Alemanaka - He aha ka keia? Alemanaka "Hanu O Ka Hanakeoki". "Imi mea hihiu ana hakahaka" - o ka Alemanaka

He 'atikala e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi o ka mea kahiko puke loa i hana ia e na kanaka. Alemanaka - he palapala, ai 'koena, hele ma no lākou mōʻaukala lōʻihi o ka puu o ka loli, akā, ka mea, ua i lilo kona pilina a me ka urgency.

ka wehewehena

Alemanaka - he pūkaʻina puke o ka mau loa i loko o ka ohi lumi, a i ka palapala, ai 'a me ka noʻeau a me ka' ole-fiction kumuhana apau loa. Ke kau aʻe hoʻi i ka ¶ʻO'Araba "Almana", a 'o ia hoʻi "manawa ana". I ka 14th a me ka 15th kenekulia Alemanaka mea he 'alemanaka me ka papa hou Astronomical.

Mai kēiaʻano o ka puke pai ka paʻi ma ke kaawale ana o kekahi mau periodicity - IeAUPIIe, IAa IO he Alemanaka mai kekahi, pakahi i ka makahiki paha,ʻaʻole i nā mea a pau i kekahi mau 'kalaʻana aʻe. Ua kekahi mau 'ike e pili ana i keʻano nohona hana:' ike e pili ana i IeAIIeXIAaIEE i ka palapala, ai ', iao? E hana' ia, kau loli, a no laila, ma luna o. Pela, ma kā lākou mau 'āpana Alemanaka pani i ka' ano o calendars nā palapala kuhikuhi.

Alemanaka i loko o ka honua kahiko

Alemanaka ikea ka lōʻihi manawa kahiko. Ke kahiko Romans Hohola ae la oia i ka palapala i hoiliili ole, e hoike ana i nā lā o kaʻoihana aiiia. Na koʻAigupita e noho ana i loko o ka papa o na papa pohaku, i pihaʻi me 'ike e pili ana i ka holo ana o ka Honua ma ka. I Denmark a Norway i ka wā kahiko hua keleawe papa, lāʻau, kuhikuhi i okoa ana i kona akua. I ka wā kahiko, i ka Alemanaka - mea mua a me ka poʻokela i ka olua mau lā 'alemanaka, a astrological ano.

Alemanaka ma Europe

Ma Europa, i ka mua pai ia anthologyʻikeʻia ma Vienna ma 1457. He hiki i ke hoʻohana i illiterate kanaka, no ka mea, me ke kōkua o nā huapalapala map a me ka Astronomicalʻike manaʻo i ua depicted. Ka Alemanaka he 'ike e pili ana i ka holo ana o ka Honua ma ka, piha mahina nā lā, maloʻo Time], ke ahi a me ka wi. I ka 1474, ua paʻiʻia he like ohi ma Hungary, ma Roma, a Kelemānia. Mai ka 16th kenekulia ka aoao o ka ho opa likeʻole anthologies ma Europe i aponoia i ka hope loa. Ma waho aʻeo ia kumu ike, keia Edition aʻole 'ike ma luna o ka mineta, eke kalepa ae la lakou, aha keʻena, aha kanaka a me EIA. I mea e,ʻo ke koi a me ka uku hoopanee o ke aliʻi, i loko o ka anthology hoomaka ae la e hai aku i ka papa inoa o na clergy, kuauhau aʻa, a no laila, ma luna o. i kapaia Oia hoiliili ole i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo' ole aliʻi. Ua pai mua i loko o Farani, laila, i loko o Saxony a me Prussia, a me ka hope - maʻEnelani. Ua, ma ka hou e kāʻei kua 'ike i loko o ka Alemanaka hoomaka ae la e komo poem, Ka Honua Nei, pōkole moʻolelo. Ma hope iho o ka hanana o calendars, pai, ua lilo i ke ano o ka puke periodicals mau i hoiliili ole. Aia he aneiai, kuauhau, haipule, kalaiaina Alemanaka.

palapala, ai 'Alemanaka

Over manawa, i kēia 'ano o ka puke i lilo i increasingly hana hoihoi a me ka informative. Kēia Alemanaka - he Magazine i loaʻa i kekahi ano o ka mea pono keia mau 'ike, ka nui o ka i mai i kaʻikena hoihoi. Available i hoiliili ole ma ka 'ano o ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena, ma i i paʻi i kela makahiki i ka pili ikepili. Mau Alemanaka i kekahi manawa, kapaʻia 'o ka. Ka maikai-ike maopopo ana i keiaʻano - o ka "Alemanaka o ka elemakule Mura", hoʻokumu i ka makahiki 1970 ma Francis Moore. Naʻe, i ka loa kaulana, mua ma ka Western 'Eulopa, a laila, i loko o nā'āina, hoomaka ae la e hoʻohana i ka palapala, ai' anthologies. Ka mea,ʻikeʻia i loko o ka waena o ka 18th kenekulia ma Farani. Kekahi o ka mea mua, e e kuu ia ma Palika (1746-1833) «L'Almanach Des Muses». Ma Germany lilo kaulana Alemanaka «Musenalmanach», i i paʻiʻia ma Gottingen i 1770-1807 GG. Hope,ʻikeʻia «Musen-Almanach», ma a Schiller paʻi i kona mau poem i paʻi (1796-1800).

