Annealing kila like me ka ano o ka wela lapaau. enehana mea hiki ke hooheheeia

Ka hanaia'na o hou mea a me ka pāʻana i ko lākou waiwai - o ke akamai o ka 'ike loea hou metala. Kekahi o kona mea paahana o ka wela lapaau. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana e ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka 'ano, a, me, ka laulā o ka pono o ka oka a pau. Annealing o ke kila - he he ākea hōʻoia no ke kāpaeʻana manufacturing mā ma huahana, mahuahua ko lakou ikaika a me ka pono.

Kaʻinaʻano hana a me kona Lolina

annealing hana i hana ma ka mea ana i:

• Kaʻoi loa intracrystalline 'ole, ka hoonoho papa ana ia o ka alloying hehee wale;
• loa kń na aʻo nui, a ei aie i kokololioʻanoʻenehana wela oko ao;
• e māhuahua pliability mea no mahope machining.

Panina hana ua kapaia "piha annealing", akā, ma laila nō i ka helu o kona likeʻole, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka makemake ka waiwai a me nā 'ano o nā hana: kāpili, haʻahaʻa maholahune (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, normalizing. A pau e like me ka rula, akā, me ka 'ole o ke kila wela lapaʻau i me ka nui loaʻokoʻa.

Heat lapaʻau ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kiʻikuhi i

All loli 'ana ma o ka kila hana, a i ka nānā' ana ma luna o ka holoholona hihiu o ka mahana maopopo hoʻopili like me ke kiʻikuhi o ka hao-kalapona oka a pau. He He kākoʻo kiʻi, e hooholo i ka microstructure o kalapona steels a nou mai i na hao, e like me kuhikuhi mai la lakou o ka loli hale a me kā lākou mau ano ma lalo o ka ole o ka hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka huʻihuʻiʻana.

Metal enehana regulates keia pakuhi a pau ano o annealing kalapona steels. No ka kāpili, haʻahaʻa a me ka recrystallization "e hoʻomaka" laina mahana nā loina o PSK, o kona pilikia wahi _Ac1. Full annealing a normalizing kila thermal aʻo i kaʻoihana GSE laina kiʻikuhi, kona pilikia wahi, a me ka AC ₃ AC _m. Kekahi pakuhi maopopo e hoʻokau i ka pilina hana i hoakaka ia wela lapaau me ka mea ma luna o ka kalapona maʻiʻo a me ka manawa kūpono o kona kupono ana no ka mau oka a pau.

piha annealing

Mea: ka hoike ana a me forgings o kākoʻo-eutectoid oka a pau, kahi i ke kila haku mele 'ana e hoʻopiha i ke kalapona i loko o ka nui i hiki i 0,8%.

Pahuhopu:

• i kā mākou loli ma ka microstructure o ka kūpono nou ana la o a me ka wela puʻe actuation nonuniform lohi ferrite-pearlite 'ole i loko o ka homogeneous me ka ie-la i ka palaoa;
• emi paakiki a me ka hoonui ductility no mahope machining.

Technology. Annealing kila i ana wela ma luna o ka pilikia wahi 30-50˚S _Ac3. I a hiki i ka hoʻoholo ma mua thermal waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kākoʻo ia ma keia pae no kekahi manawa, e leie aku oe e ke hoʻokō 'ia nā mea a pau i ka mea loli'. Nui pearlite a ferrite mānoanoa loa iho i loko o austenite. Na kekahi ke kahua - ka lohi ka huʻihuʻiʻana i loko o ka umu ahi, ma a kaʻina hou ike okoa mai ka austenite ferrite a me ka pearlite me ka maikai a me ka palaoa homogeneous 'ole.

Full annealing kila eliminates loa eiiieaen na mā, nae, o ka loa lengthy a me ka ikehu hoopauia'na.

pahee annealing

Mea: hypoeutectoid kila, 'ole, akā na paewaewa.

Ke kumu o ka nui ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka mitigation o ka pearlite mānoanoa ko, me ka hoʻololi i ka ferrite kūpapakū.

