He aha ka mea ma luna o ka palapala hōʻike mai ai i ka mea eleeleʻano? Conditional mea kiʻi notation

He aha ka kekahi palapala 'āina? E like me ka mea pono ' "heluhelu"? He aha nō ka hōʻailona o ka palapala? A pau keia e e kūkākūkā i loko o kā mākou 'atikala.

Map - keia ...

Map - kekahi o na kahiko hana o ke kanaka. Mua ka mea kālai ma na pohaku, pohaku a me ka ana pā. O ua primitive Nails'āina primitive kanaka. Kekahi o na palapala kahiko i hana ia hoʻi i kaʻumikumamāhiku o kaʻepekema Ka Wā Kaukani BC. A ka mea, ua i ke kāleka mea,ʻaʻole ma ka honua, akā, i ka starry lani. Ma ka mea i kaha maha Vega, Altair, Deneb, a me kekahi'ē aʻe lilelile hoku o ka lani.

Oia'āina pepa hana Greek explorers a me nā huakaʻi - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy a me na mea e ae. Unusually hoʻomaka koke ka ulu 'cartography i loko o XIV-XVI kenekulia, ka ai-i kapaia o Age o Discovery. I keia manawa, ia mea portolan pakuhi - meaola mea kuka, hōʻike no i au mamuli o ka mau o ka Black Sea a me ke Kaiwaenahonua, like hoʻi me ke komohana Bank a me ka'ākau kahakai oʻEulopa.

Map i ka keia manawa ua'āpono loa e lilo kona waiwai a me ka pilina. Ma ka XXI kenekulia ia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō i ka hopena akā, i nui ka koʻi no ka 'epekema haʻawina nui a me ka noiʻi. e hoʻomano hoʻohana Maps ma geology, hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā, meteorology, mahiʻai, a me nā spheres o kanaka haʻawina. Huli ia a me ka hana kemika kula (Papa 6).

Map - ua hoemi ia i ka haneri, a me na tausani o nā manawa he kumu hoʻohālike o ka honua i ka ili honua, hanaia ma ka mea o kūikawā nenoaiu o na hoailona. Ua aneane nā haumāna me ka nui panee a pau e noonoo i ka haʻawina o kēia mau apana lei o ka pepa. A me na mea he nui o lakou, he ninau maoli aicieeaao: He aha ka mea ma luna o ka palapala hōʻike i ka mea eleeleʻano? A me ka mea - i loko o nā waihoʻoluʻu a me ka malu? Next mākou e olelo ma ka au mamuli e pili ana i kaʻike mau hoailona o kēia pepa. Akā, mua oe e loaʻa mai i ka mea a ko lakou mau manao e ola ana?

ʻano likeʻole palapala

i hoʻolaha Kuʻe Huli palapala e like me ka unahiʻole, i, ia kenekoa laulā, manao a me ka maʻiʻo. E like me ko lakou manao, ka mea hiki e:

• aʻo;
• pili;
• ʻepekema;
• ? ecia;
• haʻuki;
• Navigation a me ka 'ole. D.

Ma ka pālākiō o pau na pepa i māheleʻia i loko o ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino nui, akā, ma ka maʻiʻo - nui Geographic a me ka poʻomanaʻo. Ma kekahi mau Geographic palapala hōʻike i ka puu o ka maoli a me ka pilina mea: .. kokua ia, mea kanu, hydrography, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, alanui, etc. poʻomanaʻo 'ia kanaka mea (ʻike manaʻo) o ke ano, hoʻokele waiwai' ole kaiapili poepoe.

He aha ka mea ma luna o ka palapala hōʻike mai ai i ka mea eleeleʻano?

Ka ili o ko mākou Honua mea iʻaʻahu. About 70% o kona wahi ua ku e ke kai a me ka moana, a ma luna o ka'āina, he mau papu, plateaus, a kiekie mauna. Pehea 'Aʻole i keia ua hōʻike ma Geographic palapala?

