He aha ka microbiology. He aha ka mea i këia microbiology. Paʻa o ka microbiology

'Epekema kālaimeaola ka loaʻa o ka nui helu o nā māhele a me nāʻaha hui iho o Sciences. Naʻe, i kekahi o ka mea opiopio loa, a loa i olelo mua iaʻi, pono e ke kanaka a me kona hanana mea microbiology. KŘpa a nei i waho, akā, koke loaa momentum i loko o ka ulu ana o keia 'epekema i ka lā, ua lilo iho la ia i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o na pauku i biotechnology a aaiaoe wilikî. He aha ka microbiology, a pehea e noho ana i ke kuʻina o kona ho okumu a me ka ulu? E mai hoike i kēia pukana i oi aku au mamuli.

He aha ka microbiology?

Ma ka wahi mua, microbiology - mea he 'epekema. Volume, hana hoihoi,'ōpiopio, akā, hikiwawe loa ka ulu '' epekema. Ke etymology o ka olelo i kona kumu i loko o ka Helene, 'ōlelo. No laila, "Mikros" 'o ia hoʻi "uuku", i ka lua o ka hapa o ka olelo mai, mai "BIOS", a' o ia hoʻi "ola", a me ka mea hope loa o ka Helene. "Logos", i translates like e ao. Ano oe e haawi aku i ka literal pane ana i ka ninau o ka mea microbiology. Kēia ao ana o ke anakahi iki-ola.

Ma na olelo e ae, ka mea, o ke ao o ka mea liilii loa na mea ola i ka mea e hiki i ka maka kapa ole. Mau hookahi-aa? Meaola i:

1. Prokaryotes (anuclear meaola paha,ʻaʻole i hoopuka ia i ka nucleus):

• koʻohune;
• Archaea.

2. eukaryotes (meaola me ka hoʻonaniʻia Kernel):

• unicellular līoho;
• protozoa.

3. nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Naʻe, ua hāʻawiʻia i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka microbiology o koʻohune makakoho mea he ākeaʻano o ka hoailona ia mea, ano, a ki ina hana like o ka hana ikehu. I mea no ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka microbiology.

Ke kumuhana mea o ka 'epekema

I ka ninau i këia microbiology, i ka pane i e: ia Pilikanaka ka pā ka nohona o ka koʻohune ma shape a me ka nui, i ko lakou hopena ma luna o ka 'āina, a ola meaola, ki ina hana like o ka ai ana,? Acaeoey a me nā'ōlelo o microorganisms, e like me kā lākou hopena ma luna hoʻokele waiwai a me ka kanaka hana.

Anakahi iki-meaola - nā mea i hiki ke noho i loko o ka likeʻole ma o aku ana. No ia kokoke i palena ma ka mahana, kaʻakika a'ākilikai paha o ka meakino, puʻe a me ka humidity. Ma lalo o kekahi rula, he mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi (a pinepine nui) pae o ka koʻohune i hiki ke ola. I kēia mau lāʻike microbial ka noho 'ana i hoolahaia'ku [na kanaka pono anaerobic aku ana i loko o ka lua pele lalo termoistochnikov, ua hoʻokomoʻia hohonu o ka moana, a me ka mea i hoʻohalahala kūpono o ka wela pōhaku, a no laila, ma luna o.

'Epekema, he mau haneri o ka laha' ana o microorganisms, a e ho'ōla hoʻouka hou aku au i ai i na tausani. Akā, i loaʻa i ka mea mea wale nō i ka hapa uuku wale no o ke 'ano i koe ma ka ano. No laila, i ka hana i loko o laila, na microbiologists.

Kekahi o na ioauoa loa kaulana, ma a he mea he piha study o ke anakahi iki-meaola, a pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ia, ua ka Pasteur Institute ma Farani. Inoa ma hope o ka hoʻokumu kaulana o ka 'epekema o microbiology Lui Pastera, ka Institute o Microbiology, nolaila ia i kuu mai kona mau pā i ka hailona o kupanaha' Oihana poe i hana ole emi kamahaʻo a me ka nui discoveries.

Ma Rusia i keia la o ka Institute o Microbiology. S. N. Vinogradskogo Halau o Sciences, i mea no ka nui loa noiʻi oaio i loko o ke kahua o ka microbiology i loko o ko kakou aina.