Technology. Paio hahana maoli nō ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i ke ana wela hāʻule i loko o ka nahā i waena o ka pilikia nui _Ac1 a me _Ac3. Waiū o ka laina i loko o ka umu ahi a me ka pilina paʻa 'ano kōkua ai i nā pau i ka mea e pono ai keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Anuanu maila 'ua hana lohi, a me ka lua ahi. Ma ka auoiaea haawi aku i ka mea maikai-na hua liilii pearlitic-ferritic 'ole. Me ia he thermal keiki ua hoohuliia i loko o ka lole pearlite, ka ferrite aniani koe ua hoʻololiʻia, a hiki wale nō ke hoʻololi structurally, i wili.

Kahi I annealing o ke kila mau hiʻohiʻona nō, e ke koena o ka na moku'āina a me ka waiwai o ka poe noonoo ole mea, ia mea emi ikehu mālama nui.

A haʻahaʻa annealing (recrystallization)

Mea: a pau ano o ua olokaaiaʻe kalapona kila, oka a kila me ke kalapona ka maʻiʻo ma waena o 0,65% (e laʻa me, poepoe, e lawe ana), a me ka pepa hakahaka māhele i ka nonferrous ke hooheheeia e mai nei no i ka lōʻihi-makahiki na mā, akā, he pono 'ole-ka ikehu e hooponopono.

Pahuhopu:

• wehe 'ana o na aʻo nui a me ke kanana nei e hoopaakiki ole, ma muli o ia nā anu a me ka wela deformation;
• ka hoʻopau o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ka haoʻa anuanu maila' o welded hale, mahuahua ductility a me ka ikaika o ke ami;
• homogenizing ka microstructure o ole-ferrous metallurgy;
• lamellar pearlite spheroidization - e haawi ana ia i ka granular palapala.

Technology.

Paio hahana maoli nō o nā māhele he ma 50-100˚S lalo _Ac1 noho pilikia wahi. Ma lalo o ka aoao o kēia mau waiwai i eliminated nīnūnē na loli. Ka a pau kaʻina i kahi o 1-1.5 hola. He kokekau wale cia mehana papa koa no kekahi mau mea:

1. Kalapona kila a me ke keleawe ulaula oka a - 600-700˚S.
2. Nikala oka a - 800-1200˚S.
3. Aluminum oka a - 300-450˚S.

Anuanu maila 'ua hana ma ka lewa. mea hiki ke hooheheeia enehana Martensitic a bainitic steels 'oi aku ka' okoʻa inoa no kēia kaʻina - he kiʻekiʻe Holiday. He he mea, a affordable ala, e hoʻoikaika i ka waiwai o nā māhele a me nā hale.

Homogenization (maholahune annealing)

Iauaeou: nui ninini huahana, o ka oi aku o ka hoolei kuhiliʻole kila.

Manao:ʻaʻahu o ka makana o ka alloying oihana mua nā'ātoma o ke aniani puka olu oia, a me ka holoʻokoʻa ka leo o ka ingot like me ka hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe ana wela maholahune; e hoopalupalu ana i ka preform 'ole, hoemi kona paakiki mua ka hana i ka hope kaʻina hana.

Technology. Paio hahana maoli nō i ka mea e paka kiʻekiʻe ana wela 1000-1200˚S. Ka pilina paʻa thermal ano e e mālama ia no ka lōʻihi manawa - ma kahi o 10-15 hola, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui a me ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hoolei 'ole. kali anuanu maila 'hahai i ka pau' ana o nā mea a pau o ke kahua o ke kiʻekiʻe-mahana reactions.

Manawa-e hoopau ana, akā, nui ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka equalization o ka microstructure o nui nā hale.

isothermal annealing

Mea: kalapona kila pā ua hiolo, 'atikala o ka oka a pau a me ka kiʻekiʻe-oka a pau.

Pahuhopu: No ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka microstructure, ka wehe' ana i na mā i emi manawa.