Me ka dukima kino wai (muliwai, o ic ??, kai, Reservoir, a no laila, ma luna o. E.) Kû ke i ka uliuli. A ia mea he Logical. Akā, i ka aina 'ilikai Kāhiko mai i kekahiʻano o ka malu, mai ka pouli'ōmaʻomaʻo i ka mea eleele. He aha ka mea ma luna o ka palapala hōʻike mai ai i ka mea eleeleʻano?

Ke koho ana o ke ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā aliʻi e kāpae kiekie o kekahi mau wahi i loko o mika (ma luna o kaʻilikai). Green tint Kû ke awāwa, a me na awawa (i ka 200 mika ke kiʻekiʻe), yellow - elevations (200 a hiki i 500 mika), a me kaʻeleʻele - mauna mau (ma 500 mau mika).

Aoao o ka inoa o ke ola ma ka palapala

Inoa o ka mea kokua ma ka palapala hiki ke hana i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao elua:

• hoʻohana 'ana i kala;
• hoʻohana 'contour laina.

Waihoʻoluʻu hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma au mamuli o ka pauku mua. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia, e like me ka rula, i loko o ka makaukau o kekahi mau Geographic (physical) palapala. Ma waho aʻeo ia pua, i kēia mau pepa i hookuu hoailona i ke kanaka, wahi mau mea a me ka hōʻike 'ana i ko lākou kiʻekiʻena. Kēia paha ia i ka mauna ka piko o na lani kiekie loa, a, ma ka mea ku ole, ka mea hiki ilalo lilo i pa i ka maopopo Wahiiki.

By waihoʻoluʻu hiki hooholo ole wale i ke kiekie o ka honua i ka ili honua, akā, i ka hohonu o ka moana a me ka moana. No ka hōʻike 'na palapala hohonu ka hoʻohana malu o ka uliuli ano. Ka oi paʻa kūhohonu loa hue - ka ina malalo iho o ka lalo mea ma kekahi wahi.

Kēlā me physical palapala 'Ua pono pu ma ka unahiʻole, i wahi kiekie a me ka hohonu. Ma ia oe ke hoʻoholo i ka He kokekau wale kiʻekiʻe o ka'āina a me ka hohonu o ka moana.

Ka lua o ka papa hana komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi kokua kiʻi o kūikawā laina - contours. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'iaʻano nui i loko o ka makaukau o ka palapala hi ona palapala a me ka wahi i na manao.

Palapala hi ona ńina a me kona hiʻona

Universal nui-unahiʻole, i nńnń i mea eh ÷ ike i ka au mamuli o ka wahi, i kapa 'äina. Me kā lākou kōkua, e hiki ke kiʻi i kekahi 'ano piha naauao o ka ua ?? eoi?.

All hi ona palapala e māheleʻia i loko o eha waeʻano, ma muli o ka unahiʻole, i:

• nui-unahiʻole, i (1: 500 000 a me ka nui);
• meakino-unahiʻole, i (1: 200.000, 1: 100,000);
• uuku-pālākiō (1:50 000, 1:10 000);
• paena kuka.

Waiwai loa au mamuli e hōʻike 'ia ma luna o hi ona manao kuka i i ka pālākiō o ka 1: 5000 (loa pinepine). Ka mea, e hoʻokaʻawale hale, laau, pohaku, na ekalesia, a no laila, ma luna o. N. kekahi hiʻona o ka wahi kuka mea i ka wā e e ole ia i loko o ka nui o ka curvature o ka makaukau ana o ka Honua ka ili honua hiki ke hōʻike.

Hōʻailona palapala a me ka wahi i na manao

Ma ka unuhi aku la ia i ka palapala hi ona palapala a me ka paena mea kuka, he lākou o kekahi hōʻailona. Me kā lākou kōkua, hānai qualitative a laupaʻi ano o maoli nä mea a me ka pilinaʻike manaʻo. He aha nō ka hōʻailona o ka palapala? 4 o keʻano kahiāuli ma kaʻiʻo nō o kēia 'äina. Ka mea, e:

