Geology - ka 'epekema o mea? He aha hana na kanaka hulihonua? Hoikehonua, pilikia o ka geology

"Geology - he ala o ke ola" - hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha, e haʻi aku i kekahi kanaka hulihonua, ke paneʻana i ka ninau e pili ana i kona oihana, ma mua e neʻe ana e maloʻo, a hoopaa hoi i ka hua'ōlelo, ae wehewehe ana geology - he' epekema e pili ana i ka 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana o ka honua, ka mōʻaukala o kona hanau ana, ho okumu a me na kanawai o ka? acaeoey o koke ka olalo, a me ka manawa, auwe, "oaeuiinoe" ka waiwai o kona naau. Ű o ka poe lń i i kekahi mea o ka 'ā ina noiʻi.

Description o ka 'epekema pinepine hoʻomaka me ka mōʻaukala o kona kumu, a ho okumu, hoʻomaopopoʻole i ka mea i ka piha ana o unclear hua'ōlelo, a wehewehe i ka moʻolelo, no laila ia mea mua ma ka pono.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka 'ā ina noiʻi

Ka loa, he pono ole noaia o ka noiʻi kaʻina, ma a oe e "cram" a pau 'ā ina hana pahuna ma nä mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā (ka Isa),ʻano nui like penei:' ā ana (kŰia ha o outcrops o nā pōhaku a me ka 'ā ina me ka ho okumu), i ka huli hana , manao, i ka ho omaulia ana o ke koe nō, 'ā ina hoike. Kēia huakaʻi, prospecting a me kaʻimi loa i ka lewa, i ka huli, o ka papa, i puunaue i kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka laulā o ka hana, a me ka pili ana i kā lākou appropriateness.

E lawe mai ia i ka luna 'hana' ole i ka poe kaua o ka 'Oihana e noho nui aku ma mua i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka widest huahelu o ka' ā ina meaʻai poʻokela pepa, i mea ma keia ke kanaka hulihonua "he uuku wale no na mea a pau," no ka mea, ka mea, uaʻalo i ka hana, e i hoʻouluulu i kēia hulina ike, a ultimately hele mai i ka loaʻa mai o ka waiho ( ole e ia) me geology - he 'epekema i Pilikanaka na naau o ka honua i loko o ka wahi mua no ka hooulu ana o ka mea pōhaku kumu waiwai.

I ka ohana o ka 'ā ina Sciences

Like nā 'epekema (ke kālaikūlohea, kālaimeaola, kemika, hana kemika, a no laila, ma luna o. D.), Geology ho he lākou o interrelated a me ka ulana pūʻia me kekahi i kekahiʻepekema ka hoʻopaʻi' ana.

'Ana i ka' ā ina kanaka nā mau a me ka 'āina' geology, mineralogy, honua, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, mōʻaukala geology, crystallography, hydrogeology, meaola geology, volcanology a me ka sedimentology.

By noi, methodological, oaoieei-, aneiai a me ka 'ē aʻe nā' ā ina sciences nā 'enekinia, geology, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, hana kemika, geology, nā minelala hao, geophysics, lepo epekema, geodesy, oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, Moʻolako a me ka mālamaʻana aina, ka aina'ōnaehana, climatology, cartography, meteorology a me ka lewa sciences moʻo.

"Pure", kahua geology koe pili kēia ho'ākāka, e auhau ia lakou i ma luna o ka artist i kekahi pono a me ka pono kuleana, nolaila, geology, ua ulu kā lākou mau'ōlelo, e like me ka sciences, mea,ʻaʻole me ka philology, ke kūpili a me nā mea pono.

Mai ka prospecting a me kaʻimi loa i ka lewa? Ooia, o ka oi aku ma keʻena wahi - Uaʻaneʻane unsupervised hana, he kanaka hulihonua mau olohelohe ia lakou i ka hoowalewaleia o ka pilikino, akā, pono a me ke aloha i hōʻike mai iā ia i ka'ōlelo kūpaʻa a me hopena a, a no laila, Eia naʻe, hana. E noho malie hoi "hewa" hiki alakai i mea nui hopena no nā noiʻi a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie, e like me logistical a? Aneiai hua'ōlelo, nolaila, wale i ke kanaka hulihonuaʻaʻohe pono ia i ka hoʻopunipuni, ei a me ka hewa e like me ka sapper a surgeon.

