He aha ka hydrogen hoopaa? Ke ano o ka hopena

He aha ka hydrogen hoopaa? A pau ike kumu o keia pilina mea maʻamau ka wai (H2O). Aie i ka mea i ka oxygen ma'Ātoma (O) Ua oi electronegative ma mua o nā hydrogen'Ātoma (H), ka mea pulls ka e like no me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ka ponaʻana electrons. Ke kukuluia'na o ka ia i ka covalent Polar hoopaa i hana kūpenu iho ia i. Oxygen ma'Ātoma loaʻa iā ia kekahi i nui loa ioʻoihana, a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma - he uuku maikaʻi ka uku ole, a ua o Laielohelohe i ka electrons (ka lone paʻa o ia) ma luna o ka oxygen ma'Ātoma e pili H2O nā lātoma (a laila, ka wai). Pela, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka hydrogen paa - he ala o ka ikaika o ka attraction ma waena o ka hydrogen'Ātoma a me ka electronegative'Ātoma. An pono o ka hydrogen'Ātoma mea i kona paa ana me ka attraction o na electrons e lilo i hanau o kāna mau 'ōlelo (a laila, proton,ʻaʻohe'ē aʻe electrons paleia). ʻOiai ka hydrogen paa ka nawaliwali ma mua o covalent, i ka mea e hookomo ana i ka pau moʻo o anomalous waiwai o H2O (ka wai).

Loa pinepine, keia mea i paa ai ua hana ia me na nā'ātoma o ke kēia mau hehee wale: o oxygen (O), naikokene (N) a me ka fluorine (F). Kēia ia lŘlŘ no ka mea, i na nā'ātoma o kēia mau kumu mua i ka poe liilii, ma ka nui a me ka i ke kiʻekiʻe electronegativity. C nā'ātoma oi aku ka nui (S luaipele a me chlorine Cl) 'ano apau loa he hydrogen hoopaa mea nawaliwali, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea e ma ko lakou electronegativity kēia mau' ikamu i like i ka N (a laila naikokene).

Aia he mau ke ano o ka hydrogen paa:

1. hydrogen intermolecular hoopaa - ia lŘlŘ ma waena o nā nā lātoma, no kekahi laʻana: metanola, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride.
2. intramolecular hydrogen hoopaa - ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka hookahi lātoma, e like me 2-nitrophenol.

Kekahi manawa ka mea, ua manaoio aku i ka hydrogen Nine Inch paa ka nawaliwali, a me ka ikaika. Ka mea, oko mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka ikehu a me ka mea paʻa lōʻihi (mamao ma waena o nā'ātoma):

1. hydrogen paa ana i nawaliwali. Energy - 10-30 kJ / Mol, i ka mea paʻa lōʻihi - 30. a pau ka waiwai i helu 'ia ma luna nō examples o maʻamau a nawaliwali hydrogen hoopaa.
2. hydrogen paa ana i ikaika. Energy - 400 kJ / Mol, lōʻihi - 23-24. ʻIkepili loaa ma ka experimentation, wehewehe i ka mea i hanaʻia ikaika paa ana i loko o ka hahai Ion: he ion-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, ion-hydrated hydroxide [HO-H-OH] -, ion oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + e like me kela 'ē aʻe ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia.

Ole o ka hydrogen-e kuhikuhi ana

Anomalous aiee o nā kapuahi e heluʻai a me ka hauneneʻe enthalpies o vaporization a me kaʻilikai hoʻopilikia ana o kekahi o na hui hiki e wahi i ke alo o ka hydrogen paa. Wai i anomalous aiee o kēia mau waiwai a pau, hydrogen fluoride a me ka ammonia - kapuahi e wahi a me ka heheʻe. Ka wai a me ka hydrogen fluoride i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa a me ka wai a Hawaii aie i ke alo i loko o ia o ka hydrogen intermolecular paa ana i manaoia e e polymerized. Kēia pilina wehewehe ole wale i lanakila maluna o ka heheʻe mahana o kēia mau mea, akā, kekahi o ko lākou haʻahaʻa nuʻa. Ma ke aha ka ma luna o hauneneʻe hydrogen hoopaa hapa 'ia' collapses, ma muli o ia i ka wai nā lātoma (H2O) e piha hou densely.

Ke dimerization o kekahi waiwai (carboxylicʻakika, e laʻa me, benzoic a me aceticʻakika) hiki ke wehewehe no hoi ma ke alo o ka hydrogen ka ponaʻana. Dimer - nā nā lātoma i i ua hoʻopili pū. No keia kumu, carboxylic nāʻakika hoolapalapa wahi kiekie ma mua ia o ka i huiʻia me ka hola o ka hookahi hakakino kaumaha. No ka laʻana, aceticʻakika (CH3COOH) ka baila aʻela i mahana, he 391 K, ana acetone (CH3COCH3), ia mea 329 K.

Ole o ka hydrogen intramolecular paa

Kēia pilina ma kekahi e loli ai i ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o ka likeʻole i huiʻia, e like me 2- a me 4-nitrophenol. Akā, i ka hana kaulana loa a me ka nui o ka hydrogen hoopaa - he deoxyribonucleicʻakika (abbr: DNA.). Kēiaʻakika lātoma pelupelu ia i loko o ka papalua helix, na kaula makalii elua o i i interconnected ma ka hydrogen paa.