Geochronological ka unahiʻole, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ke ola meaola

Stratigraphic pālākiō (geochronological) - i ka hae ma i ka i ana ai i mōʻaukala o ka honua, a me ka 'ā ina? Aiaiiuie waiwai. Kēia ka unahiʻole, He Heʻano o ka 'alemanaka i helu ia i ka manawaʻanuʻu i loko o ka haneri o nā tausani, a he miliona o ka makahiki.

About Honua

Hoikehonua,ʻike mau manao ma ka Honua i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kekahi aeaiiua, e like me a i ka makahiki o ko mākou Honua mea ma kahi o eha a me ka hapalua kona ieeeea makahiki. No pohaku a me nā minelala hao i hiki ke hōʻike i ke kahua o ko mākou Honua,ʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi Kalaiaina, ina paha ma luna o kaʻili kai. Refractory huina lakou waiwai ma ka kalipuna, Aluminum me chondrites, i i hana i loko o ka poe lń mamua paha kali i ka i kā mākou makahiki o ka honua, ma kēia mau huahelu. Stratigraphic pālākiō (geochronological) E hōʻike mai i ka mokuna ho okumu manawa ma luna o ka Honua.

heʻano o nā meteorites i ua? anoee hoʻohana 'ana i ke kālā no ki ina hana like, me uranium-ke kēpau, a me ka hopena a hooku iho la koho o ka makahiki o ka poe lń. E like me ka hopena, i ka manawa hala mai ka hanaia'na o ke ao nei, Ua demarcated i kau ma luna o nā hanana loa nui no ka Honua. Geochronological unahiʻole, i ka loa oluolu e malama i Track o ka 'ā ina manawa. Phanerozoic au, no ka laʻana, ho'ākāka 'ana hoʻii ka evolutionary hanana nui i mai ai me ka global ia'na o ke ola meaola: ka Paleozoic i Mesozoic palena ia i ka nui i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua i ka? Ueo ia'na (Permian-Triassic), a me ka hope o ka Mesozoic Cenozoic hookaawale, mai ka Cretaceous-Paleogene ia'na.

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

No ka luna kiʻekiʻe a me ka nomenclature o nā mea a pau kēia māhele geochronology loa nui umikumamaiwa kenekulia huli mai e ia. I loko o ka lua o ka hapalua i paʻa Ahaolelo o ka IGC - International 'ā ina Ahaolelo Lahui. Ma hope o ia, mai ka makahiki 1881 a hiki i 1900 makahiki, he laekahi stratigraphic pālākiō.

Geochronological kona "iie" i loko o ka wā e hiki mai pinepine ae la oia maemae a me ka hoʻololi like houʻikepili loaʻa mai. Loa okoa symptoms i na kumuhana no kekahi inoa, akā, me ka loa, he pono ole ololi - Leeuwerikplein.

inoa

No ka laʻana, ka mea Cambrian wā, no laila, i kapaʻia no ka mea, Cambria - o Wales i ka Roma aupuni a pau, a me ka Devonian wā ua kapaʻia ma hope o ke kalana o Devonshire maʻEnelani. Inoa o ka mea Permian wā i hele mai, mai ke kulanakauhale o Perm, a haawi mai la Canyon Jura Mountains inoa. Makamuaʻohana - Sorb (ke Kelemānia a kapa aku la ia Wendy) mālama kapa VENDIAN manawa, a ma ka hoomanao ana o ka Celts - ohana ordovika a me Silures - inoa Silurian a me ka Ordovician manawa.

Geochronological ka unahiʻole, ua i kekahi manawa pili me ka inoa a me ka 'ā ina haku mele' ana o nā pōhaku: lānahu ahi iʻikeʻia ma ka pili ana i ka helu nui o ka lanahu nakaka i ka hanaʻeliʻana, a me ka Cretaceous - wale no ka mea, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka chalk hohola i loko o ke ao nei.