Geoscience iwi kuamoo kukulu i loko o ka hierarchical puke (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, geology a nae paleontology me honua, stratigraphy a me ka geology Home Land), hōʻikeʻana i ka luna kiʻekiʻe o successively ulu ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka mea, mai ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma i ka honua me he holookoa.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau sciences e hoʻomano ai manamana i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao, e like me ka mea maoli geology nā honua, stratigraphy a me ka mōʻaukala geology.

geochemistry

Ma nānaina o keia 'epekema, he mau pilikia o ka hāʻawi' ana o nā kumumea i loko o ka lewa, a me ka hydrosphere lithosphere.

Hoikehonua, geochemistry mea he luna 'o ka' epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi ', a me nā' āina 'geochemistry, biogeochemistry a me kemikala ano o kaʻimi loa i ka lewa o ka mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā. Ke kumuhana o ka like no a pau kēia mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i nā kānāwai o ka poʻe Polenekia a hehee wale, i ko lakou mau rula o ka lehulehu, kaawale ana a me ka hou-palapala moʻopane, e like me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka evolution o ka' ole o ka hanana o kēlā me kēia hehee ai ole ahahui o kekahi mau mea i like loa waiwai.

Geochemistry nānā 'ana i ka waiwai a me ka'ātoma' ole, a me ka mea pōaka waiwai i loko o ka 'ikepili ma ka thermodynamic kiko'î characterizing hapa o ka pńpa a iwi kanaka, e like me mau lauana ua loaʻa ma ka thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Direct pilikia kemikala haʻawina ma ka geology - MPO ka loaʻaʻana, no laila, ke ʻimi loa i ka lewa hana ma luna o ka mea e hoohehee ai nā minelala hao pono ma mua, a pu ma ka kemikala anamanaʻo, i ka hopena o ka a i anao? Aou papa koa o ka ua nui ka maikaʻi kēia ke keʻena.

mineralogy

Kekahi o ka mea nui, a kahiko pauku o ka 'ā ina sciences,ʻimi ana i ka nui, maikai, loa hana hoihoi a me ka pohihihi honua o nā minelala hao. Mineralogical haʻawina, pahu hopu, Pahuhopu a me kāu kiʻina hana i hilinai ma ka ho'ākāka 'ia i hana, lawe mai ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka prospecting a me kaʻimi loa i ka lewa, a loaʻa i ka laulā huahelu o ki ina hana like o ka pilikia makapō auhau o ka mea pōhaku haku mele' ana i ka huina'ine microscopy a me ka X-Ray lapaʻau 'ana.

Ma kēia huakaʻi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka prospectingʻimi loa i ka lewa o MPO haʻawina i lawelawe 'ia e ho oholo i ka mineralogical huli ana hoʻohālike, a me ka ka mua kūpono o ka mea hiki manaʻo nui o Loaʻaʻia hoʻokomo kālā.

Iloko o kaʻimi loa i ka lewa ke kahua a me ka 'ā ina hana i loko o ka loiloi' ia 'ana o na mea i eliia me ke koe a me ka' ole-mea hao nā minelala hao hoʻokumu kona piha qualitative a laupaʻi mea pōhaku haku mele 'ana o ka' ike o ka pono a me ka palapala impurities aʻikepili e ia i loko o no ka wā koho i ka iapaau ana enehana a hopena e pili ana i ka pono o ka maka mea.

