He aha ka naikokene? Mass naikokene. naikokene lātoma

Ke ole-mea hao hehee ai o ka 15th pūʻulu [Aeaaaiee] papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table - naikokene'Ātoma 2 o ka a hui pu iho, e hana i kekahi lātoma - colorless, odorless a me ka tasteless kinoea aha i ka nui loa o ka Honua i ka lewa, a i ka hapa o nā mea a pau e noho ana.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Naikokene kinoea mea e pili ana i 4/5 o ka honua i ka lewa. Ua Ua kaʻawale ma ka kakahiaka Air Research. I ka 1772, Kuekene Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele mua, e hōʻike ana ia i ka naikokene. E like me ia, i ka lewa o ka läÿau, he mau kinoea, kekahi o a kapa aku la ia "ahi ea", i mea e kākoʻo i ka'ā, a me ka 'ē aʻe - .. "haumia ea" no ka mea i koe ma hope o ka mea mua i hoopauia. O lakou ka i oxygen a me ka naikokene. A puni ka ia manawa naikokene i ua kaʻawale ma ka Hawaiian botanist Daniel Rutherford, ka mea mua i paʻi i kona mau mea, ua ulu, e like me ka Pelekania chemist Henry Cavendish a me ka clergyman Pelekāne a me nä känaka 'epekema Dzhozefom Pristli, ka poe i pili ana me Scheele primacy o ka loaʻa o ka oxygen. Hou haʻawina Ua hōʻike i hou kinoea ka hapa o ka nitrate ole potasiuma nitrate (KNO _3), a, me ka, la oia i ka inoa o ka naikokene ( "hanau saltpeter") ma ka 'ōlelo Palani chemist Chaptal i ka 1790 naikokene i wahi i ka Nine Inch kumu o Lavoisier mua, kona mau ho'ākākaʻana no ke kūlana o ka o oxygen i'ā kuhiakau ka phlogiston kumumanaʻo - mea mahaloia ma ka XVIII kenekulia. misconception'ā. Ke hikiʻole o kēia Nine Inch hehee ai e kākoʻo ola (Greek ζωή) i ke kumu i kapaʻia Lavoisier naikokene kinoea.

Ka muli a me ka hoolaha aku

He aha ka naikokene? E like me ka nui o Nine Inch hehee wale,ʻo ia ke Aliʻi Koko ono. Ka Honua ka lewa i 75,51% ma ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka 78,09% ma ka buke ua haku o ka hehee ai, a ia mea he nui kumu no ka hana. I ka lewa no hoi kekahi mau he uuku nui o ka ammonia a me ka'amoniuma paʻakai, e like me naikokene oxides a me nitricʻakika, i hanaʻia i thunderstorms, a ma na'ā kiko'ī. Free naikokene ua loaʻa i loko o na mea he nui meteorites, lua pele a me koʻu kinoea a me kekahi mau mea pōhaku wai, i ka lā, ka hoku a me nebulae.

Naikokene ua i loaʻa ma ka mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā o ka potasiuma a me ka paʻakai nitrate, kanaka pono ai, e halawai me lawa akā. I kekahi mea waiwai ma keia hehee ai ka guano, a e loaʻa i loko o ka caverns hiki, ma kahi e hailona o ka opeapea, a me na wahi maloo hana pinepine 'ia e nā manu. Nō hoʻi, naikokene ua loaʻa ma loko o ka ua a me ka lepo i loko o ka palapala o ka ammonia a me ka'amoniuma paʻakai, a me ka moana wai i loko o ka palapala o ka'amoniuma Ion (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (NO ₂ ^-) a me ka nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). Ka awelika mea ma kahi o 16% o ka luna 'ke aloha i huiʻia e like me nā polokina, e noho i loko o nā mea a pau e noho ana meaola. Ke maoli maʻiʻo ma ka honua ka pńpa mea 0,3 māhele ma 1000. Prevalence ma ka makahiki - mai ka 3 a hiki i 7 nā'ātoma no silikone'Ātoma.

Ua nui loa ka hana'āina o ka naikokene (e like me ka ammonia) i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka XXI kenekulia, he India, Rusia, i ka United States, Trinidad a me Tobago, Ukraine.

Commercial? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana '

Hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka naikokene ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka fractional distillation o liquefied ea. Kona baila aʻela i ka mahana mea like i -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka oxygen, i ua pela hookaawale. Naikokene hiki ke hua mai la no hoi ma ka unahiʻole, i nui ma ke'ā o ke kalapona a hydrocarbons i loko o ka lewa a me ka hookaawale ana i ka kūpono ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai, mai koena naikokene. I ka poe liilii, ka unahi, i maemae naikokene ua hua mai ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ka azide barium BA (N _{3) 2.} (NH ₄ NO ₂₎ keʻena hoʻokolohua naoh ka lolouila hahana maoli nō kēia i ka pāʻoihana o ke'amoniuma _nitrite, ka'okesaside o ka ammonia me ka koʻana koko bromine pāʻoihana a me ka hahana loa ke keleawe'okesaside :

• NH ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2H ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3H ₂ O + 3Cu.

