nele kino columnar type a me Stockworks ole shape. E waiho me ke koe kahi malaila i molybdenum, tungsten, a me nā pohihihi keia honua nā minelala hao, kokoke loa i nui ke koe nō. Ka mea e hoohehee ai ua oaeuiinoe wale i loko o ka umi, loa pohihihi keia ma na haneri o na tausani o tons.

pōʻalo

Molybdenum, tungsten a me nā hydrothermal i eliia cii i exo- a me ka māpala endocontact huihui ikehu lā i palapala elua loihi 'ano hohonu - mai a hiki i ka kilomika o - ka a pau hopena ua noho pali, kulu mea me ka nui loa emi awelika kulu kaula. Pū i loaʻa Stockworks. Ka mea e hoohehee ai kino i hana mai pōaka-wolframite, cassiterite, wolframite-pōaka inclusions, pinepine me ka molybdenum, beryllium a me ka bismuthinite, interspersed me ka pōaka-molybdenite-scheelite a me ka pōaka-scheelite i eliia.

Nō kāu i loko o ia mau i eliia pihaʻi me tungsten, molybdenum, pohihihi keia honua metala'ē aʻe ma ka liʻiliʻi mea: mai ka tungsten-hapalua i kekahi, a me ka hapalua pakeneka, oi - emi. A me keia mamua o ka mea e hoohehee ai me ke koe o kekahi mau tausani a me na umi o na tausani o tons, i ka i loa, loa uuku. Hoʻouku ua ana lawe mai lola honua a hamama lua ki ina hana like.

? iecaianoaaiiuo Nā Papahana

Tungsten hoʻokomo kālā Komo pōʻalo ki ina hana like 'ole'opi papa a papamoe papa shrinkage mea e hoohehee ai i loko o ka wao nahele ālai'. Kekahi hoʻohana hana stowing mea maikaʻi i loko o ka ulu ana o ke ola, skarn hoʻokomo kālā a me greisen.

Open iaoia presupposes shtorkverkov, skarn hoʻokomo kālā a me greisen paha placers. Ma o ka lua, i produces tungsten na mea i eliia, molybdenum, nō kāu hana amo'ōnaehana a mawaho ke kīloiʻana. Ma kēia hihia,? Iecaianoaaiiie Ua kokoke loa mechanized - kanaiwa-kumamalima pakeneka. Akā, i ka hana a 'aʻole e hoʻopau' aneʻi. Na mea i eliia enrichment koi, no ka mea wale nō i kā mākou ana o kekahi, a me ka hapalua hapahaneri ka mea, aia no iloko olaila pohihihi keia honua ke hooheheeia - tungsten, molybdenum.

waiho

Ma ka mea mua, USSR i ka loa nui hoʻokomo kālā o ka tungsten na mea i eliia kaupaona i nā ma aneea oneiaey, Hawaiian Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa Hikina, i ka Caucasus a me Central Asia. Ole a pau o ia i ke kino. Huakaʻi i ke kai aaioee o tungsten a me ka molybdenum ua lawe mai oi loa aku hoi na mea he nui i loko o South Korea a me China. Aia nō i ka loa nui hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ke ao nei. Eia hou kekahi, tungsten ua o koʻu mau ma Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, ka United States, France, Austria a me Tureke.

Ua pono e mai la oia i ka South-East Asia a me kona Pacific ua nele kāʻei, ua oi aku mamua o kanaono pakeneka o ka tungsten ke koe nō ma luna o ka honua nei. A pau i loko o nā mea a pau, ke kaupaona i nā hoʻokomo kālā huina me ke koe o ka tungsten Honua loa emi kekahi, a me ka hapalua miliona nā kana. No ka laʻana, gula ua hua mai la i keia makahiki (ole ma ka laau, o kau ia ma ka noi), e pili ana i 4.278.200 tons.

waiwai

I kekahi o ka loa refractory ke hooheheeia, tungsten iʻaneʻane paʻa mau ma nā wahi a pau i pili i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. Like Nine Inch hehee ai Wolframium (W) waiho i loko o ka ha o ka pūʻulu o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Kona'ātoma kaupaona ana o 183,85, a me ka helu 74. It Ua kapaʻia no ka mea, o kona malamalama oho kala like 'ole - me ka Kelemānia a me Wolf Rahm unuhi like "'īlio hae" a me ka "holika", ina literally - "'īlio hae hua". I loko nō refractoriness, eii? Ma maʻamau mahana. Nā minelala hao haawi tungsten - wolframite, scheelite a.