Historical kāʻei kua i loko o microbiological sciences

Mōʻaukala o ka microbiology like me ka 'epekema ua i mai o ka ekolu walaʻauʻana conditional kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• morphological a ho'ākāka;
• Saline paha pūnaewele;
• kēia.

I mau, ka mōʻaukala o ka microbiology mai ma ka ulu no ma kahi o 400 makahiki. Ia mea i ka hoʻomaka o ka hanana i ka hola o ka XVII kenekulia. No laila, ka mea, ua manaoio aku no lakou ia ia mea he kŘpa a opiopio 'epekema ma ka e like me nā lālā o ka kālaimeaola.

Morphological a ho'ākāka ke kahua

mai nei i ka inoa hoʻi ia ma keia kahua hala, pololei olelo ana, wale i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka ike e pili ana i ka mea koʻohune halepaahao morphology. Ua a pau, hoomaka ae la me ka puka o ka prokaryotes. Kēia kānaka apau i mākaukau no i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o microbiological 'epekema Ikalia Antonio van Leeuwenhoek, ka poe i he kilo naau, tenacious nānā aku, a me ka maikai hiki e manaʻo kekahi hoʻonohonoho, a me generalize. Like pono me ka technician maikaʻi,ʻo ia i kauoha aku e kalakalai aʻela hoʻi i ka maka aniani, e haawi ana i ka mahuahua ana o 300 manawa. A me 'oe i kona piʻi like hiki wale nō i loko o ka waena o ka XX kenekulia Lūkiniʻepekema. A ka mea, ua i vytachivaniem a smelting nā aniani kaulona o ka'ōnohi puluniu.

Mau nā aniani kaulona i malamaʻi, e like me ka mea ma a Leeuwenhoek loaa microorganisms. A initially oia i hoonoho iho la ia ia iho i ka hanaʻano prosaic ano: ke nä känaka 'epekema i makemake e ike i ke kumu o ka Gehena me ka awaawa. Hamoʻia māhele o ka mea kanu, a hookolokolo aku la ia ia ma lalo o ka microscope iho-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ike aku la ia i ka pau ola honua o ka moku aoa. Ua ua i ka 1695. Mai laila, Antonio hoʻomaka e 'Imi makaikai, a wehewehe i nāʻanoʻokoʻa o ka mea koʻohune keena. He distinguishes ia ma ka palapala wale, nae, a me keia ua ua hanaia.

Leeuwenhoek no ia ma kahi o 20 puke o ka puke, a wehewehe i ka au mamuli spherical, koʻokoʻo,ʻoni iho a me nā 'ano o nā koʻohune. He ka mua hana i loko o microbiology, i ua kapaia kakau iho la "ka mea huna o kaʻano loaa e Antoni van Leeuwenhoek." Ke ho'āʻo mua e hoʻonohonoho, a hōʻuluʻulu i ka hoʻonui 'ike o ka morphology o ka koʻohune no a hiki i ke nä känaka' epekema O. Muller, nawai au i hoolilo ia i ka 1785. Mai ia manawa, i ka mōʻaukala o ka microbiology hoʻomaka e loaa kona momentum.

Physiological ole pūnaewele ke kahua

Ma keia kahua o ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ua aʻo mākou i nā maomeka hp'pnphp mea koʻohune haʻawina. ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o a lakou i komo ai, a i ole ia ia mea hiki ole i ke ano maoli. Ka mea, ua hooiaio ae ka impossibility o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o ke ola me ke komo 'ana o ke ola meaola. A pau o kēia mau discoveries Ua i like me ka hopena o ia mea, no ka nui nä känaka 'epekema-chemist, akā, ma hope o kēia mau discoveries i microbiologist Lui Pastera. He paʻakikī e overestimate i kona nui i loko o ke ana o kēia 'epekema. Mōʻaukala o ka microbiology ka apuepue Ua hiki ke hoʻomohala ai koke a me ka loa, ina i keia kanaka o ke ano akamai.

