Apapika huapalapala a me kā lākou mau manaʻo

¶ʻO'Araba (Alifbo ma Apapika) leokanipū (i ua, e kākau wale na consonants) palapala palapala, hoʻohana 'ia no ka Apapika' ōlelo a me kekahi mea e ae, o kekahi o ka loa luna 'ke kākau' ana i nā 'oihana i ka manawa. Hoikehonua, Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi - nunui-maʻi lele kŰia. Naʻe, ka mea Apapika huapalapala i 'Imi hoʻoneʻe mai o ka wahi o ka palapala, kahi malaila o ka'ē aʻe kūhelu' ōlelo.

Ke ae pā o ka Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi

Ano hiʻona o ka Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi.

1. Hema kuhikuhi - he palapala mea maʻa mau hele mai ka akau i ka lima hema.
2. A hailona no superscripts a me subscripts heluʻai - diacritics, a i hanaia eʻike poorly distinguishable palapala, a no ka ho okumu ana i hou huapalapala.
3. Italicʻano o ke kākau 'ana, no ka nele o ka "ai" a me ka UPPERCASE_OR palapala. A me italics (kuʻi nukeliu) Apapika ke kākau 'ana mea e pahuhopu nei: kekahi Apapika huapalapala i hui ai me ke koena kekahi wale nō ma kaʻaoʻao hema, a me ka pololei wale.
4. Allographs - loli o ka palapala. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o lākou a hoomoana ma ka olelo - i loko o ka hopena, ka waena, ke kumu a kaawale.

Hoikehonua, Apapika Hawaiʻi ninoieo o ka iwakalua-ewalu consonants a me kalaka nui-vowel palapala, e like me diacritical hoailona like me ka superscript a subscript kiko kona kiʻi, a hanohano, dashes i loko iho i loko o ka alphabetic'ōnaehana ma hope o hoʻololi 'ana i Hoʻomana Mohameka ole, eʻike mai kekahi o na consonants a me nā mea kani-, a me ka hōʻike vowels me ka manao hou pololei EYI o ke kikokikona o ka Koran hemolele.

Mōʻaukala o ka Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi.

I ka 'epekema, ka mea, ua manaoio aku i ka mea, ua Apapika kākau ma ka muli o Nabataean Hawaiʻi (ha o ke kenekulia BC -., Ka mua kenekulia AD), Akā, e ole ai ia e hoole i ka buke a me ka mooolelo kahiko o ka Suria hua, e like me ka stylistic closeness o ka palapala o ke kapu "Avesta" puke.

Penei, arabitsa ala ae la mua o ka Hekikai o ka honua hoomana e like Hoʻomana Mohameka. Ma ka Soviet Union ke kōmi'ōkuhi ma muli o Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi Ua banned ia ma 1928 ma ka manao paa o ka Central Executive Komite, a o ka CPC, a me nā kākau o ka modernized arabitsy repressed. An hana hoihoi 'oiaio o ia, i wahi wale Tatar SSR, i ka hope o Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi (Alifbo) Roma palapala (Yanalif) iʻaʻole i nui e kū'ē'ē mai. Wahi a ka 'ikepili helu, ma kahi o ehiku pakeneka o ka honua heluna hoʻohana Apapika huapalapala.

Apapika ōlelo: kona global nui

Apapika (Apapika mana اللغة العربية, heluhelu ia "AL-Luga AL-'arabiya") o ka 'ōlelo o ka Semitic lala o ka' ōlelo 'ohana Afro-Asiatic. Ka helu o nā 'ōlelo o ka hāʻawi' ōlelo a me kona olelo o ka hola a puni ekolu haneri miliona (like me ka 'ōlelo mua), a me kekahi kanalima miliona kanaka hoʻohana Apapika like me ka lua o ka' ōlelo no ka 'ōlelo. Panina Apapika - i ka 'ōlelo' ana o ka Uhane Quran - e mau hoʻohana 'ia ma ka haipule huakai i a me ka pule ukali o Hoʻomana Mohameka a puni ka honua (i ka huina helu o Nā Poʻe Isalama a puni ka hapalua o ka ieeeea?). Mai ka wā kahiko mea e kū ana i ka lula 'dialectal elaborate a e lauwili.

Olelo o ka Apapika 'ōlelo

Hoikehonua, colloquial Apapika olelo ua maheleia i elima subgroups, ma Mānoa, e kaawale ōlelo mai ka philological wahi o Hawaii:

• Maghreb olelo Lolina.
• Sudanese-Aigupita olelo.
• Iraqi-Mesopotamian olelo.
• Arabian Group olelo.
• Central paio hahana maoli nō hawaiian olelo pūʻulu.

Maghreb olelo e pili ana i ke komohana pae, ka mea 'ē aʻe - a hiki i ka hikina pūʻulu o olelo o ka Apapika' ōlelo. Apapika olelo i lehulehu i loko o ka iwakalua-nā hikina'āina, a hāʻawi akula ia i ke kūlana o ka luna, a hoʻohana 'ia i loko o aaieieno keʻena ma lalo nei a me ka pā hale.