Ma waho aʻeo ia ka hulina study o ka haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku, i ke kumu nui Pahuhopu i ke ao o ka mineralogy nā minelala hao pu kumu hoohalike i loko o ka ahahui maoli a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi i nā loina o nā systematics o ka mea pōhaku? Ueo.

crystallography

Once manaoia hapa o ka crystallography mineralogy, a me ka pili ma waena o loulou maoli a me ka maopopo, akā, i kēia lā ia mea he aupuni kūʻokoʻa 'epekema a me kona mau kumuhana a me ka noiʻi ki ina hana like. Hana i loko o ka Crystallography hulina study o ka 'ole, kino ai a me ka'ōnohi waiwai o na nā pōaka i kā lākou mau kahua, a ano o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kaiapuni, like hoʻi me nā loli' ia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hopena o kekahi mau ano.

Nauka o nā pōaka mea divisible ma physicochemical crystallography e Pilikanaka kumu hoohalike o ke kahua a me ka ulu ana o nā pōaka, kā lākou hana ma lalo o kekahi mau rula ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ke kinona, a me nā hale a me ka geometric crystallography, a mea paha i geometric kānāwai kālai'āina i ke kinona a me symmetry o ke aniani.

honua

Honua i kekahi o ka Kora naʻEsau kumuhana apau loa o ka geology e haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka pńpa i loko o mall hua'ōlelo, nā hiʻona o kona ho okumu a me ka hooulu ana aku i ka backdrop o multiscale mau kuko, deformations, mau hewa, a me nā dislocations, kena ae la ma ka hohonu keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Tektonika maheleia i loko o nā 'āina', mall (morphology), mōʻaukala, a noi aku la lakou i na lala.

D. Regional kuhikuhi hana hale e like me paepae ai, papa, papa, pelupelu ia māhele kaumaha moana a me ka moana, hoʻololi hewa, ho'āla ciia a me ka 'ole.

Me lakou i mea hoike, i ka 'āina' mall a me ka una kumumanao, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka geology o Rusia. Ka Europa hapa o ka aina ua aia ma ka hikina-Europa anuu, haku o Precambrian igneous a me metamorphic pōhaku. Ke oa ?? eoi? Ma waena o nā Urals, a me ka Yenisey ua aia i loko o ke komohana Siberian anuu. Mai ka Yenisei a hiki i ka Lena kŰlń ao Siberian anuu (Central Siberian Plateau). Ka pelupelu ia wahi a hooku iho la Ural-Mongolian, Pacific, a hapa 'ia' Alpide kāʻei.

Morphological honua hoʻohālike me ka 'āina' haʻawina 'ole o ka lalo loa.

Mōʻaukala o ke kumu a me ka ho okumu ana o ka walaʻauʻanaʻano o mall ano o ka moana, a 'âinapuni' i loko o ka Mokuna Geotectonics.

Noi āpana o ka honua pili i ka 'ike o nā regularities oʻano o Isa i pili me kekahi mauʻano o ka morphological hale a me nā hiʻona o ko lākou ulu.

Ka "mercantile" 'ā ina ano hewa i loko o ka honua o ka pńpa e manao like rudopodvodyaschie auwai a me ka mea e hoohehee ai-ke kaōhiʻana aʻe.

paleontology

Meaning literally "ka 'epekema o na mea kahiko', paleontology haʻawina wāwahie meaola a me kā lākou i koe iho a me ko läkou 'o ke ola,ʻano nui no stratigraphic subdivision o na pohaku o ka pńpa. Ka mākaukau o ka paleontology nā hana o ka hoihoi hou ana i ka pena, hōʻikeʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka liluwelo evolution ma ke kumu o nāʻikepili loaa like me ka hopena o? Aeiino? Oeoey o ke kiʻi, ka liluwelo ano, ki ina hana like o ka? Aneii a me ka ai ana o ke au kahiko o meaola.

No ka ahuwale na hoailona o ka paleontology ua maheleia i paleozoology a me ka paleobotany.

Meaola i ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka loli ma ka physical-Nine Inch kiko'î o ke kaiapuni, pela ka mea, ua ike loea nā hoailona o nā kūlana ma i nā pōhaku i hana. Mai keia penei ka pili pilina o ka geology a me ka paleontology.