Tungsten - kekahi o na kumu nui eiiiiiaiou o ka wela-hoʻopale kila o Superhard - kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki a me ka mea paahana, e like me oka a me ka mea ia waiwai - stellite, Huipû, a no laila, ma luna o. Akā, maʻemaʻe tungsten, ke ike i kela lā, no ka mea, ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o uila wilikî. No ka laʻana, ma ka filament ipuʻaila ka tungsten filament. Nō hoʻi,ʻo ia ka paʻa mau i ka uilaʻoe. Electronic maalea i ka cathode a me ka anode o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

momoku ahi oka a

Aaioee o tungsten a me ka molybdenum eiiieaen, akā, mahalo pono. Hana i ike i kekahi mau ahi, kekahi o i mea oi, he pono ole, a emi. Tungsten mea maemae, a me mea hoʻonui a me ka oka a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Penei, 'okoʻa loa BP - tungsten a me ka rhenium oka a; VL - me ka lanthanum'okesaside like me ka dopant; VI - me ka yttria; HI - e like me ka mea hoʻonui thorium'okesaside; VM - ka silica i, a doped me ka thorium; VA - me ka Aluminum a me ka silica i mea hoʻonui; RF - maemae tungsten.

Tungsten mea i ke kumu no ka carbide a me ka tungsten oka a pau a me ka molybdenum - superalloy, e like kekahi mea e ae. No hoi me kona komo e hoomakaukau Wear-hoʻopale hoʻopololei kila. O kēia mau oka a hana i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka engine māhele - maunakea a me ka makahiki, i loko o nā mīkini uila no - wahi likeʻole, a me ka filament. No ka mea loa kiʻekiʻe i ka pa apŘ o ka metala, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka counterweights, no ka pōkā a me ka mea kaua pūpū, no ka ballistic Kao lele lako kaua (noaaeeecaoee Kānana, tungsten ku hoʻokahi haneri a me kanawalu tausani Hope no minuke) no kiʻekiʻe-mämä holo rotors i hoʻohana i ke hooheheeia e like me tungsten a me ka molybdenum. E ho ohana ia lakou, e like me mākou i ike, loa kaiāulu, a me kekahi mea, mamuli olelo maemae.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

Me kēia mau mea pohihihi keia honua i eliiaʻi, aha mea chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, i kēia lā, hiki ole ke hana i kekahi laau lapaau ai nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Single nā pōaka o tungstates i scintillation detectors, X-Ray, e like me nā ionizing radiations. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻololi' ana i thermal ikehu i loko o uila ikehu. Oia hoi, argon-piʻo kuʻihao hoʻohana tungsten me ka'ūholo uila.

No hoʻomano hoʻohana tungsten hui. Ahupapa mea a paa oka a me ke kumu o ka tungsten carbide, e pono no ka machining o nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me nā mea hao hale. He mea oi loa nui ma ka mīkini: mīkini wili pōhaku, haliu ae la ia, chiselling, planing. Mai hana oe me ka carbide iʻeli a me ka hoʻouku, a me no mea e pono ai tungsten, molybdenum mākou -? Iecaianoaaiiuo mastering i ka hou 'enehana a pau me ia.

ProductʻAno o ka pohihihi-honua i eliiaʻi

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - kiʻekiʻe wela oil withstanding mai i ka elima haneri degere centigrade. Where ka paa electrolyte ua i (kiʻekiʻe-wela wahie aeee) ua hoʻohana tungsten trioxide. Lole, HW hana i hou nui a me ka huikau loea, ka hoʻohana 'ana me ka hōʻeleu tungsten hui a me ka pigment me ka ke aloha syntheses.