Elemental naikokene hiki ke hoʻohana 'me he inert lewa no reactions noi loa o ka o oxygen a me ka ona mau. Ua hoʻohana 'ia a me ka wai a naikokene. Hydrogen, methane, kalapona monoxide, oxygen, fluorine, a - ka wale waiwai a, ka wā kapuahi e wahi o ka naikokene ole mea i loko o ka paa mea pōaka moku'āina.

Ma ka Nine Inch hana, keia Nine Inch hehee ai ua hoʻohana 'ia e pale aku'okesaside' ole 'ē aʻe spoilage, me he inert diluent, he kū'ē kinoea, e wehe i ka wela a Nine Inch, e like me ke ahi a me ka Naita me inhibitor. Ma ka meaʻai hana, naikokene kinoea ua hoʻohana 'ia e pale aku spoilage, a me ka wai - no ka ahau-ka maloʻoʻana a me ka huʻihuʻiʻana nenoai. Ma ka pou hana kinoea ua ālai ''okesaside a me nā Nine Inch reactions, pressurizes ka uwea wahī, a i malama i ka Hawaii. Ma metallurgy, ua hoʻohana 'naikokene ma ka kuʻihao a me ka brazing, pale'okesaside, carburization, a me ka decarburization. E like me ka mea AEeOEXAaI kinoea ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o porous laholio, Ka lula ea Ke a me elastomers, e lawelawe' ana me ka aʻe paha i loko o aerosol la e hiki ai, a me kekahi hana i ka puʻe i loko o ke kinowai wahie jets. I ka lapaau, kokololio ke kūpaleʻana me ka wai a naikokene ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoahu koko, iwi ka lolo,'aʻaʻa, koʻohune a me sperm. He Ua loaʻa palapala noi i loko o cryogenic noiʻi.

i pili ai

Ka hapa nui o ka naikokene ia i loko o ka hana o Nine Inch i huiʻia. Ka Triple hoopaa ma waena o nā nā'ātoma o ka hehee ai mea, no ka ikaika (226 kcal no kameleona o ka palua kiekie ma mua ia o ka hakakino hydrogen), i naikokene lātoma aneane komo i loko o nā hui.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hanalima iaoia fixation hehee ai o Haber-Bosch kaʻina hana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka ammonia hoʻomohala ka manawa o ke Kaua Honua 'Elua, Germany e emi kaukaʻi ma ka Chilean nitrate. Ua nā kauoha hoʻololi kemikala o NH ₃ - colorless kinoea me ka pungent, o keʻano ukiuki ala - 'ana mai o kona kumu.

Ka hapa nui o ka ammonia ua hoohuliia i nitricʻakika (HNO _3), a me ka nitrates - paʻakai a me nā mea kemika o nitricʻakika, soda lehu (Na ₂ HI _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - colorless wai hoʻohana like me ka aʻe paha, a ma na hanalima keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Nitricʻakika o ka'ē aʻe nui kalepa Nine Inch hui o ka hehee ai. Colorless, hoomaikai corrosive wai a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o fertilizers, make, ai' a me ka pōkā pahū. 'amoniuma nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - paakai o ka ammonia a me ka nitricʻakika - o ka loa e like me ka naikokene mea hoʻomomona ke keʻena.

Ka oxygen + naikokene

C ano he moʻo o ka oxygen, naikokene oxides, R. H. Nitrous'okesaside (N ₂ O), i ka i ka mea ua like me ka valence o +1'okesaside (NO) (+2) a me ka'okikene lua (NO ₂₎ (4). He nui loa e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie naikokene oxides; ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka haumia ea i loko o ka lewa. Nitrous'okesaside, iʻikeʻia meʻakaʻaka kinoea, ua i kekahi manawa, hoʻohana 'ia me ka anesthetic. I ka ana, ka mea e hookomo ana mehana hysteria. Nitric'okesaside reacts hoʻomaka koke me ka o oxygen, e hana i kekahi mea eleele'okikene lua waena huahana i loko o ka ? Iecaianoaaiiie o nitricʻakika , a me ka ikaika i loko o oxidant Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka aʻe paha.

