Zhan Pol Marat: he pōkole Kawaihae

Kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa a me nā lālā o ka Convention Zhan Pol Marat i kekahi o ka loa a me kaulana charismatic huahelu o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana. Kona nūpepa "E ka hoaaloha o ka People" o ka nui loa ka paʻi o kona'āina. Marat, i lana ai, ua i ka luna o ka naau, a i na enemi. ʻIno au moni ike publicist - la oia i hou ai i ka make ma ka fanatical kākoʻo iā ia, no kaʻenemi aoao.

'inikua' oihana

I ka wā e hiki mai hoʻokahuli aupuni Zhan Pol Marat i hanau May 24, 1743 ma ka Hawaiian kūlanakauhale o Boudry. Kona makua kāne i kekahi kauka kaulana mea e hoʻoholo i ka wā e hiki mai 'oihana,' o ke keiki. Zhan Pol i haʻalele nani kakahiaka nui me na makua, a me ka mea, ua i kekahi kanaka'ōpiopio, ua, e lawe aku i ka oo loa kuokoa ola. He mālama hoʻololi i kona wahi o ka noho a me ka aoao o ka loaʻa kālā.

He umi makahiki Zhan Pol Marat i haehaeʻia ma waena o Holland a me Enelani. He ua i ke kuʻuna kauka a me ka mea kākau. I ka 1775, ua lilo i kauka o ka lapaau hoʻomalu ma ke Kulanui o Edinburgh. Eia hou kekahi, Marat no ewalu makahiki hana me ke kauka i ka pā hale o ka Comte d'Artois - i ka wā e hiki mai ke alii o Farani, Charles X.

Ka hoʻomaka 'ana o journalistic hana

No ka 30 makahiki o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua lilo loa loa-ike i loko o ke kahua o ke akeakamai a me ke akea ua kūkākūkāʻia me Voltaire. He hoolaha ole wale akeakamai palapala ma physiology a me ka lapaau, akā, i lilo hoihoi i loko o ka lawelawe kumuhana. I ka 1774, mai ka peni o Marat he "na kaulahao o ka noho luhi ana" - kekahi o ka loa kaulana a me ka hanohano pepelu o kona manawa. Mea kākau, Noord i ka uhane o ka manawa - i loko o Western 'Eulopa, a oi loa aku hoi ma Farani, nui antimonarchist naʻau i loko. E kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua, he publicist me kona leo ole lo hoolaha nei pinepine ku i ke aʻalolo o ke ahonui a me ka malu i nā la ia mea.

Zhan Pol Marat ua hoʻokūpaʻa iho me he kumu critique o absolutism. Iwi Europa eia, yeieiae? Aole ia i manao hana kaumaha a me ka iaʻi lakou i ka hooulu ana o ke kaiāulu. Marat hanaʻino,ʻaʻole wale nō ke aupuni mō'ī, e hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o au mamuli o ka mōʻaukala evolution o absolutism a me kona 'ano apau loa. Ma ka "na kaulahao o ka noho kauā kuapaʻa," ia e like me ka makemake o ka OOAOAaXUEIE pololei ia e kaumaha ana i ka hou 'ole o ke kaiāulu a me kau like hoʻokele waiwai a me ka lakou mau pono kalaiaina. Kona manaʻo o ka egalitarianism manaoia e ku pono Popular laila elitism.

A manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka wa kahiko mea

I kona manao Zhan Pol Marat nui ua hai aku i ka staunch kākoʻo iā ia, o Rousseau. I ka Ia manawa ua hiki ke kūkulu i kekahi o nā manaʻo o kona kumu i ka haumāna. Aliʻi mea nui ma ka hana ana o thinkers hana i loko o ka noiʻi o ka paio ma waena o ka mea kahiko feudal aristocracy a me ka bourgeoisie, mea he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka lokomaikai hoi o manaʻo. 'Ana i kumumanaʻo o ka nui o keia ka hakakā, Marat ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia ana i ka nui pilikia i ka maluhia o ka manao ma' Eulopa i ka antagonism ma waena o waiwai a me ka poe ilihune. He ma ka lawelawe like ole ke kumu o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ike ai i ka ulu ulia.

