Where o ka keel o ka mokulele? Mokulele Kiel: no? Ieoaeunoaa

Pela hoi, aole i ike e ole ike ke kanaka i ke kai, he oiaio ike haehae olelo: ".ʻehiku kapuai ma lalo o ka keel" A ooo koke iho aicieeaao i ka ninau. Ke keel o ka moku - ka mea nui mall loa, a i i pili na wahi he nui o kona kino. Akā, inā mea ike o kahi noho ai a me ka mea i ka keel o ka mokulele?

He aha ka mea?

'O kēia ka "mana" o ka kumupaʻa e leie aku oe e hoola i ka mokulele i haawiia papa. Haʻalele moku, o ka keel o ka mokulele i integral hapa o ka vertical stabilizer o ka huelo. Ma ka lalo o ka fuselage mea ole keel ma ka lele machines hana ole! Akā, he mea hoʻokahi maalea. Ka mea i keia hapa paa i pili i ka haawe-i lawe i oihana mua o ka fuselage, akā, no ka mea, i kekahi mea i loko o na he mea nō i loko o ke kai a me ka ea manawa. No laila, ma o ka keel o ka mokulele? Aloha kau, ka mea, o ka vertical hapa o ka huelo.

Ua Ua fixedly kau, ua paa i ekolu mea nui i nā symmetrical i pelane iho laina. Ma helehelena, keia apana i ke ÿano hemolele o ka trapezoid. E like me ka rula, o ka keel o ka mokulele ninoieo o spars, iwiaoao ona a me ka ili. Kēia noaia He He Classic, ua mahope mai o ka mokulele mua hoʻololi uuku. Ka mea mua i hookoe mai i ua kau obliquely (e like me ka rula).

layouts

Loa pinepine, i ka keel mea hoʻokahi, akā, i loko o kekahi hihia mea hana mau, a hiki Triple (ma propeller Bombers). Ma ka hope Ina, ka mea, ua koi 'ia i ke kiʻekiʻe directional kumupaʻa o kaumaha hana. Ma ke ala, na Kekoa a pau ma ka wahi o ka wahi o ka keel e māheleʻia i loko o ekolu ano:

• I kukulu ia ma ka maʻamau noaia. Oia, no ka mea hoike, i ka keel o ka A321 mokulele.
• "Duck," i ka mokulele nona papamoe huelo fin ua aia ma ke alo o nā'ēheu.
• "Tailless". Ke keel mea wale vertical huelo, papamoe ailerons loa kahi e.

O ka holo ana, o ka hope elua? Ueo e oi typical no ka "kaiāulu" o ka oihana koa mokulele, e like me ka hoʻokomo 'ana i ka keel mea pono, e haawi aku i ka mokulele keu kiʻekiʻe maneuverability.

Ma kekahi hoopii, hana hou luna 'manao. No ka laʻana, podkilevye waihona meli (aka - ventral keels). Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi supersonic mokulele, ma ka mālama' ana o ka hemolele kumupaʻa i holo mea e pōʻino. Ke'ī mai, ma lalo o ka keel o ka mokulele (keia mea a pau a kaua i ike mua) he mea he hou, a me ka papakaukau influx. More like kulana home 'ole i ka wā o ka papamoe stabilizer huelo a pau i ai i ka neʻeʻana i ka luna o ka keel. Kēia ka hana i ka wa a ka engine ua luna ma ka hope o ka mokulele. Oia ke ano, no ka laʻana, hiki ke 'ike i loko o ka wahi lulu auoiauo mokulele "IL".

He aha ka mea ai?