I hoʻohana 'ia nō kekahi mau nitrides i hanaʻia ma ke hooheheeia me ka naikokene hui ma ke kiekie ana wela. Nitrides o boron, titanium, zirconium a me ka tantalum i kuikawā palapala noi. Kekahi mea pōaka ke ano o ka boron nitride (BN), no ka laʻana, mea i emi iki mahope o ke daimana ma ka paakiki, a oxidized hewa no ia mea hoʻohana like kiʻekiʻe-abrasive.

'okanikaʻole cyanides pihaʻi me CN pae ^-. Hydrogen cyanide a hydrocyanicʻakika HCN, Ua hoomaikai yiaeaiiacaaeneiie a loaʻawahia kinoea i ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka fumigation nā hoʻohui like e hoohehee ai i loko o nā hanalima keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka Nine Inch waena, a no ka fumigation.

Azides nā hui i pihaʻi me ka pūʻulu o ekolu naikokene nā'ātoma -N _3. Ka hapa nui o ia e lolelua ka a loa ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka puu hua palaoa. Kekahi o ia mau mea, e like me ke kēpau azide, PB (N _{3) 2,} hoʻohana 'ia ma detonators a me primers. Azides, e like halogens, hooholo koke pāʻani aku me nā waiwai i lilo i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka hui.

Naikokene mea he hapa o kekahi mau tausani o ke aloha i huiʻia. Ka hapa nui o ia i loko mai ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, nitrous a nitricʻakika. Amines,'amino nāʻakika, amides, no kekahi laʻana, loko mai o ammonia a me ka pili loa aku ia ia. Nitroglycerine a me ka nitrocellulose - nitric nā mea kemika. Nitrite Ua hoomakaukauia mai nitrousʻakika (HNO _2). Purines a me alkaloids i heterocyclic i huiʻia ma i ka naikokene replaces kekahi a oi kalapona nā'ātoma.

Ka waiwai a me reactions

He aha ka naikokene? He He colorless, odorless kinoea e condenses ma -195,8 ° C, colorless, haʻahaʻa (viscosity) wai. Hehee ai i koe i loko o ka palapala o N ₂ nā lātoma, na poe ma ka palapala: N ::: N:, i a ke paa ikehu like me 226 Kcal no kameleona, lua wale i ka kalapona monoxide (256 kilocalories no kameleona). No keia kumu, o ka ho'ā hope ikehu o hakakino naikokene ka loa kiʻekiʻe, no laila, i loko o maʻamau rula o ka hehee ai, kŘpa a inert. Kekahi, hoomaikai eii? Naikokene lātoma ka poʻea pau nui i ka thermodynamic instability o na mea he nui naikokene i huiʻia, ma i pili, a hiki ina ikaika lawa, akā, i emi iki mahope hoahanau hakakino naikokene.

KŘpa a nei, a me ka hiki ana o ka naikokene nā lātoma Ua palaka ike malama like ligands no ka luna 'i huiʻia. Ke kilo i kekahi pāʻoihana o ruthenium pono a pau o ke ka hoʻokemu ka lewa naikokene alakai aku i ka mea e koke e loaʻa i ka simpler a me ka maikaʻi aoao o hoʻopunipuni ka hehee ai.

ʻeleu naikokene hiki ke loaa ma ka hele haahaa puʻe kinoea ma kiʻekiʻe-anakahi uila ka pila hookuuia. Ke huahana He Amber, a nui aku ka haiia reacts ma mua o hakakino,'ātoma hydrogen, luaipele, phosphorous a me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me kekahi mea hiki ke decomposing NO ia N ₂ a me O _2.

A clearer ka naauao o ka mea naikokene, hiki ke loaa ma muli o ia kona lolouila 'ole i loaʻa ka palapala 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p. Five mawaho huina'ine leho iki pale i ka 'āhewa' ana, kūpono ma ka hoʻokō nukelea mālama i manao ai i loko o ka'āina o ka covalent kahahńnai. Naikokene nā'ātoma i kŘpa a uuku, a i ke kiʻekiʻe electronegativity, Aia ma waena o ka kalapona a me ka oxygen. E hoʻonohonohoʻia nā ekolu mawaho hapa-orbitals, ka ho'āʻana i ka hana ekolu covalent paa. Nolaila, pono i ka naikokene'Ātoma like kiʻekiʻe reactivity, ho okumu i ka hapanui o nā kumu mua i ka pilina paʻa aeaie i huiʻia me ka, o ka oi aku i ka wa e hehee ai ua 'ano okoa electronegativity, haawi aku no nui polarity pili' o Randy. Ka wā kekahi hehee ai electronegativity haʻahaʻa polarity pili i ka naikokene'Ātoma o? Anoe? Io ka uku ole, i noa ai kona unshared electrons e komo i loko o ōhumu paa. Ka wā kekahi hehee ai oi electronegative naikokene ka helehelena maikaʻi kauoha kūpono kou hoʻohaiki mau pou waiwai o ka lātoma. At haahaa polarity ku no ka mea, o ka mea electronegativity i keia kekahi hehee ai, mau kamailio ana o ka lanakila ma luna o hookahi. Inā ka'ātoma nui OOAaAeAa ua ālai 'i ke kahua o ka mau mea paa ana i hana i ka hookahi hoopaa hoʻoneʻe' ia paha ia e kŘpa a nāwaliwali, a me ka pilina i lolelua ka.

