Unicellular fungi a me kā lākou kūlana ma ke ano maoli

,? A? Meaola la ia mea a hiki i ke kanaka me ka Hekikai wale o kiʻiona na manao ona. I kēia lā, akā naʻe, ka mea, - i ke kumu o aaiaoe haʻawina no ka hoʻomāhuahua o kaʻimi naʻauao mea ma luna o nā nīnūnē o biochemistry, hakakino kālaimeaola, aaiaoe?. Aia nāʻokoʻa hookahi-aa? Meaola. Fish - kekahi o ia mau mea. 'Aʻole a pau, o ka papa, akā, wäwahi he nui loa. He 'atikala e nana i ka mea a na elele i loko o ka waeʻano o ka poe noonoo ole fungi a me ka waiwai a me nā' ano mea, e komo ai.

Fungi i unicellular a me ka multicellular: mau ano

O nā mea a pau i ka elima aupuni a pau o ke 'ano Fish - loa hana. Ka mea ka mea e hooholo i ka taxonomic kūlana o ka mea kanu a holoholona i he mea. Koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi loa okoa hooponopono, no laila, me ia i nā mea a pau hewa hiki ole e.

A wale Fish - mau mea luna 'meaola i loaʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi i hui ole ia i kekahi aupuni. Initially ka mea, i manaoia mea kanu, e devoid o chlorophyll. Ua hōʻike More nā haʻawina i loko o ka'opi o ko lākou mau huahana pihaʻi me urea, he aeea pā i komo pili kēia o ka chitin. Ma keia hihia, mawaho digestion, a me na mea he nui nā'ūhū like i ka mea i laweʻia e ke kino o mammals.

Mau symptoms iʻae nō hoʻi e kamailio e pili ana i na fungi pili ana i ka holoholona. Eia hou kekahi, ia la ia mea i unicellular fungi Māhele bitumena ka hopena he (bitumena) ke holo i loko o ke ala e hiki aku ana i ka ai, a me ka malamalama ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. Kēia proves hookahi hou ia i loko o kēia mau meaola a me na holoholona kaʻana like i kekahi, he pono ole kūpuna.

A pau ia i alakaʻi ai i ka mea i na Fish i wahi i kekahi aupuni kaawale o ke ano. A e like me ka hiʻona no kā lākou 'ike, ua:

• multicore alo unicellular paha multicellular mycelium;
• hyphae - lahilahi filaments hiki ia oe ulana i ho okumu i fruiting kino a me ka mycelium;
• heterotrophicʻaoʻao o kaʻai;
• chitin i loko o ka halepaahao paia;
• urea i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka' ona ka palaho huahana;
• hoi i emi kana plastids;
• nā'ōlelo ma keʻano o nā spores.

Huina I kēia lā, aia nō ma kahi o 250 tausani laha 'ana o kēia mau meaola. Ka hapa nui o ia - hoʻokahi-aa? Fungi.

Mea Maluna o unicellular fungi

Me ia 'ano, he mea kekahi e pono i loko o ka Mea Maluna. Nolaila, a ka mea i systematized a pau hookahi-aa? Fungi, examples no i hiki ke hoemi ina ka piha Mea Maluna mākou noonoo.

Single ka mea, i kēia lā i ole nei, pela okoa kākau nō i ka ia. Penei, hoomaopopo ana 4 ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu.

1. Deuteromycetes - i kapaia imperfect fungi. Mai i moe kumu kāki i hana. Poeikohoia sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, he nui? Ueo o Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - eiiieaena hookahi-aa? Fungi, ka mycelium i ua poe e lōʻihi manamana ai nā hale i loaʻa ka mau Kora naʻEsau. Poeikohoia olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy a me na mea e ae. Ka hapanui o nā wai a me kalaka nui-wai I Aloha Hawaii, he parasites o ka meaola a me ka freshwater mea kanu a me nā holoholona.
3. Zygomycetes - typical unicellular fungi, kekahi mau elele o ka mycelium me kekahi mau nawaliwali pā pōhaku. Ka Poeikohoia ... Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy a me na mea e ae. Iwaena o lakou i na kamaaina o ka aina, a me kanaka parasites, holoholona a me nā mea kanu.
4. Ascomycetes - loa multicellular, akā, ma laila nō i hookahi-aa? Fungi. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: hūʻole, morels, truffles, laina, a me ka 'ē aʻe Parmelee. Ua loaʻa kona inoa no ka mall hiʻona o ka hoopaapaa, i ka poe i kaheaia ascospores. Kekahi elele ekolu pohaku ma ke ola o ka mea hiki i ka moe nā'ōlelo, a me ka mea e hoʻolaha i loko o ka Deuteromycetes, i mea imperfect fungi.