E like me ua ikeia, windless auanei - he mea hiki ole rarity, i 'ole e hana pinepine hui i manawa o ka makahiki. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, he mea i ka makani, a me kona ikaika, a me ka ao ao o ke oko a dramatically. I ka wā o ka mokulele e lele, makani pā maila ke nui ololi i ke kauoha a me ka papa. E e hoʻonohonoho i ka mokulele no laila, i ko lakou iho, e hoʻi i ka hale lio wahi. Wale ma keia ala e hiki ai i ka maluhia mahuka ana.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o

I ka papa kuhikuhiE noho aliʻi o ke kūkulu o ka keel - waiho ia ai ia ia mea ma lalo i ka noho ana i ole kiʻi i loko o ka slipstream o ka'ēheu. I ole ia pahaʻoi kue o ke kumupaʻa Program, a ma ka loa pilikia wahi, i hiki - physical deformation a me ka make ana o ka huelo holoʻokoʻa. No laila, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ka keel - e hoola i directional kumupaʻa.

mea i ka manao o na mea he nui mokulele me neia i keia hapa - hoʻoneʻe. Ma ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka nui o ka haiahū kūmau o ka keel, ka moku nā kahu nānā i ke ala e hiki aku i hoʻoholo 'ia ka ao ao. Ka hoʻokoe '- koa mokulele, ma ka a, e hoʻololi i ka olelo o ka holo kiko'ī pane me ka lāʻau hou maʻi lele. I kā lākou mau hihia, e hana i ka hoʻoneʻe keel mokulele (Hawaii photo ia mea i loko o ka 'atikala) mea naʻaupō, no ka mea, o ka overload ka wā maneuvering ia i ka mea, ua wale luku.

He aha ano o ke kumupaʻa i hoʻolako 'ia e ka keel?

Aia i ekolu ke ano o ke kumupaʻa, no ka pono o ka a ka mokulele 'ole ka loaʻa o ka keel:

• Track.
• Lonikū.
• Transverse.

E ike mākou me nā mea a pau kēia mau? ueo i au mamuli. No laila, directional kumupaʻa. Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia ia ma ka hihia o ka poho o lonikū kumupaʻa o ka fuselage ma ka lele, o ka mokulele e hoomau iho la lakou i kekahi manawa, e lele aku ma muli o ke inertial ikaika. Mahope, i ka lewa pele hoʻomaka e holo aku i ka hope o ka mokulele, a moe ma ke kua o ka piko o ka umekaumaha. Kiel ma keia hihia ua ālai 'o ka muli o ke kaʻapuni pūʻali koa, hahau i ka mokulele i ka ao ka puni kona iho (axis).

Lonikū kumupaʻa. Lawe i ka mokulele e lele i ka maʻamau pololei i loko, i ka piko o ka umekaumaha coincides me ka piko o ka noi o ka puʻe i kona fuselage. Ma keia wahi, i lawelawe i ka fuselage multidirectional koa e imi, e hoʻonui i ke kino o ka mokulele. Eʻalawa a me ka umekaumaha e i ka ia manawa. mokulele keel (kiʻi o nā 'ikamu oe ike i loko o ka' atikala) e hoʻolako i ke koena, a ma keia hihia ka loa fragile. Normal holo ana me ka empennage, keel a me ka stabilizer mea,ʻaʻole hiki.

Other ano o ke kumupaʻa

Kīloi paʻewa kumupaʻa. Ano laulā, e olelo ana, ua ololi mea he Logical hoomau o ka mua hiʻona. A hiki i ka'ēheu a me ka laau kea maluna fin stabilizers i multidirectional koa, ka mea, "hoao" e hoʻohulihuli i ka mokulele. Huli kū'ē mai ana i kēia palapala o nā'ēheu: ina e nana aku ana ia, mai kahi mamao aku, ka mea, e hoohalike ai i ka palapala "U" me ka lahui nāu kekahi luna "kona mau pepeiao." Kēia kinona hoʻolako i ka pakiko-? Ee kulana o ka mokulele i loko o ka lewa. Kiel i ka mea ia manawa kōkua e malama i kīloi paʻewa kumupaʻa.

E noke i ka mokulele me ka mua-kahili ae'ēheu o ka pono no ka mea keel mea,ʻaʻole nui ... ma kiʻekiʻe ka māmā holo. Inā ka mea, hina, ka mea ulu ma ka naoh kaua ana i loko o ka geometric Holomua. A no ka mea, no kēia mau machines ka mea nui o ka loa haka, Lightweight keel, i hiki ke ku imua o ka mea kiʻekiʻe wahie. A pehea la e hiki ai ia e loaa ai? A e hai aku no ia.