Alemanaka ma Rusia

First paʻiʻia ma ka Russian Alemanaka - i ka ohi ana o "anodes" N. M. Karamzina, hana ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia ma Mohai o ke komohana Media. I 1920-1830-ies ma Rusia i hele mai no ka oi mamua o iwakalua anthologies. A. S. Pushkin i kapaia "Almanashnik" he kūikawāʻano o ka luna hoʻopuka. I kekahi mau manawa, hoa a me nāʻenemi o ka haku mele nui i na i ka moʻo o ka palapala, ai 'anthologies. Alemanaka "Polar Star" (3 puke, 1823-1825 GG.) Published K. F. Ryleevym a me A. A. Bestuzhevym, a me ke komo ana o ka poe kaulana kākau like V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboedov, FV Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, Ola Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Collection o "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 GG.) Ku e aku la eha a paʻi, e hua mai la i Ola Kyuhelbekker a me V. F. Odoevsky. Anthology "Hawaiian Flowers" i hele mai, mai 1824 a hiki i 1831 ma lalo o ka lima o O. M. Somova a me A. A. Delviga. He nui nā makahiki ma hope, ma ka kakahiaka 20th kenekulia ua hoʻomaka Symbolists e paka i ka palapala, ai 'ohi ana i ka ia inoa. Ka moʻolelo "Hawaiian Flowers" ku elima a paʻi - i 1901-1904 a me ka 1911.

kēia Alemanaka

I kēia mau lā Alemanaka - i ka ohi ana i hana hoihoi i ka 'okoʻa hoolohe mai. Ua hiki i kekahi hana hoihoi kumuhana apau loa heluhelu. Kākau moʻolelo kamaʻilioʻana, e kala aku i ko lakou mau hana i loko o kekahi ana i hoʻokumu i nā pūʻulu. Lakou i mea hoike o ka kaʻao palapala, ai 'Alemanaka "Metropol", nolaila ia i kuu paiia o ka pono 12 kope ma 1979 ma Moscow samizdat ala. Komo i loko o kēia kala uncensored ohi i Bella Akhmadulina, Evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Yuri Kublanovsky, Henry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky Yuri Kurabchievsky a me kekahi poe e ae i lohe ole ai mamua no ka mea kūhelu ahakanaka. Recalcitrant moʻolelo i loko o ka Soviet Union akaaka malu me ka dukima o ka ino, ua lawe i ke kope o ka "Metropolis" i loko o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a haawi malaila Pai ia ala, a me Vasily Aksenov ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ka moʻolelo i loko o kona puke "E i aku oe me ka waiū".

Alemanaka "Hoʻomana Mohameka ma ka o kēia au nei" hoolaa i ka haipule a me ka kaiapili-mau pilikia o ka Muslim'āina, mea i loaʻa i loko o lolouila palapala, a ma luna o ka pepa. Nā kākau o kēia puke kūkākūkā i ke kūlana o ka Islamic ka noho mai ka kālai'āina, waiwai a me ka io Geographic kuanaʻike.

Top Lūkini Alemanaka

"Imi mea hihiu ana hakahaka" - anthology o ka palapala, a me ka noʻeau maʻiʻo, hoʻokumu i ka makahiki 1950. I loko o kona mōʻaukala lōʻihi ka mea i hoomanawanui i hihia lehulehu o ae la, a iho i lalo, a ua hala ae nei kekahi o na mea hihiu kahiko paʻi puke ma Russian. I waena o kona kākau loa-ikeia ka noiʻi a me nā loea kālai'āina, haku mele a me nā moʻolelo, alakaʻi a me nā mea hana keaka, e like me kanaka o kekahi mauʻoihana kahuna, ai. "Imi mea hihiu ana hakahaka" - koena o ka mōʻaukala a me ka palapala, ai 'waiwai.

I nā manawa Alemanaka iʻikeʻia i loko o ole wale ke ano o ka pai hoiliili ole, akā, no hoi ma kīwī pale. No ka laʻana, ka Alemanaka "Hanu O Ka Hanakeoki" - he TV hōʻike i Radio a me kīwī o ka USSR palapala i kekahi kumukanawai a i "malihini 'Club". Kinoalmanah hōʻike ma ka lewa, mai 1988 a hiki i 1990-la makahiki, a iloko o kekahi awa o ike e pili anaʻoihana kaua, hele, ano a me ke akamai. Aoaao nanea nui hiʻona.

ka hopena

Penei, o ka Alemanaka - he 'ano o ka puke, a ma na manawa a pau koe mahalo a me ka pili. Ka hoike i ko lakou manao ma luna o nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā nīnūnē, e hoolaha aku i kona palapala, ai 'mea i hanaia a laila, hoʻokipa' ike o ka hoihoi ana i ka laulā o ka heluhelu hiki i loko o ia ohi. Ano Alemanaka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka likeʻole ma o nā kūmole: Print, lolouila a me ka kīwī.