Deoxyribonucleicʻakika. Model Crick a me Watson

Ka mua 'ike e pili ana i ka Nine Inch waiwai o deoxyribonucleicʻakika i hana ia 1868 makahiki. Ma ka 20th kenekulia i ka hoʻomaka o ka forties, ka mea i hoao i ka lātoma mea he laina pīlali. Like lātoma huahelu hana nucleotides e ninoieo o ka nitrogenous kumu, he pentose, a me ka posapahate pūʻulu (he elima-kalapona kōpaʻa).

Deoxyribonucleicʻakika hiki i kekahi kumu o ka mau hoailona ia mea: he pyrimidine (thymine (T) a me ka cytosine (C)) a me ka purine (adenine (A) a me ka guanine (G)). Ka hui ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana nucleotide phosphodiester hoopaa.

Biologists Watson a me Crick i ka 1953 makahiki, e lawe me he kumu no ka X-Ray Ka Ikepili o ka DNA nā pōaka manao i na kanaka maoli lātoma ninoieo o ka paʻa o ka pīlali kaulahao, ho okumu i ka papalua helix. Polynucleotide kaula eha ma kekahi i kekahi, e paa pu ma ka mea o ka hydrogen paa ana i kuahene ma waena o mea manuahi (ae AYEIE) kumu i loko o ke alo o na kaulahao. A pau keia mau hana wale penei: adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine. Noaaeeecaoee ua lawe mai e mau mua a me ka lua o ka hui - ekolu hydrogen paa.

Ka waʻa-ili deoxyribonucleicʻakika i ka lōʻihi ho omaulia like me ka helu o nā hui o ae AYEIE nucleotides (BP). No ka poe nā lātoma, a iloko o ka miliona a me na tausani o ka'ēpoda, m.n.p. huahelu ia a me ka KB, kekahi me kekahi. Penei, deoxyribonucleicʻakika kanaka chromosome ua poe ma kekahi mau helix. Kona lōʻihi, he 263 Mb ma

DNA denaturation (heheʻe) o ke kaʻina hana e hiki ai i ka papa papalua helix laina lātoma ae i loko o ka'ōwili hao moku'āina. Ma luna o ka heheʻe, papalua-lātoma ua maheleia i kuokoa puni. Ke ana wela i i hehee hapa Deoxyribonucleicʻakika, he mahele heheʻe i ka wahi. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea e like ai o ka hakakino haku mele 'ana.

Me ua i haiia ae maluna, e stabilized ka G-C hui ma ekolu, a me ka mau o A-T - nā hydrogen paa. Alaila, ke kiekie o ka like ana o ka mua hui, ka nui i ka pilina paʻa, e ia i ka lātoma. I ka denaturation o kekahi kōā o ka 260 HI maoli i ke omo o ka malamalama. Kēia hyperchromic ia i mea e hiki ai i ka i hooponopono i ka hakakino moku'āina o ka haumāna 'ole. Inā ka pāʻoihana ua lohi ho'ēmi hoʻoheheʻeʻiaʻakika ma waena o mea manuahi kaula makalii o ka nāwaliwali nā loulou hiki ke hana hou, e ia heʻoni iho kanu'ōiwi nā mea'ālike i ke kanaka (mua). Kēia hiki o ka DNA e denaturation a me ka renaturation nā lātoma ma muli hybridization hana. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o këia ka' ole o nukelea nāʻakika.

Menina-helix lātoma, i ka lawe ana o aaiaoeʻikepili, e halawai pu me ka papa kuhikuhiE koi i elua. Mua, ka mea e e replicated (paʻi) me kiʻekiʻe pololei, a me ka lua, e encode i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Deoxyribonucleicʻakika, i kükohu i ua ho'ākākaʻia Watson a me Crick, hoʻopili like loa ia mau koi. Ua ua loaʻa i loko o e like me ka rula o ka complementarity, kēlā kaula ma ka lātoma hiki ia i ka'ōpū mai no ka ho okumu ana o ka hou ae e like huakai kaapuni. E like me ka hopena, i kekahi kahua o ka replication pela ia lŘlŘ mau kaikamahine nā lātoma me ka nucleotide kaʻina'ālike i ka mea i loko o ka palapala DNA lātoma. Eia hoʻi, i kēia kaula mall'ōewe i loko o ka encoded kumuʻiʻo'aminoʻakika kaʻina nā pūʻulu.

Mai, e like me ka ua i lehulehu DNA hamama ana a me ka complementarity rula, hookupaaia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i nā kuleana no hereditary omńkalakalaʻikepili, a ma ka rula o ka'ōewe hoʻololi kemikala waiwai. Eia hou, Ua ulu a me ka recombinant nā lātoma ke kumumanaʻo.