Kēlā me kēia 'Oihana i kona mau peculiarities a me nāʻano, a me wale i ka hou ano o ka loa like. An hana hoihoi 'ala o ke ola, ka mea i pono i ka waiwai nui. Eia hou kekahi, pāʻani Fish he nui? Aneeo kūlana ma ke ano.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka aoao o ke ola

Ma mua o ia i ka nīnau: "E wehewehe i ke kūlana o ka unicellular fungi ma ke ano maoli", e noʻonoʻo i ko lākou mau 'ole a me ka I Aloha Hawaii. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ia mea, mai keia, a, e hilinaʻi ma luna o ka waiwai ka mea, e loaa no ka puni meaola, a me ka poʻe no nā kānaka.

Ke'ī mai, i ka mall hiʻona o ka unicellular fungi.

1. Mycelium paha i ulu ma nā mea a pau, a me ka loa nawaliwali. Ua hiki ke hoʻokū 'ia e ka nunui-kāna mau' ōlelo a me hookahi aeea me kekahi nucleus.
2. Nā'ōlelo ana asexual, eia nae no ka nui ano o ka moe kaʻina.
3. I ka wai 'elele hana zoospores (chytridiomycota), i neʻe wiwo ole i loko o ka wai ma ka mea o ka flagella. Ma ascomycetes kūikawā kino spore mauʻeke i loko i ka oo ascospores. Lākou helu 'Aʻole e oi aku mamua o ewalu apana.
4. Kekahi lepo Zygomycetes kuahene mycorrhiza me ka aa o ua laau.
5. Imperfect fungi komo i loko o symbiosis me koʻohune, e pili ana ola Kombucha.

I mau, me ka 'ole o ka aneane pau fungi, e like me ka mea maloko halepaahao kanu'ōiwi nā mea aneane'ālike. Ua hana ole ia mea, i ka lani kiekie loa ia paha imperfect. No laila, i ke kumu o ka Mea Maluna mea mau i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona - i ke ano o ka pilikia ka pua.

Hiʻona Aloha Hawaii:

1. Na uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa - obligate a facultative parasites.
2. He nui ua hakuloli i ke ola i loko o ka wai a me ka lepo.
3. Kekahi elele kī ana nui dala o nā'ūhū i ke kaiapuni, e hoomakaukau i ai na lakou iho. E like me ka loaa i ka manamana ai mycelium, kekahi meaola paka lahilahi rhizoids, ka poe i pili i ka kūpapakū, a hoʻopio (ka hoʻokemu) i kaʻai.
4. I waena o Zygomycetes i kūikawā laʻelaʻe 'ia - zoopagalisy. Ua loaʻa kona inoa no ka predatory Aloha Hawaii. Ka mea, Haiʻina mai lina hyphae larvae o nā mea kolo, a me nā nematodes protozoa, a ai iho ia, digesting ka waho.
5. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ola, i hiki i ka paka waiwai ai ', nā'ūhū, nui Nine Inch hui nui' elele (oi hū).

E kuhikuhi i na hiʻona o nā mea a pau i ka I Aloha Hawaii mea pono, no ka mea, o ka helu ana o? Ueo muli o kona nui. No ia mea, ia mea maikaʻi, e noho ma luna o ka loa pinepine a me ka mea nui i kekahi kanaka.

Ke kaʻina o nā'ōlelo

Mākou Ua möakäka hou mua i na kumu nui hiʻona o ka meaola i loko o ninau - ia mea he ala o ka procreation. Nā'ōlelo o unicellular fungi hiki ke lawe mai i loko o ekolu aoao:

• nā kiʻie;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

E noonoo i na koho i loko o nui au mamuli.