Discoveries o Pasteur ke hōʻike 'ana i kekahi mau kī kumu:

• He ho'āʻo ai i ka wa kahiko poʻe kama'āina o nā mahi kō fermentation kaʻina mea ku pono i ke alo o kekahi microbial? Ueo. No hoi, no kēlā me kēia 'ano o ka fermentation (lacticʻakika, ka waiʻona, kaʻaila, a pela aku) i wehewehe aku e kekahi mau' pūʻulu o koʻohune, a me ia mea, ua lawe mai;
• hoʻolauna i loko o ka meaʻai hana pasteurization kaʻina hana no ka hoʻolilo o nā huahana mai microflora, ma o na la ia e popoʻole a me ka spoilage;
• ka mea, ua aie ia me ka hoʻomaikaʻi e hoʻonele i ka maʻi ma ka lawelawe ana i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo i ke kino. Ie Pasteur - ke kupuna o vaccinations, ka mea, ua ka mea nana i hoao iho la ia lakou i na mai i ke kumu ma ke alo o pathogenic koʻohune;
• luku aku i ka manaʻo o ke aerobic ola a pau, a hoao iho la i na ola o na mea he nui koʻohune (butyricʻakika, no ka laʻana) e ole e pono ai oxygen, a me nā palapala.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE C. Brewer kānaka apau i mākaukau Lui Pastera i ka mea i kona mau discoveries a pau,ʻo ia i ho'āʻo experimentally. No laila, i ole i kekahi ke ole e waiho i na mea pohihihi e pili ana i ka ho'ōia o ka hopena. Akā, i ka moʻolelo o Microbiology, o ka papa, 'aʻole i pau i laila.

Kekahi nä känaka 'epekema ka mea i hana i loko o ka XIX kenekulia a me ka poe i hana i invaluable na makana no ke ao ana o microorganisms, ua Robert Koch - German nä känaka' epekema i ua aie me ka wehe i ka maemae laina o ka mea koʻohune keena. Ia mea i loko o keʻano o nā mea a pau meaola i pili loa interrelated. Kekahi pūʻulu i loko o ke ola kaʻina hana o ka e pili ana i ka? Aneii lepo no ka mea 'ē aʻe, ka' ē aʻe e hana i ka ia no ke kolu, a no laila, ma luna o. Ia mea, ka mea, o ka mana lakoʻaoʻao hookahi, a ma kiekie meaola, wale i loko o nā kaiaulu mea koʻohune. Nolaila, e ka loa paʻakikī e noiʻi i kekahi okoa kaiāulu, ka hui o nā microorganisms, no ka mea, o ko lākou mau loa liʻiliʻi Ana (1 ^-6 m + a me ka m 1), a me kona noho ana ma ka ikaika kokoke alu like 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, ka mea hiki ole e singly scrutiny. Mea, ua manao ka manawa pono, e ulu ka ai iiiaanoaa o'ālike keena o ka koʻohune o kekahi kaiāulu i loko oʻimi hoʻopunipuni ana. Oia hoi, kiʻi i ka hailona o'ālike keena, a e e hiki i ka maka, he kapaʻole, a hoike i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka mea e e nui maʻalahi.

Eia ka mea i ka puka, a i Koch. He dala i ka wehe 'ana o ka hana' ike loea maemae o koʻohune ma ka nutrient meakino, i mea okoa no kēlā me kēia kaiaulu. No hoi ia nona e piʻi like me ka pena panalāʻau o microorganisms a me kona kanaka ponoi. Robert Koch mua loaa tubercle maile (Koch ka bacillus), parasitic i ka holoholona a me nā kānaka. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema noi i ke ano o ka mana holoholona iho mailoko me pathogenic (pathogenic) koʻohune me ka AIM o deducing maemae hana' ike loea o ia microorganisms, a? Ac? Epekema no ka disinfection a me ka hooponopono ana.

Pela ka mea i loaa he wahi lihi iki o ka waiwai 'ike mai ka koʻohune, i ko lakou mau pomaikai, a he pilikia i kānaka. Ka hooulu ana o ka microbiology ua hiki hou, pili ala hele.

O kēia ke kahua

Hoikehonua, microbiology - mea he lākou o nā māhele o lalo, a me ka ieie-epekema e epa me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ole wale na koʻohune, akā, i nā mea hoʻomaʻi, fungi, archaea, a me nā mea a pau i ike ia, a Puhi iho loaa microorganisms. Ma ka ninau o keia la ka microbiology, ua hiki ke haawi aku i ka loa a me ka piha piha pane. He He luna 'epekema Hana me ke ao ana o microorganisms, a me kā lākou palapala noi i ka mea hiki ke ola i loko o kekahi kula a me nā wahi, e like me ka hopena o microorganisms ma kekahi i kekahi, ma ka' āina, a ola meaola.

