Chromium, he Nine Inch hehee ai: hōʻike, ka waiwai, a me ka characterization o ka haʻilula

Chromium - Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 24. kēia paakiki, ka lā'ī, kila-oho metala i mea pono anaiia, a me ka mea i tarnish. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o oka a pau e like me kuhiliʻole kila, a me ka ka penaʻana. kanaka kino pono he uuku nui o ka trivalent chromium no kō pūnao akā Cr (VI) Ua mahaloʻawahia.

Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'chromium i huiʻia e like me chromium'okesaside (III) a me ke kēpau chromate, e brightly nā pōpō a e hoʻohana i ka pena a me pigments. Ruby ula ke kala ku i ke alo o keia Nine Inch hehee ai. Kekahi waiwai, o ka oi aku potasiuma dichromate a me ka paʻakai oxidants e hoʻohana no ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia, a (me ka sulfuricʻakika) no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea aniani. Eia hou, ua hoʻohana 'chromium'okesaside (VI) i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie oʻume mākenēki lola.

Discovery a me ka etymology

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka Nine Inch hehee ai ka chromium. I ka 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann loaʻa i loko o ka Ural mauna 'alani-ula mea pōhaku, a ua kapa ia "ka Siberianʻula kēpau." ʻOiai ka mea, ua kuhi hewa hōʻike 'like me ka ke alakaʻi i hui me ka selenium a me ka hao, me ka lako e mea nae he alakaʻi chromate Nine Inch haʻilula PbCrO _4. I kēia mea ua ike ia he mea pōhaku krokont.

I ka 1770, Peter Simona Pallas kipa i ka wahi kahi Lehman loaʻa heʻulaʻula alakai i mea pōhaku i ua loa pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka pigment ma ka pena. Ka hoʻohana a Siberian ulaula alakai i like me ka HW loaa kokololio ulu. Eia hou, ka melemele ano o krokonta lilo kaila.

I ka 1797, me Nikolao ka-Lui Voklen loaa Eia kekahi laʻana o ka ula alakai i na mea i eliia. Krokonta ma ka hoʻohuihui ia me ka hydrochloricʻakika ua CrO _3'okesaside. Chromium like me ka Nine Inch hehee ai i kaʻawale i ka 1798. Vauquelin loaa mai ia ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ka'okesaside me ka charcoal. He ua i hiki ke huai ae ko läkou 'o ka chromium i loko o na pohaku maikai e like me saredio a me ka pohaku omaomao la.

I ka 1800s a me Crʻano nui hoʻohana i HW a me ka ili paʻakai. I kēia lā 85% o ka metala ia i loko o ka oka a pau. Ke koena ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Nine Inch hana, i ka hana ana o refractories a me foundry oihana puolo.

Ka puana chromium Nine Inch hehee ai hoʻopili like me ka Helene χρῶμα, ke ano, "kala like 'ole", no ka mea, he ai iiiaanoaa o nā pōpō i huiʻia i hiki ke hoomakaukau mea.

Hoʻouku a? Iecaianoaaiiie

Hehee ai hua mai chromite (FeCr ₂ O _4). About hapalua o keia mea e hoohehee ai ua o koʻu mau ma South Africa. Eia hou kekahi, aneea oneiaey, India a me Tureke i kona nui nā hoʻohua. Kaupaona i nā hoʻokomo kālā o chromite lawa, akā, ka mea, e geographically i kia ma aneea oneiaey a me ka hema Africa.

Nā hoʻokomo kālā o maoli chromium metala mea pohihihi keia, akā, e ola ana. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua hua mai la i ka koʻu "holomua" i loko o Rusia. He He kimberlite paipu waiwai i loko o diamonds, a me ka hoemi 'ia i kokua mai i ke ano o ka maemae chromium a me diamonds.

No ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia chromite na mea i eliia ua malamaia lakou nei, me ka hoʻoheheʻeʻia mekala 'åkilikai (paʻakai hydroxide, NaOH). Kēia 'ano apau loa paʻakai chromate (Na ₂ CrO _4), a ua hoemi ia me ka kalapona e Cr ₂ O _3'okesaside. Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'okesaside ua loaa ia ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o ke alo o ka Aluminum a silikone.

ma kahi o 15 miliona nā kana o chromite i eliia i hua mai la i ka 2000 makahiki, i i hoʻokō 'ia i loko o 4 miliona nā kana o ka ferrochrome, 70% ninoieo o chromium-hao oka a pau, i ka oaeuiinoe market waiwai i $ 2,5 Bln.