Ma muli o wāwahie haʻawina pū me nā hualoaʻa o o Ka hoʻoholo 'ana o ka piha makahiki o ka' ā ina me ka ho okumu i haku geochronological pālākiō, ma i ka mōʻaukala o ka honua, ua maheleia i loko o 'ā ina o ka'āina (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, a me Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD e maheleia i manawa, a me ka poe, ma ka huli, Wāwahi i loko o kona mau makahiki.

Mākou noho i loko o ka Pleistocene (20,000 makahiki aku nei a hiki i ka manawa) ka Quaternary wā, a hoomaka iho la ma kahi o 1 miliona makahiki aku nei.

petrography

I ka like o ka mea pōhaku haku mele 'ana o ka igneous, metamorphic a me sedimentary pōhaku, kā lākou textural a me ka mall' ano 'ole i loko o ka Kin a me ka petrography (petrology). Research ua lawelawe 'ia ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi polarizing microscope i loko o nā kukuna hele polarized malamalama. No keia mea Eia kekahi laʻana o ka pohakuʻoki lahilahi (0,03-0,02 mm), he pā (lahilahi pauku), a laila tuko i ke aniani papa me Canada 'aila ('ōnohi ano o ke kēpau kokoke i ka poe o ke aniani).

Nā minelala hao lilo aniani moakaka (ka hapanui), a me kā lākou mau'ōnohi ka waiwai, i ka 'ike o nā minelala hao a me nā pōhaku o nā hua'ōlelo. 'Ākeʻakeʻa i lahilahi pauku kiʻi e hoohalike ai kumu hoohalike i loko o ka kaleidoscope.

A kūikawā wahi i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni o ka 'ā ina Sciences i petrology o sedimentary pōhaku. Kona nuiʻimi naʻauao a me ka mea hiki manaʻo nui no i ka mea i ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi i kēia, a kahiko (wāwahie) ii iai, a noho ma kahi o 70% o ka Honua ka ili honua.

enekinia, geology

Enekinia, geology - he 'epekema e pili ana i nā hiʻona o ka haku mele' ana, physico-Nine Inch waiwai o ke kahua, palapala moʻopane a meʻano o ka luna papa o ko ka honua i ka pńpa, a ua pili i ka waiwai,ʻano nui 'enekinia, a me ka? Ieoaeunoai aayoaeuiinoe o ke kanaka.

'Enekinia, a me ka' ā ina ana nona ma ka manaʻo o ka hulina a me ka noniakahi auhau o ka 'ā ina aʻe, kena ae la ia e kanaka oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka maoli' ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Inā mākou e hoomanao ana, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ano o ka mālama 'ana i nā sciences maoli e māheleʻia i loko o ho'ākāka a me ka pololei, i ka' enekinia, geology, o ka papa, pili ia i ka la mahope, ma ka Akä naÿe i na mea he nui o kona mau "hoa i loko o ka Shop."

meaola geology

Ua makemake e kaulikeʻole e kāpae'ōlelo i ka nui o ka lala geology e haʻawina o ka 'ā ina' ole a me nā 'ano o ko ka Honua ka pńpa, ka ke keʻena o ka lalo o ka moana a me ka moana. Inā 'oe e hahai i ka shortest a me capacious ka ho'ākāka' ana, a emi iho i ka geology (i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka Honua), ka Hawaii Geology - ka' epekema o ke kai (moana) lalo, uhi nā lala o ka " 'ā ina laau" (honua, petrography, lithology, mōʻaukala a me ka quaternary geology, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, geophysics, e ao ana e pili ana i nā minelala hao, a pela aku ..).

Research i loko o nā kai a me ka moana i lawelawe 'ia e pela e iai? Oaiaaiiua moku, lawe lima wahoʻeli huahelu a me pontoons (ma luna o ka holopapa). No ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, ma ka hou ana iʻeli, hoʻohana 'dredge, dredge bākeke-type, a kauoha-pele Tube. Me ka hana nona iho manaʻo lawe a ke kaulaʻoka, discrete a me ke ana kiʻi, kīwī, hawewe, a me magnetometric geolocation pana.