? ieoaeunoai rula

E hoʻoholo i ka 'ā ina hoahanau makahiki o nā pōhaku, ka mea pono i na mea geochronological pālākiō. AD, he manawa ia o ka makahiki i ua ana ma ka makahiki,ʻaʻole i nui hoʻi hapaʻumi no ke kanaka hulihonua. A pau ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua Ua maheleia i elua nui Hoʻohana - Phanerozoic a me kriptozoy (Precambrian), a i delimited ma keʻano o nā fossils ma sedimentary pōhaku.

Kriptozoy - hoihoi 'manawa, paʻa hunaia mai iā mākou, e like me ka mea laila? Ueony pahee-kino meaola, ua haʻalele i kumumea i loko o ka sedimentary pōhaku. Manawa o ka 'ā ina manawa ka unahiʻole, e like me Ediacaria a me Cambrian,ʻikeʻia i loko o ka Phanerozoic ma paleontologists noiʻi ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ole he ākeaʻano o ka pūpū a me ka nui laha' ana o nā meaola. Loaa o ka wāwahie? Aaoa a me flora ua ae ia lakou e puunaue strata a me ka haawi ia lakou i kūpono inoa.

manawaʻanuʻu

Ka lua o ka nui loa ke ku e - he hoao e kuhikuhi i ka mōʻaukala papa koa o ko ka Honua ka ola ka wā eha nui manawa no i puunaue i geochronological pālākiō. Table hōʻike ia me iniiaiie (Precambrian), kiʻekiʻe (PALEOZOIC a me Mezozoic), tertiary (aneane pau Cainozoe) a me ka quaternary - manawa, Aia i loko o ka kūikawā manao no ka mea, ina o ka mea shortest, akā, ua replete me Aey? Acaeoey haʻalele i ka olinolino a me ka maikaʻi-heluhelu ko läkou '.

Ano, no ka pono o geochronological pālākiō o ka Honua ua maheleia i 4 AD a me 11 manawa. Akā, i ka hope elua o i i puunaueia e kekahi 7 nenoai (manawa). Kēia mea,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau. Pakahi aku la ia hana hoihoi 'o ka Hoʻohana hope, no ka mea, ua' ā ina wā hoʻopili like i ka manawa o ka hanana a me ka? Acaeoey o ke kanaka.

mILESTONES

No ka eha a me ka hapalua kona ieeeea makahiki, ua hanaia na kēia mau hanana ma ka Honua ka mōʻaukala:

• Aia ua mālama '-nukelea meaola (prokaryotes mua) - eha ieeeea makahiki aku nei.
• Ka hiki o ka meaola i kāʻamaʻai - ekolu ieeeea makahiki nei.
• keenaʻikeʻia me ka nucleus (eukaryotes) - mau ieeeea makahiki aku nei.
• Ulu multicellular meaola - hoʻokahi piliona makahiki aku nei.
• Noho iho la na nā mea kolo kūpuna: ka mua arthropods, arachnids, crustaceans, a me nā pūʻulu - 570 miliona makahiki aku nei.
• Fish a protoamfibii - ka mea, he elima haneri miliona makahiki.
• Aia he ano honua kahi kanu, a e mākou pomaikai ano 475 miliona makahiki.
• Nā mea kolo e noho ana ma ka'āina makahiki eha haneri miliona, a me ke kanu i ka mea ia manawa wā mawaena loaa anoano.
• Amphibians noho ma ka Honua no ka 360 miliona makahiki.
• Mea kolo (kolo) ikea mai la na kanaka ekolu haneri miliona makahiki aku nei.
• Elua haneri miliona makahiki aku nei, hoomaka ae la ka mua mammals e Hawaiʻi.
• makahiki hoʻokahi haneri a me kanalima miliona aku nei - ka manu mua i imi i ke kumu o nā lani.
• makahiki hoʻokahi haneri a me kanakolu miliona aku nei ka pua pua (flowering mea kanu).
• He kanaono-kumamalima miliona makahiki aku nei i ka Honua mau loa nalowale dinosaurs.
• Elua a me ka hapalua miliona makahiki aku nei ilaila i kekahi kanaka (genus Homo).
• ua pepehiia makahiki hoʻokahi haneri tausani, mai ka hoomaka ana anthropogenesis, no laila, i kanaka i kuai i ko lakou noho helehelena.
• He iwakalua-kumamalima tausani makahiki, 'aʻole i nei ma luna o ka honua Neanderthals.

