Courtiers - mea he oihana o ka Boyar Duma

Courtiers - he 'aha hoʻokolokolo, a me ka hale i loko o ka papa o ka 13 - i kakahiaka nui 18 la kenekulia. O lakou na kanaka, ka poe i hea ka mea i ka luna ma hope o ka boyars. Ma mua, ua puni kā lākou mau aliʻi ma kekahi wahi, akā, ma manawa lākou waiwai a me ka mau kaumaha māhuahua, no laila ia no kenekulia ka mea, i mea maʻa mau, ua manao like kuhikuhipuʻuone a me nā kōkua o nā aliʻi a me ka hope alii.

Ano o ka makahiki

Ma medieval Rusia a puni nā aliʻi i mau hana i ke kookoo o ka poe kauwa, kuhikuhipuʻuone a me kōkua ka poe i kapaia e kekahi nōhie manawa "iwilei kanaka." Me lakou pu o kekahi mau papa ma ka luna o na boyars, courtiers a me nā aliʻi duma. Ka mea mua i hele mai mai ka maikai, ohana, a ua hereditary aristocracy. Ka mea hiki ia i ka ike loea kākoʻo mai o ke aliʻi, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, no ka mea, o ko lākou mau aliʻi me Kinohi i hauʻoli i ka hoʻokumu 'ana o kā lākou mana a me ka ole, he pinepine aku, a pela kekahi manawa ku i kū'ē i kona haku. Ma keia manao okolnichy haku ua he oi ike loea kākoʻo no ka mō'ī: ka ia He kokekau wale ia, ia nae i emi hanohano, Ua pili kēia kalele iho ma luna o ke aliʻi ma mua o nōhie aliʻi. Duma kaukaualiʻi no hoi he poe i lawe i nā luna a me nā aliʻi, akā, ka mea, ua hiki emi pono-hanau mua o courtiers.

muli

Courtiers - kēia mau poʻe i hana i kekahiʻano o ka dute ma ka pā hale. Ke kumu o ka makahiki hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i ka hua'ōlelo "e pili ana i" e e pili, a pili ia i na kanaka, ka poe i mau kokoke i na luna. Ka mua hoohiki ana o ke ano pili a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 13th. Keia wahi ua palahalaha ae ai i ka Moscow na'lii. Prince Semyon haʻaheo i kapaia o pili i kēia mau poʻe kaua i loko o kona kaulana kuikahi aponoia me na hoahanau, i haku i ka 1348. Initially, he mau loa kakaikahi (ekolu i elima kanaka).

oihana

Apparently, Ua manaʻo kekahi manawa ma hope o ka hanana o keia kulana i na courtiers - kēia mau kanaka i hana e like me ka haku o ke kānāwai, i mea, e kuni ai? Eaia, kānāwai, a mālama akula i nā aliʻi a me nā aliʻi i loko o kā lākou noho malihini, i hoomakaukauia no lākou i? Iaie? La (ka ai-kapaia eaaa?) a keu aku, ka poe i lawe i nāʻelele a me nāʻaha huiʻelele.

A laila, nae, o ka laulā o ko lākou mau hana hoʻonui, a ua hoonohoia i nā kūlana hana o ka hoʻoulu kuleana i kēia mau mea: no ka laʻana, ka mea pinepine lilo luna o ka regiment, i nā luna o nā wahi a me nā luna o nā kauoha. Lākou helu i ke aliʻi hale ma waho i nā ulu, ka mea, ua nui loa ma lalo o Ivan III a me Ivan i ka mea weliweli loa ia. Akā, i kēia au, he oi loa ka nohoaliʻi ka wā o ka Romanov mua. Paha ka mea, ua laila i ka oihana i hou kokoke i na luna. I loko o 'ole courtiers hoalauna - kēia kokoke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ke alii, a, ma kā lākou mau keiki i ka oi o ka boyars. Oia kanaka, he he kakaikahi wale no, akā, i ko lākou hopena Ua pinepine ke ho ololi i ka olelo hooholo a ke alii.

Boyar Duma

Ua ua he paʻa ahaolelo a me na luna a me na'lii. Ma kona kauoha he hapanui aneiai-aaieieno? A koa mea. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka Boyar Duma, he courtiers a me na boyars, kaukaualiʻi hoʻi, a me nā clerks dumnyi. Ko lakou kulana ma ke kālai'āina kino i mea nui, no ka mea, ka mea, ua pinepine waiho e alakaʻi i ka hele ana shelves paʻa kulana kiaaina. Ke kūlana o nā kālai'āina kino ua pakahi aku la ia, a mahuahua nui i loko o ka hapalua like-16th kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Moscow State i hope hana bureaucratic'ōnaehana ma muli o ke kauoha. Pakahi, a ua hoonuiia ka helu ana o na kanaka? Iaeoe? I ka pou.

waiwai

Kēia mau oihana definitively segregated i loko o ka hookaawale pūʻulu i loko o ka 16th kenekulia. A laila, i nā kaukaualiʻi i maheleia i mau waeʻano: mua, kokoke i ke alii, i ka lua o ka loaa ana o ka inoa okolnichy, a noho i ka subordinateʻoihana ma ka pili ana i ka mahele mua. E like me kaulana ma ka i ike moʻolelo Kliuchevskoi i aʻo i loko o au mamuli o ka haku mele 'ana Boyar Duma, Okolnichyʻano nui oia o ka Inoa' ano hanohano. E like me ka rula, i kēia waeʻano oia o ka mea lawelawe kahiko o Moscow boyars, i i hana i loko o ka 14th kenekulia, nae, ka mea, ua kauoha aku e malama i kona kulana ma ke kēia mau kenekulia, i ka wa ua ka influx o hou me ke kuleana hanohano o na luna kahiko o ka pa alima, a noho ana i ka Hoʻohakuʻoihana ma luna o ka papa o ka Moscow State.

abolition

Courtier na lalani haku hoopau i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 18th kenekulia ma hope o Petero aʻu i puka mai ai i kona kaulana "Table o na lalani." I ka papa kuhikuhiE rula o kona ai, he nui pilikino seniority, a hoʻohuʻu he mahuahua i loko o ka lāʻau kū, hoʻowahāwahā i ka degere o ke ano hanohano, a me gentility. Ua Ua, holo nōhie, ua loli ka holoʻokoʻa hooponopono'ōnaehana i loko o nā ke koa a me ka Apana Hookolokolo nenoai, a, ma ka huli, hoʻololi i ka pili nohona o Lūkini lehulehu. I ka rula, kekahi hapa manao i ka loina o ke kino hana i loko o ka hana okolnichy o ka huakaʻi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,, ua ua emi pono-hanau na kanaka e noho ana ma ka oihana, ma mua, no ka laʻana, na boyars, a i mea maʻa mau kohoia e Moscow luna, mai waena o nā mamo o ka mea kahiko aliʻiʻohana o Rurik a me Gediminas. Nolaila, o ka inoa o ka okolnichy loaʻa ma pilikino nā mea hiki ole ano. Eia naʻe, nō i ka rula o ka gentility he kūlana kumu nuiʻaneʻi, no ka ua wale nō koi i kēia wahi e kekahi kanaka o ke aliʻi me Kinohi, oiai ke Kakauolelo o ka ahalunakanawai, no kekahi laʻana, he pinepine na kanaka o ka haahaa me Kinohi, ka mea i loaʻa i kona wahi ma kona hiki a me kona pono, e hana hana.