I ko makou manawa, he nui o ka pilikia o kēia 'epekema i ole i ua kane manaopaa, a loaʻa i ka unsolved mea pohihihi o ka moana a me kona subsoil. Hawaii Geology loaʻa 'ole wale no ka pono o ka' epekema, "ka malu e e maopopo", akā, no hoi, e ka Haku i ka alahula mau mea pōhaku waiwai o ka moana.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ke kēiaʻimi naʻauao lala o nā geology o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka moolelo o ka oceanic pńpa a me ka' ike o ke kumu kanawai o kona 'ā ina' ole.

Historical Geology - ka 'epekema o nā kānāwai kālai'āina i ke kūpono' ana o ka pńpa a me ka Honua, e like me ka a pau i loko o ka Hawaiʻi nei foreseeable hooholoia mai kona ho okumu i ka keia lā. Këia i ka mōʻaukala o ke kahua o ka 'ole o ka lithosphere mea nui no ka hana ma ka una neʻe a me deformations ho i nui aʻe ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka hapanui o nā loli i i wahi ma ka Honua i loko o ka' ā ina au i hala akula.

Ano, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka geology, e hiki keʻano i ka mea aʻa.

Hele i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua 'epekema

He paʻakikī e olelo aku i ka mamao hoʻi millennia uhukiia mōʻaukala o ka geology, akā, Neanderthal kanaka i ike o ka mea e ka pahi a me ke koi lipi, hoʻohana 'paea a obsidian (lua pele aniani).

Mai ka manawa o primitive ke kanaka a hiki i ka waena o ka XVIII kenekulia ia mau ae mālama '-scientific kahua o ka hoʻomāhuahua a me ke kahua o ka' ā ina ike,ʻano nui o na mea e hooheheeia o ke hooheheeia, kukulu i na pohaku, a me ka paʻakai groundwater. Ma nā pōhaku, nā minelala hao a me ka 'ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke ano o ka manawa e kamailio ana ia i loko o ka wa kahiko.

Ma ka XIII kenekulia i loko o ka hawaiian'āina i ua ulu mauna akamai, a originate na kumu o na mea i eliia hoʻouku a me ka ike.

Ma ka pakebona (XV-XVI kenekulia.) Aponoia e ka heliocentric nānaina o ko ke ao nei (John, Bruno, Galileo, Copernicus), hanau 'ā ina e hoohalike ai N. Stenon, Leonardo ka Vinci a me G. Bauer, a no hoi ua kālaiʻia i ka manaʻo o ka cosmogony P . Descartes a me Leibniz.

I ka wā o ka geology like me ka 'epekema (XVIII-XIX kenekulia.) He cosmogonic kuhiakau o Laplace a me Kant a me ka' ā ina manaʻo M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. Hânau 'ia stratigraphy (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) a me ka paleontology (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), me ka nui loa ulu crystallography (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Moo listen'ōlelo.), 'ā ina kŰia ha huli no.

mua 'ā nā kaiapili a me nā aupuni' ā ina lawelawe hana i loko o kēia wā.

Mai ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIX a hiki i ke kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia ka loa nui hanana a pau o ka 'ā ina loina o Charles Darwin, ka hoʻokumu o ke ao ana mai o ka paepae ai, a geosynclines, i ka muli o palaeogeography, petrography ulu paahana, aaiaoe a me kaʻimi naʻauao mineralogy, hanana o ka pelemaka manaÿo, a aʻo o na mea i eliia hoʻokomo kālā. Oil hoomaka ae la e ka nuʻu mua geology a me geophysics loaa momentum (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry a me ka seismology). I ka 1882, ua hoʻokumu ka 'ā ina Komite o Rusia.

Hoikehonua, Geology au o ka? Acaeoey hoomaka ana ma ka hapalua like XX kenekulia, i ka wa a ka 'epekema o ka Honua i hookama kamepiula enehana, a ua loaa hou keʻena hoʻokolohua pono, na mea paahana, a me ka lako e, hiki oe i ke hoomau aku me ka' ā ina a me ka Geophysical haʻawina o ka moana, a me ka kokoke kŘhele.