I ka pili ana me ia i ka nui manaʻo o ka microbiology E lawe mai laekahi 'epekema i ka gradation o na pauku.

1. Nui.
2. Lepo.
3. Wai.
4. Mahiai.
5. Lapaʻau.
6. Kauka holoholona.
7. Space.
8. 'Ā ina Survey.
9. Virology.
10. Food.
11. Hanalima (oaoieei-).

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau pauku ua komo i loko o ka piha ao o microorganisms, i ko lakou hopena ma luna o nā ola, a ola ana o kanaka a me ka holoholona, e like me ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻohana koʻohune no ka mea hiki mau hana, e hoʻoikaika i ka pono o ke ola o ke kanaka. A pau i kēia pu ka mea e këia microbiology.

Ua nui na makana i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kālā no ano o ka microbiology, ki ina hana like o ka? Aneii a me ka mahi ana o microorganisms i e na haumana me Wolfram Tsillig a me Karl Stetter, Karl Veze, Norman Peys, Watson, Crick, Pauling, Zuckerkandl. Of wahi luluʻepekema i na inoa me I. I. Mechnikov, ls Tsenkovsky, DI Ivanovsky S. N. Vinogradsky VL Omelyanskii, SP Kostychev, Ya Ya a me Nikitinsky F. M. Chistyakov, A. I. Lebedev, VN Shaposhnikov. Ma ka hana o kēia mau kānakaʻepekema i hoʻokumu mau aoao, e hana me ka maʻi kaumaha o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka (anthrax, mimikō tick, wāwae a me ka waha mai, puʻupuʻu, a no laila, ma luna). Iho o ka hoonohoia'na aoao e hōʻoi 'e hoʻonele i ka mea koʻohune a me ka mea hoʻomaʻi maʻi, ke kanana nei o microorganisms loaa hiki ke aaioeeʻaila, e ho okumu i ka nuipa oiai ke ola o ka likeʻole ke aloha waiwai, e huikala a me ka hoʻoikaika' ana i ke kaiapuni, ole-disintegrating decomposing Nine Inch i huiʻia, a me ka oi.

I ka makana o kēia kanaka, he oiaio invaluable, no laila, i kekahi o ia (Mechnikov I. I.) loaa ka Nobel lua no kana hana. I kēia lā, loaʻa nō nāʻaha hui iho o ka 'epekema, i hanaʻia ma luna o ke kumu o ka microbiology, a nō ka loa holomua ma ka kālaimeaola - ia mea biotechnology, bioengineering a aaiaoe wilikî. I ka hana o kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua nona ma ka hoʻolako 'na meaola a me nā pūʻulu o ka meaola i hoʻoholo ma mua ka waiwai, mākaukau kanaka. Ma ka hooulu ana o ka hou ano o ka hana me ka anakahi iki-meaola, e loaa i kā mākou pomaikai, mai ke hoʻohana mai o koʻohune.

Pela, ke kuʻina o? Acaeoey o microbiology eia naeʻuʻuku i loko o ka helu, akā, loa informative a me ka piha o ka hanana.

Nā Papahana no këia microorganisms

Hoikehonua, ano o ka microbiology i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hana me ka maemae hana' ike loea, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka polokalamu' enehana E hana 'ia ('ōnohi, lolouila, kukuna, etc.). Eia ka papa kuhikuhiE poʻe i.

1. Hoʻohana 'ana i ka' enehana microscopic. Nō kāu, ua i haawiia malamalama wale microscopes piha result, pela no hoi luminescence, kukuna a me ka uila.
2. Na hua o ka koʻohune ma kūikawā nutrient Media no culturing a? Aneii loa maemae moʻomeheu o nā panalāʻau.
3. Physiological-biochemical Ka Ikepili epekema microbial moʻomeheu.
4. Hakakino liluwelo Ka Ikepili ki ina hana like.
5. Aaiaoe Ka Ikepili 'ana i kūpono. I ka lā, ua lilo i mea hiki ke kumumea i ka ohana laau o aneane kela pae hamama o microorganisms. Ua i i hiki i ke aloha i ka hana o Carl Woese, ka mea i hiki ke decipher i ke kahua o ka genome o koʻohune panalāʻau. Me keia loaʻa. Ma muli o ka hana o ka phylogenetic prokaryotic kahua.