Marat ua nui pahuhopu nei koiʻo kākoʻo-poe ilihune, ko na kauwa, a me ka hana. Ua ua no keia kumu ka mea, ua lilo no laila, iconic huahelu i waena o leftist aoao. He nui nā makahiki ma hope o kēia hoʻokahuli aupuni e e hoʻokiʻekiʻeʻia i loko o ka USSR - kona inoa, e ke kapa alanui, a me kona Kawaihae, e ia i ke kumuhana o na mea he nui monographs.

"E ka hoaaloha o ka People"

I ka 1789, ka wā i ke kipi hoomaka ana ma Farani, Marat i i kona mau Nupepa "E ka hoaaloha o ke kanaka." Publicist a mua kaulana, a ma ka māpuna lā o civic haʻawina, lilo iho la oia i ka aka o ka io, alahula huliāmahi. Marat hoomaka ae la e kahea aku ia ia iho i ka "hoaaloha o na kanaka". Ma kona pepa, oia nema aku i ke aupuni, no ka mea a pau kā lākou missteps a me ka hewa nui. Ka puke ua ma lalo o ke aupuni puʻe mau. Akā, inā e hele mai i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo, Marat (hookahi unu lawelawe) mālama, e kiʻi aku me ia. Kona nūpepa ua wildly mahalo i waena o nā hana, a me ka haʻahaʻa o bourgeoisie o Paris.

By ka paʻi like kuʻi me ke Kalikiano a me kaʻohana aliʻi, a me ka dukima me nā lālā o ka National Ahaolelo o Kuhina. "E ka hoaaloha o ka People" lilo kekahi o ka mea nui kumu no ka laulā laha o'ano'ē hoʻokahuli aupuni e hoʻolaha i loko o ka Palani kulanakauhale alii. Ka nupepa ua i mahalo ia, ua hiki hoʻopuni paʻi puke i ho'āʻo e discredit ia 'ole hoʻohana i kona lehulehu noonoo.

Emigration, a me ka repatriation

Me kela a me keia mahina oʻeleu journalism oi a oi poe enemi, e loaʻa iā ia kekahi i kekahi Zhan Pol Marat. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni o ka laʻana o mau huna a pee kanaka. He käpae 'ole wale na Aupuni akā, i likeʻole fanatics i hoao mai ma luna o kona ola. Ma ke kiekie o ke kipi, e like me ka pale hāʻule i loko o 1791, Marat a hiki emigrated i 'Enelani.

Eia naʻe, i loko o London, ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa i ke koikoi - ia i hoʻohana i ia i loko o ka manoanoa o ka mea. Ma hope o ka manawa pōkole kaawale o ke kaulana publicist hoʻi iā Paris. Ua ua ma April 1792. Fermentation mau ae la ia akā, ua nele i kekahi mau makahiki o kivila ka pioloke loli, e hoʻoikaika i ka kahua o ka eha ma ka naau kanaka.

Ke evolution o ka manao

He nui aku i komo o ka Great PalaniʻOiʻenehana, mau i ko lakou mau manao hoʻololi. Au ua i koe, a me Zhan Pol Marat. Pōkole hōʻike o ka evolution o kona hilinaʻi nei. Ma ke kahua mua o ke kipi Marat koi i ka malama ana o ke aupuni mō'ī i loko o ka kaupalenaʻaoʻao a me dispersal o ka National Ahaolelo. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea hoʻowahāwahā i ka manaʻo o ka republican kahua. I Iulai 1791, ke alii ho'āʻo e pakele ai, i ka hoʻomaka o kekahi loka, a me kekahi o nā hōʻike, a pana aku la ia. Ma hope iho o kēia episode, hoʻoponopono o "ka hoaaloha o ka People" Ua hui nā kākoʻo o ka hookahuli ana o na Bourbons.

A lohe o Louis Ua hopu no kekahi ho'āʻoʻana e holo i pakele ai i ka aina, Marat kū'ē i ka makemake o na nā paʻi hua, e hana me ka mō'ī me ka hookolokolo ana. omo aliʻi ho'āʻo e hoomalu aku i ka manaʻo o ka mea pono, e like me nā mea a pau loio i formalities ma ke kālailaiʻana hewa ke aliʻi. Marat ua hiki ke ho ololi i ka Convention, a e ia e hoala i ka ninau o ka hoopai ana i ka'ōwili-hea balota. 387 o 721 lunakanawai e noho ana i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka hooko ana o Louis.

Ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Girondins

Mai kona inception, ka Convention ua ma ka pono o ka poʻokela 'ōlelo e like Zhan Pol Marat. ole Photos i loko o ia mau lā ma laila, akā, wale kiʻi hoʻokahi a me ka nupepa clippings maopopo hōʻike pehea ia ua hiki ke hopu i ka noonoo ana o ka lehulehu. Charisma pilikino E pili i hōʻike ai kekahi hihia. O nā mea a pau o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni aoao Marat wae, a kākoʻo i ka Montagnards, mai ka mea a koho 'ana i ka Convention. Kā lākou mau hoa Girondins i na hoopai ana i kela la i keia noʻonoʻo loi o ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa.

Marat enemi i kauoha aku, e kau ia ia ma ka hookolokolo ana no ka olelo ana i ka Aha-elele i lilo i ka noho ana o ka ee-kipi. Naʻe, i ke kiaaina ua hiki ke hoʻohana i ka lehulehu e hookolokolo e like me ka anuu, a hoao iho la ia i ko lakou mau hewa. Girondins manaoio aku i ka hoku Marat mea e pili ana i ka hope sunsets. Eia naʻe, ma April 1793, ma hope o lanakila i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo, mea, ma ka mea ku ole,ʻo ia i ka lanakila e hoʻi i ka hale mōneka. Unsinkable a omnipresent i kona wā ua Zhan Pol Marat. Ma pōkole, ina ole premature make, o kona hopena ua makemake e heʻokoʻa.

I ka luna o ka Jacobins

I June 1793 ma ka noi o huhu Parisians Convention lunakanawai kipaku mai ka Girondins. Mana i kekahi manawa i hala a hiki i ka Jacobins, a aho,ʻekolu o lākou mau luna - Danton, Marat a me Robespierre. Ka mea, alai ae la i ka pili aupuni laau palau, a ua wehewehe aku ma kona'ano'ē ka hoʻokô 'ana i ka uhai ana i ke kahiko a me ka feudal monarchical kauoha.

Na Jacobins he kākoʻo o ka makaʻu, a lākou i manaʻo like me ka mea e pono ai kumu e hoʻokō i ko lakou mau pahu hopu. Ma Paris, ka mea, i kekahiʻikeʻia e like me ka "Society o Friends o ke Kumukanawai". Ma ka piko o kona hiʻona i ka Jacobin kikowaena mai a hiki i 500.000 kākoʻo ma Farani. Marat i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia neʻeʻana mai,ʻaʻole naʻe, hahai ma hope ka mea koke lilo kekahi o kona alakaʻi.

pepehi

Ma hope o ka lanakila lanakila ma luna o Girondins Marat nui hoʻonāwaliwali ola. He Ua hahauʻia loa ili maʻi. Ka lapaʻauʻia i i ke kōkua, a me somehow hooluolu aku au i kā lākou mau mea eha a pau, i ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa i ka auau manawa. He ole wale palapala aku i loko o keia kulana, akā, i loaa malihini.

Ua mea i loko o ia mau ana, July 13, 1793 a hiki i Marat Sharlotta Korde. Eia naʻe kona i luahi na, ia ua he ikaika kākoʻo iā ia, no ka Girondists. Ka wahine hou nāwaliwali, a me ka palupalu iho hoʻokahuli aupuni. Bateseba, kahi āna i pepehiʻia e Zhan Pol Marat, depicted ma kona kaulana pena e Jacques Lui David (kona pena "Make o Marat" Ua lilo kekahi o na hana kaulana o oe hoʻolaʻa i ka māpuna ka'āina). First kino i manaʻo i loko o kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa. Ma hope o kekahi loli o ka mana i ka makahiki 1795, ka mea i hoʻoneʻe i ka maʻamau ilina. Kekahi aoao ai kekahi, akā, i ka pepehi kanaka o Zhan Pol Marat i kekahi o ka mea nui i loko o ka pau Nui PalaniʻOiʻenehana.