Geochronological ka unahiʻole, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ke ola meaola, merged pu, albeit i kekahi mau mea schematically a me ke ano nui, heʻano He kokekau wale datings, akā, i ka manaʻo o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua kaumaha aku visually.

kīhei pili pōhaku

Ka pńpa ka hapanui stratified (he wahi 'aʻe' ana o kekahi papa ma muli o ia olai). Total geochronological ka unahiʻole, e holo ana i niioaaonoaaiii i kekahi strata o nā pōhaku, pehea emi ko lakou mau makahiki, mai ka lalo a hiki i ka luna i maopopo hōʻike.

Fossils no hoi mutate like ka mea, hoʻoneʻe i ka mea, lilo lakou i poe luna 'i loko o kona' ole, kekahi mea undergoing nui loli mai, ahu iho, e ahu iho. Ua hiki e malama, me ke kipa i ka paleontological iau, a pololei e iho i ka Metro - ma māpala a me ka pohaku keokeo huli haʻalele lākou imprints loa loihi mai mākou'āina.

Anthropogen

Ka hope wā o ka Cenozoic au hou - ka laekahi ke kahua o ka honua i ka mōʻaukala, a me ka Pleistocene a me Holocene. He aha i i hiki mai i loko o kēia mau māpuna miliona o ka makahiki (poe akamai i manaoio mea no ia ma na aoao: mai ka eono haneri tausani i ka ekolu a me ka hapalua miliona). Ua Ua hai loli ana o ka huʻihuʻiʻana a me ka lalana ana ia ia, nunui Hawaiian glaciation, i ka wa a ka aoao hema nadvinuvshihsya hauneneʻe aniau moisturize, ikea mai me he wai 'auʻau' loko a me ka palemo iho. Hauneneʻe ke kemu i ka hapa o ka World Ocean, i emi ka nui o ka hoʻokahi haneri mika a oi, no ia a na hui o ko ke ao nei.

Penei, haawi flora ana, e laʻa me, ma waena o Asia a me North America, ma ke alahaka i hanaia, ke kahi o ka Bering pilikia. Kokoke i ka hauneneʻe noho anu-puni holoholona a me na manu: ka Danau, huluhulu he reʻema lā, reindeer, musk bipi, Articʻalopeke, Polar manu. Ka mea, e halii mai i loa a hiki i ke kūkulu hema - a hiki i ka Caucasus a me Crimea, i ka hema oʻEulopa. Ma ka papa o ka hauneneʻe e noho la i ka malamaia kea laa, ululaau: tidara, spruce, kaʻa. Ua ua i ka mamao, mai o lakou wale ulu deciduous ululaau, e laʻa o nā lāʻau e like meʻoka, hornbeam, Maple, beech.

Pleistocene a Holocene

'O kēia ke au ma hope o ka hau makahiki - ua i pau, a aole i hiki maopopo noho Hoʻohana o ka moolelo o ko mākou Honua, a ho kūwaho hoʻi geochronological pālākiō. Anthropogenic wā - ka Holocene, he pōpilikia mai ka hope Hawaiian glaciation ( 'Eulopa' Ākau). Ua i laila, i ka'āina a me ka moana loaa ke kālā no ke kinona, a me ke kino me ka pau Leeuwerikplein like o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Honua. Ke hoʻokomo o ka Holocene - Pleistocene ana nou o ka mua kanaka-i manawa. Anuanu maila 'hoomaka ma ka Honua mau - i ka papa kuhikuhiE hapa o mai la au (Pleistocene) Ua kaha maha nui kai anuanu o ma mua o ke kālā.

