Animal nā loko, hui, nenoai: ho'ākāka 'ana, examples

A ola meaola - o ka'ōnaehana o interconnected nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa. Ma ko lakou mau wahi hana o ka holoholona ke kuleana pili i maʻamau. A ka mea, aole i mea i ka kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ke kino. Ke wale like mea ia na elele o na? Aaoa e ia ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka evolution, a, no laila, holoholona nā loko, hui, nenoai hoi oko ma ka olelo o ka 'ole a me ka hana. He ua ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka loina o ka phylogeny.

Ka 'ole o ka holoholona kino

Ka hapanui o nā loko i ka hoʻomaopopo like 'ole kaapuni: connective'aʻaʻa wahi, i ka muscular, ahu iho, a me ka pahale, ahu iho. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana a me ka mana o kēia mau papa hiki ke maikaʻi ke kino, ma kahi ee a inā ma nā hoʻopunipuni.

'Aʻole i pau holoholona nā'aʻaʻa kuahene nā loko. No ka laʻana, coelenterates a me ka huahuakai, flatworms ua paa nae ma ka'aʻaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka hui.

Kālaimeaola. liluwelo kahua

Initially, i ke kino o ka meaola oia o differentiated keena. Ma ka evolution o ka holoholona kino i hana, hui, nenoai. Ka mea, oko ma functionality, akā, kā lākou hana ua pahuna i kekahi mea wale - e malama i ke kūpaʻa o ke kipi 'ia o ke kino a me ka maʻamau ke ola.

Līkaia no ka mea kēia hui, nenoai:

1. Circulatory.

2. Digestive.

3. Musculoskeletal.

4. Excretion.

5. naehana hanu.

6. Endocrine.

7. ko mākou hopohopo.

8. eyoey ii.

9. ka'ōnaehana makaukau.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o na holoholona

Circulatory'ōnaehana mua akaka ma annelids, a me ka mea, i mea paa type. Elua papa kuhikuhiE moku - dorsal a me ka ventral. Ka mea, i hui ma ke alo o ka ilo kino ikaika kaha i trivially kapaia "naau", akā, e hana i kaawale nāʻoihana, akā, ano o na moku, i nā pā pōhaku o i pihaʻi me ka mānoanoa ahu iho la ka Muscle'aʻaʻa.

E möakäka hou evolution o nā loko ua like penei:

- a pau ano o na holoholona i ka a me ke komo pu o ka pūpū circulatory nenoaiie o kekahiʻano hamama;

- ka golovohordovyh'ōnaehana o paʻa type, akā,ʻaʻohe naau;

- mai cyclostomes (hagfish, lampreys) akaka dvukamernoe naau;

- amphibians a me nā mea kolo ekolu-o ke keʻena o ka naau, i ke koko i hui;

- manu a me mammals, i ka naau o ka 4-keʻena, no laila, i ka mea hiki ke malama i ka ikaika kino mahana (homeothermic).

alimentary kahua

Digestive'ōnaehana ho'ākāka 'ia ma mua flatworms (i loko o ka palapala o ka paʻa auwai a). Anus ma laila. A laila, ua Hawaiʻi i ka na nā loko o nā holoholona like penei:

- na roundworms 'ōili mai penetrating ka intestinal Tube: hindgut a me ka anus (i loko o ka pelane, he mau wale elua o ka liʻiliʻi);

- na annelids i hana kalipuna salivary glands, nona ka papa kuhikuhi hana - decomposition o detritus;

- i hoalaala ia arthropods ke alo a me ka waena liʻiliʻi me ka chitin leho;

- ka Amphioxus 'ōili mai hepatic outgrowth;

- ma cartilaginous ia - helical kiwikā i loko o ka poe uuku naʻau liʻiliʻi, kona papa - mahuahua ka omo 'ilikai;

- hou evolution ua ma luna o ka palena manawa o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, a no ia, he mea ulu ma ka omo wahi.

Locomotor i hoʻomākaukauʻia

Musculoskeletal'ōnaehana he o mau nenoai: ka iwi a me nāʻiʻo. Ka iwi hana me ke kākoʻo, a me na nāʻiʻo kuleana no ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka makahiki. nā evolution ua he nui differentiation a me ka ho'ēmiʻana metameric hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha.