1. Pālākiō.
2. Laina.
3. Scaleless.
4. Wehewehe hoailona.

Me ka nui-ka unahiʻole, i nā hōʻailona hōʻike i nā mea a me nā 'ikamu i hiki ke hoikeia ma ka palapala' āina me ka unahiʻole. Ua hiki e ka ulu lāʻau, kahua, kulanakauhale palaka, a pela aku .. a pela aku .. Scaleless hōʻailona i ke ano o ka apana uuku, a me Kimia kiʻi. Ka mea, ae 'oe e hōʻike' ia ma ka palapala mea, uaʻoi aku ko lākou uuku ma ka nui (e like, he laau, he pohaku, lanahu koʻu a me ka hoailona). E ho ohana i laina hōʻike huapalapala hoopomaikai io mea - i ke alanui palena, mana laina (mana laina). Wehewehe conditional mea kiʻi notation hoʻohana i ka hou i emi iho ka poe 'ole' ē aʻe kumuhana mau mea.

Totalʻike mau topographical hoailona, ma laila nō ma kahi o elua haneri. Ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei kekahi o ia hōʻike pololei. Eia, no ka kekahi laʻana, e hiki ke ike pehea ku pono i ka hōʻailona o ke one, ulu lāʻau, ic ??, kahawai a me alahaka.

ke kokua kiʻi ma luna palapala

I haiia ae maluna,, ka mea, ua hōʻike 'ia ma ka ai-kapa contour laina ma hi ona palapala o ka'āina. Kēia conditional laina ai pili aku i ka honua i ka ili honua ma ke ki eki e. e paa Contours maʻanuʻu o ka 10, 20 a me 50 mau mika. Akā, ka mea a pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka palapala me ka unahiʻole: kaʻOi aʻe ia mea - i ka oi au mamuliʻoe ke hōʻike kūloko'āina. He aha 'ano i papamoe, oe ke ike i ke kiʻi ma lalo nei.

Horizontally, e like me ka rula, i ke oho a haikea eleele. Ma ka anaʻe o kēia mau laina hoike lākou loa kiʻekiʻe. Eia hou, na palapala pinepine hoailona a me na kumu kanaka ma ke 'eʻe lākou kiko'ī kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka ilikai. O hiki e kanaka kuahiwi a me nä mea i maopopo hiʻona'āina.

Ke aʻo 'ana i ka "heluhelu" ka'āina palapala'āina maʻalahi. I ka pa apŘ a me ka nui o ka waihoia contours hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka degere o ka compartmentalization honua ka ili honua. Ua kokoke i ka laina i ai i kekahi i kekahi ma ka palapala - ka steeper ka hene o ka'āina. Naʻe, ka mea e pono alanui e aʻo pehea e heluhelu i kekahi topographical palapala'āina - mea, e lawe ia i ka Hike a huakai.

Image o ke kanu a me Landskap ma palapala

Landskap, Ua i kanu a me ka lepo uhi loa ma ka au mamuli e hōʻike 'ia ma luna o palapala. Pela surveyors hoʻohana ma kahi o 50 kūikawā huapalapala.

Green mau kiko a me hipuu, i hiki ke ike i aneane kekahi topographical palapala'āina - he mea ole ia e like me ka ulu lāʻau. timberline hōʻike like stipple. Additional ano o na mau laau hōʻike me ka scaleless a me ka wehewehe hoailona.

Wahi lepo wai ma palapala ho i papamoe uliuli kaula. A, ina kēia mau paa holehole mai ai i - ka impassable piholo maila, a ina ka mea, i keʻakeʻa - i kekahi mea passable. Sands i hōʻike i mea eleele randomly hooponopono o ka papa.

Aia i kūikawā hōʻailona, e hōʻike i ka pā waina, a me ka hua berry nā mahinaʻai, laau uuku, ulu lāʻau, paddy mahinaʻai, kī kalana a me nā ano o ka mea kanu.

ka hopena

Ano, e ike no ia i ka palapala hōʻike i ka mea eleele e kala like 'ole - uliuli, a me ka mea - i ka uliuli. Ke koho ana o ke ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻena. No laila, kaumaha mea uliuli, puu - yellow a me ka mauna nenoai - eleele. Ma ka palapala i ke kokua ana o ka honua i ka ili honua ua hōʻike ia ma kaʻokoʻa ala - ma ka mea o ka contour laina.