Quran me he kumu arabitsy

Ma ke ¶ʻO'Araba kaʻao Mana Loa Allah i hana mai i na palapala, a hāʻawi hoʻi iā lākou i Adamu, ma ka huna mai na anela. Mea nana i hana Apapika palapala ua i kekahi manawa manaoia i hiki ke heluhelu a kākau i ka kaula, Muhammad ai kona kino hoalawehana.

E like me ka mea Apapika'ōlelo i waha, ma ka mea o ka Apapika palapala ano i loko o Hira, ke kumu nui kulanakauhale Dahmidskogo moku'āina, a me ka lilo no hoi hoʻomohala i loko o ka muliwai, o ka hiku o ke kenekulia, i ka wa a ka iniiaiie i hoʻopaʻa 'ia o ka Quran (651).

Qurʻan (mai ka Apapika translates like قرآن - heluhelu) hiki ke paʻiʻia kekahi ma lalo o ka inoa o ka hemolele puke a me lokomaikaʻi hua'ōlelo. Ia mea,ʻaʻole hoʻokahi haneri a me kaʻumikumamāhā e pili pū ana i loko o ke ano o na Mokuna (suras ma Apapika). Sura, ma ka huli, i haku no ayahs (Verses) a me ka hooponopono i ka iho mai ana mea o ka helu ana o Verses.

I 631 AD Mea, ua hookumuia ia ma ka oihana-kahuna moku'āina ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate, a me Apapika palapala loaʻa iā ia kekahi global nui, a ma ka manawa ia dominates ka Middle East. Kapikala o ke ¶ʻO'Araba Linguists ua Iraq (Basra a me Kufa).

I ka hiku o ka kenekulia Basra noho Abul-Asuad AL-duals hoʻolauna i loko o ¶ʻO'Araba huapalapala hou huapalapala e kākau i ka pōkole vowels. I ka hola o ka Ia manawa au Nasr ibn Asym a me Yahya ibn Yamara invented kekahi ano o diacritical hoailona, e hoomaopopo i ka helu i like loa me ka palapala grapheme.

I ka walu o ka kenekulia, he noho ana o ke kulanakauhale o Basra AL-Khalil ibn Ahmad hou kākau pōkole vowels. Kona'ōnaehana i hiki i ka makana, a uaʻano nui hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o ka Koran hāʻina o nā haʻawina, lyrical a me ka hoonaauao hāʻina o nā haʻawina.

Apapika huapalapala a me kā lākou mau manaʻo

ʻO kēia mau'ōlelo i ka loa koʻikoʻi examples arabitsy:

• الحب - ke aloha;
• راحة - oluolu;
• السعادة - ka pomaikai;
• الازدهار - wellbeing;
• فرح - olioli (maikaʻi naʻau i loko);
• الأسرة - ohana.

¶ʻO'Araba huapalapala me ka unuhi i loko o Russian mea oluolu i loaʻa i loko o ka me kēia 'oihana puke wehewehe. Ma Apapika, he hailona no ka palapala a lima (mai ka Apapika 'ōlelo خط hatṭ «Line"), overriding o i mea:

• nash (نسخ «i") He Classic Apapika ke kākau 'ana a me ka hoʻohana' ia i loko o typesetting;
• nasta'liq pakahi aku la ia ua mahaloia ma Iran, ma he mea Shiite Hoʻomana Mohameka;
• Maghribi ('āina e like me Morocco, Algeria, Puta, Tunisia);
• Kufi (Apapika كوفي, ma geogr kulanakauhale inoa Kufa ..) -ʻepekema, kona kahiko a lima, me kona mau hiʻona e uku a me ka maemae.

Apapika huapalapala e hoolilo

E noonoo i kekahi ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka Apapika hua'ōlelo. Apapika huapalapala a me kā lākou mau manaʻo i loko o Russian ua mau haawiia mai e malama aku i ka puana.

ʻano o Apapika a lima

No ka mea, he nui na kenekulia kahiko stereotypes o ke ¶ʻO'Araba-kuhikuhi palapala palapala e laina i loko o ka laina, ma luna o nā o i māhele i palapala disproportionately wahi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi i alakaʻi ai i ka muli o kēia nenoai o shorthand ke kākau 'ana a me ka helu kuʻina.

A hailona no ka lima o ka Apapika 'ōlelo e wehewehe kona kekahi peculiarities a me ka olelo ano. Ke anapuni o ka Maghreb kākau i kekahi kānakaʻepekema loaa Berber-Libyan keiki i loko o ka "nasta'liq" diagonal - he hoʻoilina o ka Avesta kōmi'ōkuhi.

Loa haʻi huinahalike outline o ka Apapika kōmi'ōkuhi loaʻa ka hapanui i loko o Central Asia, kahi e paha i ua ike lea i ka Pākē a lima shanfan ahalike-dachzhuan, e like me ka Kipeka'ōnaehana pakba ke kākau 'ana. He nui ke kākau 'ana'ōnaehana i alakaʻi ai i ka ¶ʻO'Araba huapalapala. Photo arabitsy hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka 'atikala a me loko o ka moʻokalaleo.