Key Hiʻona

Ano Nine Inch hehee ai chromium mea ku pono i ka oiaio ia ia mea he hoʻololi metala o ka ha o ka wā o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a aia ma waena o vanadium a me ka manganese. Hookomoia ma ka VI pae. Ua heheʻe ma 1907 ° C. Ma ke alo o ka o oxygen chrome hoʻomaka koke 'ano apau loa he lahilahi ahu iho la ka'okesaside mea i malama i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, mai hou naoh me ka oxygen.

E like me ka malumalu hehee ai, ka mea reacts me ka 'ona i loko o kekahi ia lākiō. Pela ka mea, 'ano apau loa i huiʻia me ka okoa loa o ka'okesaside. Chromium - Nine Inch hehee ai me kī Hawaii +2, +3 a me +6, o ka a 3 o ka loa? Oiy. Eia hou kekahi, ma ka pohihihi keia manawa, he mea ka moku'āina o +1, +4 a me +5. chromium i huiʻia ma ka'okesaside moku'āina +6 i ikaika oxidizers.

He aha ka waihoʻoluʻu ka chrome? Nine hehee ai haawi anodized Aluminum saredio hue. Cr ₂ O ₃ ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka metala anaiia, ka mea, ua i hoʻohana like me ka pigment kapaia "chrome greens". Kona ka paʻakai i hookohu aku aniani ma ka pohaku omaomao la'ōmaʻomaʻo. Chromium - he Nine Inch hehee ai kona alo i ka saredioʻulaʻula. No ia mea, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kemikala ka'agate.

isotopes

Isotopes i chromium'ātoma kaupaona mai ka 43 a hiki i 67. nō kāu,ʻeleu Nine Inch hehee ai ninoieo a ekolu i ka pilina paʻa 'ano apau loa. ⁵² Cr, ⁵³ Cr a me ⁵⁴ Cr. O kēia mau mea, no ka mea, he pono ole ⁵² Cr (83,8% o nā mea a pau maoli chromium). Eia hou kekahi, radioisotopes hōʻike 19, no a ka loa i ka pilina paʻa, he ⁵⁰ Cr me ka hapa-ola i oi aku mamua 1,8x10 ¹⁷ makahiki. I ka ⁵¹ Cr hapa-ola - 27,7 lā, a ma nā mea a pau'ē aʻe radioactive isotopes aole e oi aku mamua o 24 hola, a me ka hapanui o ia mea mau emi mai o kekahi minuke. Ke hehee ai no hoi i mau meta.

Chromium isotopes ma ka Honua ka pńpa, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO pu kālaiōewe o manganese, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o geology. ⁵³ Cr i hanaʻia ma ka radioactive hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ⁵³ HI. Ka lākiō o HI / Cr kālaiōewe hoʻohuiʻana paha i nā 'ike e pili ana i ke kakahiaka nui mōʻaukala o ka poe lń. Loli ma ka huliāmahi ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Cr a me HI / Cr o kekahi mau meteorites proves i i waiho koke hou nuclei ma mua o ka ho okumu ana o ka poe lń.

Nine hehee ai chromium: ka waiwai, i ka i huiʻia o ka haʻilula

Chromium'okesaside (III) Cr ₂ O _3, iʻikeʻia me sesquioxide, o kekahi o ka eha'okesaside o keia Nine Inch hehee ai. Ua Ua loaa mai ka chromite. Hui uliuli a pau ana i kapaʻia "chrome'ōmaʻomaʻo," ka wā hoʻohana like me ka pigment no ka pena ma enamel a me ka aniani. Ke'okesaside hiki e ia ka pono i loko o nāʻakika, e hana i ka paakai, a me ka mekala 'åkilikai i hoʻoheheʻe - chromites.

potasiuma dichromate

K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ mea he ikaika oxidizing hope, a ia ua oʻa ia me ke kumu no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea aniani, mai aloha. No keia mea ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa pāʻoihana o ke kiaʻana i kāna sulfuricʻakika. I kekahi manawa, akā naʻe, ka mea, ua auou caiaiai me ka paʻakai dichromate, ma muli o ka solubility kiʻekiʻe o ka hope. A he, ka mea hiki ke hooponopono i ke kaʻina hana o ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia ma ka hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi, iniiaiie ka waiʻona i ka aldehyde, a laila, i ka o carbon dioxide.