1. Asexual kumu kāki i komo ai i ke kahua o spores loko sporangia kūikawā me ka ho okumu. No laila, no ka laʻana, ua neʻe chytrid zoospores, ana ascomycete - ascospores endogenous kumu.
2. Vegetative no ka hookahi-aa? I opuu ae komo laʻelaʻe 'ia. Ia mea, hoʻokahi halepaahao a me ka mohala lilo he aupuni kūʻokoʻa kino. 'O kēia ka hihia i loko o ka hū, i ku una manaoia e ia i ka lua o ka hookahi-aa? Fungi.
3. Ke moe kaʻina ia lŘlŘ okoa i loko o kekahi? Ueo. Eia naʻe, a pau ekolu koho i loaʻa: heterogamy, oogamy a me ka isogamy. Ma kekahi hihia, ke ae pā like moe i loko o ke kuʻi nukeliu o gametes, e hana i ka zygote. Loa pinepine, ka mea, ua uhi ia me ke anuanu iwi, a me ka moku'āina o ke koena no ka manawa. Ma hope iho o kēia hoʻomaka e hana mycelium a ulu ka hou kino. E like ma ka hihia o ke ola o multicellular elele o ke kane a me ka wahine māhele o ka ninau. Pono hōʻike i ka alo o "+" a "-"ʻaoʻao o ka mycelium, a merge e lilo dikaryons.

O ka holo ana, eia no hoi hiʻona i kokua e kuhikuhi i kekahi lala. Eia naʻe, no ka pono propagation kumu unicellular fungi o ka poe i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna.

Penicillium a me kona ano

He aha penicillium - he hookahi-aa? Fungus, ua hiki ole ke olelo. Ka mea o ia ka mea, a pau ia i ka papa o ka Poeikohoia o ka hopena he, loa no a i ka simplest o ka hui. No laila, pinepine, a me ka mea, ua aie me ka like hiʻona. Naʻe, i ka penicillium, a me kona pili hoa, Aspergillus - o ka paa ana o ka multicellular ai manamana ai mycelium.

Kēia Fish Ua loaa e Ernest Duchesne i ka 1897. Ua ua ia i ka mea mua, unuhi ae hoʻolohe i ka mea ala ma Arabia hoʻohana i ka mea kupanaha he omaomao iki patina, e hoola i ka eha o ka lio. Imi i ka 'ole, i ke kanaka'ōpiopio (a Duchenne wale nō 23 makahiki ua elemakule) a hiki i ka hopena i keia kino - ia mea he fungus, i mea antibacterial waiwai, e like me ka hiki luku eysherihiyu ina - kekahi o ka loa a me ka pernicious pathogenic koʻohune.

No kekahi manawa lōʻihi no ka puka komo i kekahi hoʻolohe. I ka 1949, Fleming hoao antiseptic a me antibacterial waiwai o ka fungus, a ua ike i ka makaʻu o Duchenne, inā ma hope o ka la mahope o ka make wale.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena i i hoʻohana ai no ka hana o ka medicament penicillin - he antibiotic hua mai la i ka ola o ka meaola.

ka hopena he

Inā ka pane ana i ka ninau: "E wehewehe i ke kūlana o ka unicellular fungi ma ke ano maoli," laila mākou hiki ole ke olelo e pili ana i nā 'elele o ka punahelu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka hapanui o ia mau mea noho ma luna o ka honua, e haawi ana ia i ka grayish paha bluish tinge i loko o ka palapala o ka plaque. I ka Ia manawa ka decomposition o ka poe make ke aloha mea. No laila, Radio ke kūlana o ka la ia i kahu ma ke ano o ka fungus.

loa nui no kekahi kanaka i ka mea kēia mau 'elele:

• Aspergillus;
• penicillium;
• "Noble popoʻole";
• "Noble popoʻole".

A pau o ia mau mea - hana aku i komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoomakaukau ia ana o ka mea pohihihi a me ka ono paʻi waiūpaʻa he, waina, ai mea hoʻonui, antibiotics, a me nā waiwai 'ona.

Mucor

Ka loa typical ka Luna o ka meaola i loko o ninau - Mucor. Unicellular fungus i mea nui lawa ai manamana ai mycelium i hanaʻia me ka hoʻokahi wale nō aeea. I pohā i loko ona. Ua pili ia i ka hopena he oihana Zygomycetes.

Kapaia pono keia mau mea, i kēia fungus ka pilikia, no ka mea, kona papa e piʻi like - he spoilage a me ka ho okumu ana i lehulehu mucormycosis. Naʻe, kekahi no ia ma ka ke kanaka no ka hana ana i "Chinese hū". He He kūikawā hūʻole, i lawelawe 'ana no ka makaukau o kekahi mauʻai. No ka laʻana, soy me ka waiū. Kekahi laha 'o Mucor i kekahi kumu o nā'ūhū a me antibiotics.

