Covalent hoopaa

No ka mea manawa mua ia o ka manaʻo me ka covalent hoopaa chemists i olelo mai ai ma hope o ka puka ana o Gilbert Newton Lewis, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hoopaa i ka socialization o na electrons elua. Ua hōʻike iā ia iho More nā haʻawina covalent hoopaa rula. I ka hua'ōlelo i ke noʻonoʻo covalent kemika like me ka hapa'Ātoma hana e lilo makaukau na kaula paa a me nā nā'ātoma.

Eia he laʻana:

He mau nā'ātoma me ka nīnūnē oko ao ma electronegativity (C, a Cl, C a me H). Nō kāu, i kēia nā'ātoma, me ka 'ole o ka huina'ine iwi i mea structurally like kokoke i hiki i ka huina'ine iwi o ka inert kinoea.

A pau kēia mau kumu i hoʻomaka ai attraction nuclei o kēia nā'ātoma i ka huina'ine mau, he pono ole no ia. Ma keia hihia, no ka huina'ine ke ao mai,ʻaʻole e ano, me ka ionic ka ponaʻana. Covalent hoopaa hoʻolako ai pilina o na nā'ātoma elua ma ka mea i ua redistributed ka huina'ine nuʻa, a hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka'ōnaehana ua, a ua kauoha aku e "retraction" ma ka makahiki internuclear kekahi huina'ine ao o kekahi'Ātoma. Ka oi nui ae overlapping o ka huina'ine ao, ka pilina ua manaoia e e oi mau nō.

Nolaila, ke covalent paa - ka hoʻonaʻauao, a ku ae la ma ka manao lokahi socialization o nā electrons o ia mau nā'ātoma.

E like me ka rula, o ka waiwai a me ka hakakino puka olu oia i ua hana ia e kekahi covalent hoopaa. Ano hakakino 'ole e heheʻe a me nā kapuahi ma haʻahaʻa mahana, ilihune ka wai solubility a me ka haahaa uila conductivity. Nolaila, ua hiki ke manao nei makou i ke kumu 'ole o nā kumu e like me germanium, silikone, chlorine, hydrogen, - he covalent hoopaa.

Ka waiwai i mea typical no kēia 'ano o ka hui:

1. Saturation. Ma lalo o kēia waiwai ua ana hoʻomaopopo like me ka i kā mākou helu o ka pili 'o Randy i ka mea hiki ke hookupaa ho'ākāka nā'ātoma. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i ka nui o ka huina helu o ka poe orbitals i loko o nā'ātoma i hiki ke komo i loko o ke kahua o Nine Inch paa. Ke valency o ka'Ātoma, ma ka kekahi lima, i e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka helu ana, ua hoʻohana 'ia no kēia mea orbitals.
2. Kohoʻia. A pau na nā'ātoma kamaʻilioʻana, e hana i ka ikaika e hiki hoopaa. I kā mākou ikaika ua loaʻa i loko o ka hihia o ka coincidence o ka māhele kohoʻia o ka huina'ine ao o na nā'ātoma elua, e like me ka mea, ano kekahi i kekahi. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea he covalent hoopaa waiwai i kohoʻia ololi ka māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na nā lātoma o ke aloha mea, i mea kuleana no lākou "geometrical shape".
3. Polarizability. Ma keia kulana ma muli o ka manaʻo e loaʻa mea he covalent linkage o ÿelua:

• Polar ai 'ole-symmetrical. Palapala o keia ano i lilo wale nā'ātoma o nāʻano, a laila ka poe nona ka electronegativity loli aʻe nunui, a ma na hihia ma ka huina huina'ine paʻa asymmetrically mokuahana.
• nonpolar covalent hoopaa ia lŘlŘ ma waena o kalapona nā'ātoma, ka electronegativity o i mea kokoke like, a me ka huina'ine nuʻa haawi aku uaʻaʻahu.

Eia hou, eia kekahi laupaʻi ano o ka covalent paʻa:

• Na ka paa ikehu. Kēia aiao characterizes ka Polar pilina i loko o hua'ōlelo o kona ikaika. Ma lalo o ikehu ua manaoia o ka nui o ka wela i ka pono, e uhai i ka pilina ma waena o nā nā'ātoma, e like me ka nui o ka wela ana i ua anao? Aou i kā lākou mau huina.
• Ma lalo o hoopaa ia i kona loa a me ka hakakino kemika pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka laina ma waena o nuclei o na nā'ātoma elua. Kēia aiao characterizes ka paa ikaika no hoi.
• Ka kūpenu iho ia i manawa - he nui a characterizes ka polarity o ka valence hoopaa.