potasiuma dichromate chromium hiki i dermatitis. Chrome mea paha ke kumu o ka sensitization e alakai i ka dermatitis kūpono 'ana, pakahi aku la ia i loko o nā lima a me forearms, i ka maʻi a me ka hiki ole i ke ola. Like nā hui o Cr (VI), potasiuma dichromate carcinogenic. Pono e lawelawe me ka Loan, a kūpono palekana.

chromicʻakika

Mea hypothetical i huiia mai i ka 'ole H ₂ CrO _4. ʻAʻole hoʻi Chrome aole hoiʻakika dichromate, aole ia e hana ana i loko o ke ano maoli, akā, ua loaʻa lākou mau anions ma ka likeʻole ma o ka mea. "Chromicʻakika" a e loaʻa hiki ma ka kuai, ma ka mea ka mea, o kaʻakika anhydride - trioxide CrO _3.

Kēpau chromate (II)

PbCrO ₄ mea, he melemele waihoʻoluʻu a me ka mea kokoke insoluble i loko o ka wai. No keia kumu, ka mea, ua loaʻa palapala noi me he 'ia nā pōpō pigment, i kapaia "melemele leialii."

Cr a pentavalent Us

Chrome ua hookoaiaʻe e kona hiki, e lilo pentavalent e pili ana. I huiia hana Cr (I) a me ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē. Pentavalent hoopaa i hanaʻia ma waena o chromium nā'ātoma. Kona haʻilula hiki ke kākau i'Ara-Cr-Cr-'Ara, kahi'Ara ho he maopopo onaona pūʻulu.

palapala noi

Chromium - Nine Inch hehee ai kona waiwai ia nae na mea he nui okoa noi, kekahi o i i hōʻike ma lalo nei.

I eliiaʻi ka mea, kūkākūkā hou ia'ku i ka popopo, a me ka na ilipoo ame ili. Nolaila, hapa o ka chrome oka a pau e like me kuhiliʻole kila, hoʻohana 'ia no ka laʻana i loko o ka cutlery. Ua ua i hoʻohana 'ia no ana i ka chrome ka penaʻana.

Chromium mea he hōʻeleu no kela reactions. No ka mea, ka mea hana ka hopena he no ke kī pūʻana o nā pōhaku lepo. Kona paʻakai tanned ili. potasiuma bichromate ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia e like me ia ka waiʻona mai a me aldehydes, e like me ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea aniani. Ua lawelawe 'ana me ka haka pono maila Agena no dyeing lole, a ua hoʻohana pū' ua ma ka For the a me ka pai ana.

CrO ₃ hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo oʻume mākenēki leki (no ka laʻana, mooolelo) mea i maikaʻi ano ma mua o Film me ka mea hao'okesaside.

Kūlana ma ke kālaimeaola

Trivalent chromium - ka Nine Inch hehee wale koi 'ia no ka pūnao o ke kō i loko o kānaka. Akä naÿe, hexavalent Cr ka loaʻawahia.

precautionary ana

Mea hao chromium hui Cr (III), e ole? Ia e hoʻopōʻino i ke ola, akā, i nā mea i loaʻa ka Cr (VI), hiki eʻawahia ina kino ole ana. Most na waiwai e keʻano ukiuki i na maka, a me kaʻili mucous membranes. Me ka mau nō o waiū o ka chromium i huiʻia (VI) e i poino i ka maka ina i hana pono. Eia hou kekahi, he ike carcinogen. A lethal mahele lāʻau o ka Nine Inch hehee ai - e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka teaspoon. E like me na koi ana o ka World Health Organization, i ka i kā mākou ana lehulehu o Cr (VI) i ka inu i ka wai o 0,05 mg no hano.

Mai ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka chromium i huiʻia me ka make, a no ka tanning ili, e pinepine i loaʻa ka mea, ma ka aina a me ka groundwater haalele iiaacu mea e noi mai ana? Aneie Cleanup a me ke ola. Primer i loaʻa ka Cr (VI), e no hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka aerospace hana, a me nā kaʻa hana.

hehee ai ka waiwai

Ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai o ka chromium e like penei:

• Ke'ātoma helu o ka 24.
• 'ātoma kaupaona: 51,996.
• Heheʻe wahi: 1890 ° C.
• Paila wahi: 2482 ° C.
• Ke'okesaside moku'āina o +2, +3, +6.
• Huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia: [Ara] 3d ⁵ 4s ^1.