Hana produces he alahula mau dala o kekahi huahana, i pihaʻi tungsten, molybdenum a me nā pohihihi keia honua ke hooheheeia. Ka loa, he pono ole - e Aloha nā uila aʻa lolo, uea, tungsten pauka, pepa a me ka rod-. Nā uila aʻa lolo loa hehee, a no laila, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no kuʻihao kiʻekiʻe-oka a steels, ole-ferrous i eliiaʻi a me nā mea me kekahi Nine Inch mele. None o ka'ūholo uila, aole ia e hoʻolako i ia mau he kiʻekiʻe weld ikaika.

molybdenum

Molybdenum oka a pau, a me ka mea e pili pū ana i ka refractory mea. Ma kona maemae ano ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o ka uea a leki heaters - umu, e hana ma ka hydrogen ma ka wela 1600 ° C. Tina a me ka molybdenum uea pono ai ma ka lolouila hana, e hoʻohana 'ia ka mea, i loko o ka' enehana X-Ray o molybdenum hua mai la i kekahiʻano o nā māhele no ka X-Ray paipu, huina'ine paipu, holo paipu.

Eia kekahi, molybdenum, a me tungsten like me ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka hoʻoikaika 'steels. Mea hoʻonui Mo maoli ka ikaika, hardenability, ka popopo ia'ku, toughness. Nolaila, tungsten a me ka molybdenum e hoʻohana i ka hana i ka loa noho pilikia māhele, a me ka mea nui lāliʻi. No ka mea, o ka paakiki ana i loko o ka oka a Stellite hoʻolauna - chrome a me ka cobalt, e ano i ka lihi wahi hana Wear. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - keia oka mea kokoke ole ke holoiia. Nō hoʻi,ʻo ia ke hāʻawi i kekahi o na wahi mua i loko o ka helu o kaʻakika a me ka wela-hoʻopale oka a pau.

makahiki

Ke oka a pau o ka tungsten a me molybdenum i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o plating poo o kekahi Kao lele lako kaua me ka mokulele. By ikaika tungsten mua, lua - molybdenum. Eia naʻe, 'ilepili ikaika ma ke anawela ma o ma kahi o umikumamalima haneri kekelē Kelekia ma nā mea hōʻike aku oka a me molybdenum ma ka wahi mua. Inā ka mahana mea i kiekie ae - ka tungsten a me ka tantalum i invincible. Molybdenum waihona meli panel i ka maunakea spacecraft mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku leho a me Kao lele lako kaua i ka i hoi aku i ka Honua, wela poe kuai moni, wela pale kaua,ʻoki i nā kihi o nā'ēheu, stabilizers.

Where e hana ana i keia mea kaumaha, kōkua pohihihi keia honua ke hooheheeia. Mai ka mea hiki manaʻo kiʻekiʻe'okesaside ia'ku a me ka kinoea ka'aʻaiawā, kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika a me ka hana, e hoopaa i ka keʻehi aku. He nui lāliʻi mokulele hēkī a me ka rocket kiko'ī, trailing kapa, mīkini peahi uila kōmi 'ana, puapua nozzles, hooponopono surfaces, rocket nozzles, etc. - a pau kēia mau pepa noho pilikia e Makuakane molybdenum.

ma ka Honua

Prospective mea no ka lako a pan e hana i loko o ka meakino o phosphoric, sulfuric a me hydrochloric nāʻakika, ua i mai o molybdenum a me kona oka a pau. Ua ia kaua ke pale a hiki i ka aniani i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, a no ia mea, ke aniani hana mea nui ana o ka molybdenum me nā uila aʻa lolo no ka heheʻe.

Mai kona oka a ua hanaʻia ua mau laau la, ka hopena he no kiʻekiʻe puʻe hooleiia'na o ke keleawe, a me ka kiniki Aluminum oka a pau. Mai molybdenum kila ia ma lalo o ka puʻuwai - o ka hipa kāne, make, mandrel e hou ana i mea wili. Lakou ia lakou iho i molybdenum kekahi nunui iaono? Ienoai.