Ka loa poʻokela 'epekema e piʻi like he i ke kumumanaʻo o ka metasomatic ciie? Korzhinsky, i ke ao ana o ka facies metamorphism kumumanaʻo Strakhov ma na ano Lithogenesis, hoike o kemikala ano o ka prospecting no na mea i eliia hoʻokomo kālā a me na mea e ae.

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo a me A. A. Bogdanova i ka makaikai una palapala 'āina o Europa a me Asia, i mai paleogeographic atlases.

Ua ulu ai ka manaʻo o ka hou global honua (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain a pela aku ...), Aole loa mamua ia i hehi geodynamics, 'enekinia, geology a me ka hydrogeology, ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i ka hou hema i loko o geology -? Aneeo, i keia la i lilo he makakoho.

Hoikehonua, pilikia o ka geology

I kēia lā, he nui nā paepae kahua kumuhana o Contemporary 'epekema nīnūnē noho unresolved, a i ole e emi malalo o ka haneri mau nīnūnē. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka liluwelo kumu o ka ike paka i, i ka mea pohihihi o ka iaiyoe, ke ano o ka manawa a me ka umekaumaha, ke kumu o ka hoku,ʻeleʻele puka a me keʻano o nā cosmic mea. Ma ka geology kaʻana like hāʻule nui loa pilikia i i koe e ike. Kēia pili anaʻano nui ka 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, like hoʻi me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka Honua.

I kēia lā Geology waiwai, piʻi pū aie i ka pono no ka hooponopono ana a me ka helu mahina o ka ulu hoʻoweliweli 'o ka nalu p' ā ina hopena o unsustainable oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe, ano hoomainoino? Aneie pilikia.

'Ā ina ho okumu i loko o Rusia

I ka ho okumu ana o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia 'ā ina ho okumu ia ma Rusia ua pili i ka puka o ka St. Petersburg mau pūʻali hoʻouku nā kānakaʻenehana (Future o ka hoʻouku Institute) a me ka hoʻokumu o ka Moscow University, a pomaikai no au, i lilo ai ia i ka 1930, ua hoʻokumu ma Leningrad, a laila laila' i ka Moscow Institute o Geology (e pahele Ah CCCP).

I kēia lā 'ā ina Institute o ke alakai noiʻi kulanui i loko o ke kula o ka stratigraphy, lithology, honua a' ā ina mōʻaukala o ka pōʻaiapuni o Sciences. I ka papa kuhikuhiE nā hana pili i ka hooulu ana o ka luna 'kumu pilikia o ka' ole a me ka ho okumu ana o oceanic a me ka Hawaiian pńpa, ka study o ka evolution o ka pohaku ho okumu ana o âinapuni a me sedimentation i loko o ka moana, geochronology, ka mea hoʻopili global o ka 'ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana, aʻike manaʻo, a me na mea e ae.

Ma ke ala, i ka hoʻokomo o ka pahele ua Mineralogical Museum, Kapa hou i loko o 1898 ma ka Museum o Geology, a laila, i loko o ka makahiki 1912 ma o ka 'ā ina a me Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Mai ka inception o ka hookumu ana mai o ka 'ā ina ho okumu ia ma Rusia i ka nānā' ana ma luna o ka loina hooponopono trinity: 'epekema - ao - hana. Keia rula, hoʻowahāwahā i ka turmoil o perestroika, hoʻonaʻauao geology e ia i keia la.

I ka makahiki 1999, i ka olelo hooholo o ka Papa o ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao, a Natural Resources o Rusia aponoia i ka manaʻo o ka 'ā ina ho okumu i i hala approbation i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao' kulanui a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie eiiaiaeu, "e ulu ana" 'ā ina kookoo.

I kēia lā ma luna 'ā ina hoʻonaʻauao mea i loaʻa i loko o oi aku mamua o 30 Lūkini kulanui.

A e hele "e makaikai i ke taiga" a haʻalele "i loko o ka sweltering hehi" ma ka manawa - ia mea,ʻaʻole like 'ihiʻihi i kekahi manawa, hana, kanaka hulihonua e koho ia no ka mea, "pomaikai, kekahi kama'āina me ka ola ano o ka alanui" ...