Technology. Metal initially paio hahana maoli a piha annealing ana wela a me ka mālama i ka manawa e pono ai no ka hou 'ana o nei hale, e austenite. Next ua lohi ho'ēmiʻia kaiapuni ma ka paakai aa ana. Ma ka hoʻokō 'ana aku wela 50-100˚S i lalo i ka _Ac1 wahi ua waiho i loko o ka umu ahi ma ka mea e malama ia ma keia pae i ka manawa kupono no ka piha hou' o ka austenite e pearlite a me ka cementite. Ke anuanu maila 'hope ua lawe mai ma ka lewa.

I ka papa hana e leie aku e hoʻokō i nā koi 'ia ka waiwai o ka oka a kila workpieces, oiai hoola manawa like like me ka piha annealing.

normalization

Mea: ka hoike ana, forgings a me ka mehana, o ka meakino a me ka haʻahaʻa-oka a kila.

Pahuhopu: No ka hōʻoi 'ana i na moku'āina, e haawi ana i ka makemake paakiki a me ka ikaika, hana o ke kipi ana ma mua o ka kuʻina mahope o ka wela lapaau a me ka machining.

Technology. Steel enaena i ka mahana i mea iki ma luna o ka GSE laina a me kona noho pilikia kumu, a ua mālama ho'ēmi ma ka lewa. Penei, o ka uku o ka pau 'ana o keʻano o ka hanaʻana maoli. Naʻe, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia hana e loaʻa ai i ka naauao nanea wale' ole wale nō i loko o ka hihia ma ka kila haku mele ho'ākāka 'kalapona i loko o ka nui o ka i oi mamua o 0,4%. Me ka hoʻoulu dala o ka kalapona, he mea ka hoomahuahua i ka paakiki. Ka Ia kila ma hope o normalization mai i ka mea i oi aku ka paakiki me uniformly manaʻo uuku ka palaoa. Keʻano hana hiki me ka nui loa hoʻonui i ka fracture ia'ku a me ka ductility oka a ana aaioee.

Hiki mā annealing

Iloko o ka hooko ana o ka wela lapaʻau hana e pono ai, e hoopili aku i ka hoʻoholo ma mua 'ole ka mahana hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka huʻihuʻiʻana. I Ina o ka 'aʻe' ana o kekahi mau mā ke ana e pono ai.

1. 'okesaside o kaʻilikai, a me ka ho okumu ana o ka unahi, i. Ma ana i hoʻoheheʻeʻia metala reacts me ka lewa oxygen, e hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka unahiʻole, i ka workpiece ili honua. Ke kumuhana e huikala ma paʻi pepa a ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūikawā Nine Inch reagents.
2. kalapona burnout. No hoi ia ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o ka hopena o ka o oxygen ma luna o ka wela metala. Hoemi i ka nui o ke kalapona i loko o kaʻilikai ho'ēmi i kā kona ÿano, aʻanoʻenehana waiwai. I mea e pale aku i kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, annealing kila E hanaʻia nō ia i loko o laua me ka manaʻo kōkua o ke kapuahi Kalaiaina ke aiiay kinoea nona ka papa kuhikuhiE hana - e ālai 'hana kūleʻa oka a me ka oxygen.
3. Overheating. He Heʻilihune o ka hooloihiia poe oo hoi i loko o ka umu ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela. Nā hualoaʻa ma excessive ai ka ulu, ka āpana o ole-ʻaʻahu lohi loa ai 'ole, mahuahua fragility. Undergoes? Iaea e lawelawe i kekahi puni o ka piha annealing.
4. Puhi i ka. Ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o impermissibly kiʻekiʻe hahana maoli nō kēia waiwai a me ka hoʻopau holo, e hele aku ai i ka make o ka paa ana ma waena o kekahi mau mānoanoa loa waiwai pio, i ka pau metala 'ole, a ua ole oia ia ia e hooponopono.

E pale aku malfunctions ia mea nui ka ikaika ma hope i ka wela lapaau o ka pilikia, i ka mākau a me ka ikaika ka pāʻana i ka kaʻina.

Annealing kila microstructure mea kiʻekiʻe-hopena e hoohauhee ana i ka 'enehana o māhele o kekahi ka manaʻo pohihihi, a me ka mea e pono ai ke mele a me na' ole i koi 'ia no ka kuʻina mahope o thermal ololi, machining a me ka' ole i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o hana.