1. Ka iwi i ke cyclostomes.
2. Ma cartilaginous iʻa cartilaginous ia, i ka hapanui o ka pokou iʻa - iwi.
3. Me ka landfall ma amphibians hou elima-manamana lima lala, iwi hoʻomōhala noa lala a me ka hou spine.
4. Mea kolo i hana umauma.
5. Ma na manu, he mea he wahi lihi iki o ka loli ma ka skeletal 'ole ma ka pili ana i ka mea e lele.
6. Ma mammals, he mea ka differentiation hope o ka iwi.

excretory kahua

I slit laila mau holoholona nā loko? hui, nenoai i loaʻa i ka secretion nenoaiu, i mea kuleana no ka wehe mai i ke kino metabolic huahana, toxins, a hoomake iho no hoi.

- flatworms excretory'ōnaehana ua poe protonephridia.

- Ma annelids kāinoa mua metanephridia.

- Ma arthropods ikeia'ōmaʻomaʻo glands, Malpighian paipu.

- E ka pūpū - hakuʻala.

- a pau o ka kēia mau ano (i ka iʻa) poʻo hakuʻala.

- I ka iʻa a me ka amphibians mesonephros.

Ma nā mea a pau, no ka mea kolo a pau me mammals, ua mālamaʻia kēia mau mana pelvic hakuʻala.

naehana kahua

Ua hanaʻia ka hana o ka digestion ka oxygen kaiapuni. First ikeia ma arthropods.

- Ma crustaceans naehana'ōnaehana poe ma ka halo o mua.

- nā mea kolo - ka trachea.

- i loko o mollusks - ka malamalama i hanaʻia ma ke kapa lua.

- a pau holoholona kauoha aupuni o ka iʻa i ka ÷ naehana hanu'ōnaehana - ia Aloha halo o mua,

- rana? Ac? Saccular ia maʻiʻaʻai.

- mea kolo - ke kelepona.

- Birds - a naele ia.

- Mammals - alveolar akemāmā.

ko mākou hopohopo kahua

Ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana hoʻohuiʻia nā hui, nenoai i loko o ka hookahi meaola, e haawi ana i ka lepa a me ke kaōhiʻana i ka hana o kēlā me kēia wahi.

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu o ka eiei? Type akaka ma coelenterates.

- flatworms ortogon a me ko mākou hopohopo kahua hulili.

- E hana roundworms peripharyngeal nā aʻalolo ke komo lima a me nā aʻalolo nui ilpko o.

- Ma annelids peripharyngeal nā aʻalolo ke komo lima, a ventral nā aʻalolo kaula.

- Ma arthropods he mea poʻo ganglion, a koe ka ventral nā aʻalolo kaula.

- At huina clams ko mākou hopohopo kahua.

- He mea akaka golovohordovyh anoe o ka neural Tube ma ka mua pau ana o ke kino.

- Ka iʻa pee a pau wahi a pau o ka lolo.

Hou mea kolo ma laila nō i nā lā mua o ka cerebral cortex.

Ma mammals, eia lolo convolutions.

reproductive kahua

reproductive'ōnaehana kuleana pili i - e pāʻani i ko lakou mau ano. Ke reproductive'ōnaehana hiki e kane paha, he wahine, he mau hermaphrodites (annelids, mollusks). Women ka'ōnaehana i Hawaiʻi ke kiʻekiʻe. I ka papa kuhikuhiE nā loko i uterus, fallopian paipu, ovaries. He nui parasitic ilo hou i ootype a me nā maʻi 'aʻai: kumuʻiʻo, ka yolk.

Male reproductive'ōnaehana ninoieo o testes a me vas deferens. Next, ua kuu ka sperm ma ka copulatory hui, mawaho paha i loko o ka wahine wahine nā loko.

ka hopena

nānā mākou i ka mea na nā loko o nā holoholona. hula hui, nenoai nui i kūlana ma ka malama ana i ka maʻamau ola o ka loa i kekahi kanaka, o ke kane a me kaʻenuhe. Inā kēlā'ōnaehana e hana pono, e malama i homeostasis o ka meaola.

Children ma kālaimeaola papa këia i ka 'ole o ke ola meaola. Ke kākoʻo mea hana ia maʻalahi e hoomanao i ka nana aku o ka holoholona nā loko. Papa o kekahi mau nenoai hiki ke loaʻa ma ka aneane kekahi mahele kālaimeaola.