Ia pu, i kēia mau kiʻina hana i piha a me ka 'ike' ana i kekahi o ka lānai hou weheia paha ua wehe microorganisms, a loaʻa lākou pololei palapala noi.

Microbiology kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka mea i hele i loko o kona 'ana me ka' epekema, aole ia e mau loaʻa ia i ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka pololei 'ia o nā kiʻina hana. Naʻe, ka mea mea noteworthy i ka loa mana i na manawa a pau o kekahi mana iaoia,ʻo ia i mālama i ke kumu no ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka ike a me ka mākau i loko o ka hana ana me ka microcosm.

Microbiology ma ka lapaau

Kekahi o ka mea nui, a nui ka mea, o ke kanaka ola microbiology 'inikua microbiology o ka paku. Ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka mea i lilo ai pathogenic nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune mea i loa ka maʻi. No laila, i ka hakaka i ka lapaau, microbiologists: e kuhikuhi i ka pathogen, e mahi kona maemae laina, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā 'ano o ke ola, a me nā kumu no ka mea e palapala ai i ke kino o ke kanaka, a me ka imi i ke ala, e hoʻopau i kēia ha awina.

Once maemae moʻomeheu o ka pathogen ua loaa, e mea pono e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokolokolo pono hakakino liluwelo Ka Ikepili. Ma muli o ka hopena, e hoao i ke kino o ka ia'ku i antibiotics, e hōʻike i ka laha ana o ka maʻi, a, e koho i ka loa ka hoʻokō hana ku ei keia microorganism.

I 'inikua microbiology, a me kauka holoholona, kokua e hoʻoponopono i ka helu o kaʻenaʻena pilikia o ka manaʻo kanaka: e ho okumu i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo ma luna o anthrax, rabies, equine maka, hipa pox, anaerobic nā mea palahēhē, tularemia a me paratyphoid wela, ka mea, ua hiki i ka pakele ana i ka mai a me ka parapnevmonii, a no laila, ma luna o.

Food microbiology

Paʻa o ka microbiology, sanitation a me kou niho i pili loa interrelated a me nā mea a pau i hoʻokahi. No ka mea, pathogens hiki palahalaha ae ka wikiwiki a me ka nui loa i ka wa a ka sanitation a me kou niho aku ana i ka poe ilihune. Mua a poʻokela, keia i ka lewa i loko o ka meaʻai hana, ma ka nui? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ai.

O kēiaʻikepili ma o ka morphology a me ka physiology o microorganisms, biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, kena ae la ia ia, e like me ka aoao o ke? Aneie aʻe ma luna o nā microflora ulu i loko o ka ai i ka halihali, pūnaewele, kuai a me ka aaioee o ka maka mea, e kokua mai i ka pale aku i na pilikia. Ke kūlana o nā microorganisms ma ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu a me ka loli ma ka pono o ka ai a me ka muli o ka helu o nā maʻi, kena ae la ia e pathogenic a me ka opportunistic? Ueony, ka loa nui, a no ia mea, i ka hana o ka meaʻai microbiology, sanitation a me kou niho o ke kūlana e hōʻike, a huli i ka pomaikai ana o ke kanaka.

Food microbiology kekahi mahi koʻohune hiki ke hoʻololi 'mai ka aila nā polokina, hoʻohana microorganisms e decompose i ka ai, no ka iapaau ana o na mea he nui ka ai huahana. Fermentation keʻano o ka hanaʻana me ka nānā 'ana ma lacticʻakika a me ka butyric koʻohune haawi kanaka he wahi lihi iki o ka pono huahana.

virology

Loa kaawale, a he nui loa pūʻulu o microorganisms, i mea ma kahi loihi ka loa poorly hoomaopopo - ia Aloha nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Microbiology a me ka virology - mau pono interrelated waeʻano o microbiological sciences, a hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ka pathogenic koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi i hiki i ino nui i ke ola o ke ola meaola.

Virology pauku ka loa nui a me ka eiiieaen, nolaila, hewaʻiʻo he kaawale mahele.