Ka'ākau hemisphere uaʻike piʻi i ka hope glaciation - heʻumikumamākolu nā manawa i oi i ka ili o ka hauneneʻe i hoʻonoho mai hoʻonaʻauao a hiki ma interglacial manawa. Pleistocene mea kanu i hea ka mea me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia, akā, ua waiho iho la lakou i ka wahi okoa oi loa aku hoi i manawa o ka glaciation. E lauwili genera a? Ueony o? Aaoa hakuloli e ola mahope aku o ka Arctic ano o ke ola. Hawaii hemisphere i ike ia he nui upheaval, no laila, mea kanu a me? Aaoa o ka Pleistocene mea nō i loaʻa i loko o nā 'ano apau loa. Ua i wahi i ka Pleistocene evolution o ka genus Homo - mai o Homo habilis (archanthropines) i ka Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Ka wā he mau mauna, a me ke kai?

I ka lua o ka wā o ka Cenozoic au hou - Neogen a me kona hoʻokomo - ka Paleogene, me Pliocene a me Miocene ma kahi o elua miliona makahiki aku nei, mau ae la ia ma kahi o kanaono-kumamalima miliona makahiki. Na Neogene pau i ke kahua o ka aneane i ka mauna papa koa: ka Carpathians, ka Alpino, ka Balkans, ka Caucasus, Hawaiian Edition, Cordillera, ka Himalayas, a no laila, ma luna o. I ka Ia manawa e lauwili ke ano a me ka nui like 'ole o nā mea a pau kai ipu, e like me ka mea heʻelemakule ninini. Ua i laila i icy Antarctica a me na mea he nui mauna mau mea.

ua lilo meaola kamaaina (invertebrates) kokoke i ke kālā no ano, a ma ka aina i Kīwala'ō ma lalo mammals - bea, nā pōpoki, rhinos, hyenas, giraffes, dia. Keko Hawaiʻi no laila, i ka hope (Pliocene) hiki ke hōʻike 'australopithecines. Ma ka 'âinapuni, mammals noho kaʻawale, no ka mea, aole loulou ma waena o lākou, akā, i loko o ka Late Miocene o Eurasia a me North America? Aaoa nō ana, a ma ka pau ana o na? Aaoa Neogene North American E neʻe i ai i ke kūkulu hema. Ua Ua laila i hanaʻia i loko o ka akau lakikū o ka tundra a me ka taiga.

Paleozoic a Mesozoic au

Mesozoic mua Cenozoic au, a mau ae la ia no ka 165 miliona makahiki, a me ka Cretaceous, Canyon a me Triassic manawa lākou iā lākou iho. Iloko o keia manawa, pili mauna i hanaʻia ma ka peripheries o ka Mauna, 'Akelanika a me Pacific Ka Moana. Mea kolo hoomaka lākou dominance ma luna o ka'āina, a ma ka wai, a ma o ka lewa. A laila, aia no i ka mea mua, nō loa primitive mammals.

Paleozoic aia ma luna o ka unahiʻole, i loko o ke alo o ka Mesozoic. Ua mau ae la ia ma kahi o ekolu haneri a me kanalima miliona makahiki. He He manawa o kaʻeleu mauna-hale, a me ka loa, pili evolution o nā mea kanu kiekie ae. Ua aneane pauʻike invertebrates a me vertebrates nāʻano a me nā papa i hana i kekahi manawa, akā,ʻaʻole mammals a me nā manu ua.

Proterozoic a Archean

Proterozoic au mau ae la ia ma kahi o elua ieeeea makahiki. I keia manawa, ua hana keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka sedimentation. Ua pono-ulu uliuli-uliuli līoho. E aʻo hou aku e pili ana i kēia mau mamao manawa, i ka manawa i i hōʻike mai iā ia.

Archaea - ka loa kahiko au i loko o ka kākau mōʻaukala o ko mākou Honua. Ua mau ae la ia no ka ieeeea makahiki. E like me ka hopena o ka lua pele ha awina i na meaola loa mua e noho ana.