Hiʻona o ka hanaia'na o kēia mokulele

Currently, ka Pekelala Air amo oihana i poe akamai a me kā lākou mau haole nā hoapili i hoʻomōhala ma ka hanaiia'na mai o ka mokulele wahi (me ka keel) o nui-nui māhele i ka holomua lua lako.

Ka nui o kēia mau i huiʻia ma ka manao o kēia holo kaa ua steadily e māhuahua. E like me ke 'ike mai i ka poe akamai, kā lākou ka leo hiʻohiʻona i mua i hiki aku ai 25% e 50%, a me ka meaʻuʻuku ole-kalepa mokulele, a me nā mea a pau hiki ke haku o ke ea a me ka pele ahupapa me ka 75%. No ke aha la keia kokoke loa i kahi i ai he ākea ma ka maunakea oihana puolo? Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka ia keel o ka mokulele "Boeing", i o ka pīlali "oka a", i ka loa malamalama kaumaha, he ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, a me ka puke a, hoʻohana maʻamau i nā mea e loaʻa ai wale unrealistic.

pololei nā

Most hoomaikai aku la lakou i ka hoʻohana 'ana o pele ahupapa me ma ka manao o ka i wale i ka huelo, akā, kekahi o na eheu, a fuselage haawe-hanau ana hehee wale, a e e ole wale loa ikaika akā, i'ōlewa kupono. I ole ia he mea he likelihood o mall ole ma lalo o ka hana o ka holo wahie.

Akā, ka mea, ua i mau. Penei, o ka haaheo o ka Soviet mokulele hana, o ka mokulele "Li-160", iʻikeʻia me "White Swan" a me "lāʻau pālau", o ka keel o ... titanium oka a pau. no ka mea, o ka mea nunui wahie ma luna o ka 'ole o ka mīkini, a hiki i kēia lā i hoopaa mai ai i ka inoa o ka bomber kaumaha ua kahikoia lakou e like me kekahi a me ka loa pipiʻi mea i wae mai ai. Akā, e like me keʻano nui e hoʻokokoke i ka hanaia'na o ka keel - he rarity, akā, no ka mea, i keia la, kahi akamai pinepine i ka hana me ka oi poe noonoo ole lua lako.

He aha nō nā ho'āʻoʻalo i ka e pili ana i ka lua pele keel?

Iloko o ka hooulu ana o na wahi lulu poʻe akamai, ua e hoʻoponopono i keʻano o nā hana nui loa ia:

• Hana hanaia'na mai o nā māhele nui o ka keel, a me kekahi o carbon puluniu? Iecaianoaaiiuo iaoia infusion.
• No hoi, ua kokoke loa rethink a me ka hou-iai? Oaiaaou na kuʻina ka papa kuhikuhi o-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, i i ole papahana no ka pono o ka lua pele mea.

Other hiʻona

Ke? Iecaianoaaiiie kaʻina i ua hoʻokō i ka hope lako polokalamu (FiberSim), e leie aku e kū ai i ka lani kiekie loa e hiki degere o ka hana nona iho. No hoi, e keel pelane kona mea i manao ai ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma loko o ka pauku, hiki e ua hanaʻia ma luna o ia mau loea, ma kahi kokoke ole Nails. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o keia hapa ma keia wanaao, ua like penei:

• Design paha koho o ka pau kükohu. I kēia mau lā keel (kaʻoi loa) uaʻana o ka piha 'akomi pololei i loko, me na "kanaka" haku polokalamu.
• Ana o na mea i hoʻohana, e like me ka mālama 'ia e ka' akomi pololei.
• Ma 'akomi aaeei, i ka ua computation ua i ka maka mea i hoʻohana i ka pili ana o ka keel a me kona mall māhele.
• Stacking papa ua Lopakaʻano papa hana hoi malalo o ia e kekahi polokalamu kamepiula.

Eia hou kekahi, he laekahi e hoʻokokoke i ke? Iecaianoaaiiie o haloʻole kuhi ka penei:

• Ana? Iecaianoaaiiuo o prototypes mea i ho'āʻo i ka loa, ua koi ikaika aku ana.
• E hoʻomōhala ana i 'ole-luku ikea ai enehana, a ae ana ka mālamaʻana o ka keel ma ka pelane.