Ma ke kumu o nāʻikepili a me nā huahana o ka fungi panalaau ia ho okumu i fluffy ka penaʻana o beige a me ka poohina, e maopopo distinguishable i ka maka kapa ole.

hū

No ka unicellular fungi nā ka Luna i ka hū fungus. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau meaola e e manao like i ka lua o hookahi-aa?, No ka mea, e ola mnogopochkuyuschimisya panalāʻau. Ke mycelium o kēlā 'elele unicellular, me ka i pohā. Akā, me ka pili ke kākoʻo '-ola ana o mau pepaʻo ia kekahi manaʻo o multicellular meaola.

I mau, hū - loa maikaʻi kēia Fish. 'Aʻole a pau, o ka papa, akā, he nui loa o ia. No laila, ua hoʻohana 'ia kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko no baking berena, ka waina? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ke ano. Kekahi 6 tausani. Makahiki BC. e ka. kēia i hoʻohana 'ia i loko oʻAigupita, mai'ō a'ō.

Ka berena pulehu me ka mea hu kahiko residues. Ua alakai aku ai i ka degeneration o ka moʻomeheu, e lilo'ākeʻakeʻa, a geneticallyʻaʻahu. No laila, ua loaʻa he "pohaku" o ka hūʻole i i i hana ia e ka evolution ma ka 'ano, aʻo ka hopena o ke kanaka hana.

An hana hoihoi hiʻona o ka hū o ia ka mea, i facultative parasites. Ia mea, ma ke alo o ka o oxygen ia ia hanu o ka 'elele, ka hoʻokuʻu' o carbon dioxide. Akā hoʻi ma lalo o anaerobic kūlana ua i nalowale, oxidizing pulapula o ke (fermentation).

Kekahi mau 'ano o ka hūʻole hiki ke lawelawe i ka haoʻa kūpapakū. Kekahi hiki wale kaʻawaʻawaʻana na mea o nā mahi kō, hexoses. Akā, aia no kekahi mea i hana ole wale carbohydrates, akā, i nā polokina, lipids, carboxylicʻakika.

Kanaka nui mau huahana mea i kuu mai i ka hopena o ka nui haʻawina o fungi aeaiiuo. oia:

• diacetyl;
• isoamyl waiʻona;
• fusel ka aila;
• dimethyl sulfide, a me na mea e ae.

Ka hui malu pu ana o kēia mau 'ona e hoʻoholo i ka pono o nā huahana. Kēia ua pono lewa i loko o kona organoleptic waiwai.

Parasitic unicellular fungi 'elele

Mawaena o ka noho pilikia loa parasites i hookahi-aa? Kamalii i i fungal nā mea palahēhē i loko o kānaka a me nā holoholona, e like me keʻano o ka punahelu, a popoʻole i loko o mea kanu.

1. Trichophyton a me mikrosporum - mau? Ueo i i mea ili maʻi i loko o kānaka.
2. Fungi o ka genus Candida - Candidiasis kumu maʻi.
3. Dermatophytes - fungi mea i maʻi o ke kui papa - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - i okoa lichens ma nā māhele o ke kino.
5. Black fungus Hari ke kumu o ka maʻi, i hoike mai ai ia ia iho me kaʻeleʻele loʻi ma luna o ke alelo o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona.
6. Phytophthora - he mea pepehi fungus e iho mailoko o ka mea kanu a me ke kumu o ka kahua o ka eleele popoʻole i loko o nā aʻa a me na lau.

A me keia mea he hapa papa inoa o ka poe elele, ka poe i pathogenic, nā palapala a me ka loa hoʻopōʻino i ke ola a me ka ulu.

Ke kūlana o ka hookahi-aa? Fungi ma ke ano maoli

Inā e alo i ka hakaka ana o ia i ka manao: "E wehewehe i ke kūlana o ka hookahi-aa? Fungi," ka mea mua mea e lilo ana i ka hōʻike i ka ia pono. Ua olelo mua mākou i na mea he nui o lakou:

• hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Nine Inch hana;
• ka ai;
• i hoʻohana 'ia no ka makaukau o ka mahiʻai eʻai;
• Ka mea, he poe maoli decomposers o ke aloha mea,ʻo ia hoʻi, la ia i kahu a me na mea e ae.

Akā, no hoi,ʻaʻole mākou e hoopoina e pili ana i na keakea, o ka a he mea nui. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka hapanui o ka unicellular fungi - parasitic meaola.