Pae holomua Lālā paʻa epekema no e pili ana "mc-21" mokulele empennage

Ma ka mea i ai mamao i hala, i ka maunakea hana ua literally pōniuniu wale i ka palapala noi o ka wahi lulu haku polokalamu i ka mea, e ulu ka loa hou mokulele, "MS-21". Kona kū hoʻokahi mea i loko o aneane ekolu makahiki, o ka mua wahi lulu kaʻa i de loko o ke aupuni. Ma kona hana ia i ua ho'āʻo nui o ka polokalamu loea, a pili kēia iʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahi hiʻona o ka keel, a puni ka huelo.

? Ac? Aaioea a me ka hana "MS-21" caisson keel mokulele, ua hiki ke hoʻokō i ka i kēia wahi lulu poe akamai:

• Maopopo hana nona iho aiacayueony o nā māhele, a heʻiʻo maka nō mea i hoʻohana i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. E like me ka hopena, ka mea e hoʻokele e holo nō ia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 50% ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka huina o na lilo o ka huelo a pau, a me ka pau o ka keel.
• Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka empennage ProDirector hana polokalamu e leie aku oe e hoʻokō hemolele pololei ma ka aaioee o ka wahi. Kēia i mea e hiki ai ke hana,ʻaʻole wale nō paa, akā, i loa Lightweight keels.
• Nō hoʻi, i ka keel o kēia mokulele ua hana ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka papalua curvature' ana i kūpono. Mahalo iā ia, ia mea hiki ke hoʻokō multidirectional mānoanoa i loko o ia mau wahi, kahi i ka mea e pono ai nā kilo 'ole (ma lalo o ka keel pelane).
• Oia hoi, i keia la, nui māhele o ka keel ke "ka ohinu ana loa" ma kūikawā autoclaves. I ka hopena o ka loa ikaika a me kaʻoʻoleʻa eiiiiiaiou, e pale aku i ka haawe ana o kekahi degere.
• Na Makuahine kekahi ae lāliʻi o ka anahonua o ka luna 'ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ka lolouila.

Other hiʻona

Ma ke ano o ka 'ike loea hou a me nā' ana i kūpono, i hoemiia e 50-70% ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o e pili ana i ka huelo a me ka keel. I keia la, i ka moku'āina e ho'āʻo ai i Ua oi aku mamua o eha tausani apana fin a me ka huelo.

Na ka papa kuhikuhiE e piʻi like - ua ulu ka ike loea a me nā mea 'ike loea o? Iecaianoaaiiuo o na eiiiiiaiou o ka pahu keel nui o 7,6 m 2,5 m + Ma ka manawa ka mea, i hoomaka mua i ka hoolilo ia. Irkutsk maunakea Plant. Ka mea, i i ka holomua lua mea, a me nā hiʻona o kēia kaʻina i hoihoi ia i alakai haole mokulele Manufacturers.

kēia pilikia

No ka mea, ua lilo nui manawa kūkā ana laekahi 'ano o ka manao a me ka rula o ka keel? Ka mea, ua i mai na 60s o ka hope kenekulia ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia i hou mahuahua ma ka mämä holo hana mokulele mea hiki wale ina e hoomahuahua i ko lakou ikaika, a, e mai i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo ka loa hou laha 'o polymeric mea. Ka pilikia o ka mokulele hope hanauna mea i ko lakou manao (a me ka keel i pau) ka loa susceptible ia "luhi". No ka mea, o keia, ma kahi o 70 makahiki o ka hope kenekulia i ua 'epekema lehulehu o ka mālamaʻana i ka moku'āina o ka'ēheu a me ka huelo.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo koi i kekahi kiʻekiʻe. Kēlā me kēia'ōhui o nā māhele malalo iho a hiki i ka hapanui loa overloads kamakawiwo ole mau papa noho, e 'ike ana wela a me ka puʻe. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau, mai ka iki mau māwae, e ho'ōla mai hookuu hoi ia a hiki i ka make ana o haneri o ka ohua.

Pela no oe i kahi o ka mokulele fin a me ka mea ia ka no!