mākau kemika

Pinepine hiki ke nānā 'ia e ke ana ana i kona leo ma hope o omo ana o nā eiiiiiaiou o ka Nine Inch reagents ka pakeneka o ka naikokene i loko o ke kinoea ukuhiia. Ke decomposition o sulfuricʻakika ma ke alo o ka Mercury nitrate ke hookuu aku oia nitric'okesaside, i hiki ke anaia me ke kinoea. Naikokene ua hookuuia mai ke aloha i huiʻia ia mea i ke ahi ma luna o ke keleawe'okesaside, a me ka noa naikokene i ke ana me ke kinoea ma hope o ke omo o nā'ā huahana. A maikaʻi-ike Kjeldahl hana no ka manao paa o ka waiwai ia mea, noonooʻaneʻi i loko o ke aloha i huiʻia ninoieo i decomposing ka hui me ka i kia sulfuricʻakika (kohoʻia i loaʻa ka Hereme a me kona'okesaside, a me nā paʻakai). Pela naikokene ua hoohuliia i ka'amoniuma sulufahate. Pepa paʻakai hydroxide ke hookuu aku oia ammonia, a ua ohi ia eʻike mauʻakika; ke koena dala o unreactedʻakika ua laila, nānā 'ana titration.

Liluwelo a physiological manaʻo nui

Ke kūlana o ka naikokene i loko o ka mea e noho ana keʻae i kona physiological haʻawina o ke aloha i huiʻia. hiki ole loa ola meaola hoʻohana i kēia Nine Inch hehee ai iho e i komo i kona hui. No laila, i ka naikokene fixation mea nui. Ma ke ano maoli, keia ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o nā kumu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Kekahi o na kanawai o ka uila ikehu i ka lewa, no laila, ua naikokene a me ka oxygen ma nā lātoma dissociate, hiki noa nā'ātoma e hana NO me NO _2. Dioxide laila reacts me ka wai: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ O → 2HNO ₃ + NO.

HNO ₃ Ua ia ka pono, a hele mai i ka Honua, mai ka ua i loko o ka palapala o ka nawaliwali lama. E ho'ōlaʻakika i kekahi hapa o ka hui kamaaina naikokene a ua neutralized e hana nitrites a me nitrates. Ka maʻiʻo o N i mahi soils pele loaʻa hou ma fertilization i loaʻa ka nitrates a me'amoniuma paʻakai. Milo holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me kā lākou decomposition huli i ka naikokene hui i loko o ka lepo a me ka lewa.

Kekahi nui maoli ke haka pono maila kaʻina mea e pōʻino haʻawina o legumes. Ma muli o ka symbiosis me koʻohune, i kēia mau hana 'ike loea i hiki ke hoʻololi' ana i ka lewa naikokene 'ana i loko o kona hui. Kekahi microorganisms, e like me Azotobacter Chroococcum a me Clostridium pasteurianum, e hiki ke koho i ko lakou mau N.

ke kinoea ia, i inert, kolohe ole nae, ina aole ia mea, ha ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, a me ia ua mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ke koko a me nā kino fluids ma kiekie nā hoʻohui like. Keia ke kumu o ka lāʻau kanawai, a ina ua hoemi nui koke ka manaʻo koikoi, oi naikokene ua hoʻokuʻuʻia me ke kinoea Oe ma kekahi mau wahi o ke kino. Ua hiki i ka eha i loko o nāʻiʻo a me ka ami, maʻule hou ihola nō, hapa lōlō, a hiki i ka make. Mau symptoms i kapaia decompression maʻi. Nolaila, o ka poe i pio i ka hanu ea i loko o ia mau ana e loa lohi pono e emi ka puʻe i ka maʻamau i ka oi naikokene mai ma na maʻiʻaʻai me ke kahua o Oe. A maikaʻi makemake mea e hoʻohana i ka breathable läÿau, o ka o oxygen, a helium. Helium mea nui emi wailana i loko o ke kino fluids, a me ke kamepiula emi.

isotopes

Naikokene ole me nā hale lio isotopes ¹⁴ N (99,63%) a ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Ka mea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e Nine Inch, e loaa hou ole ma ka thermal maholahune. naikokene nuipa i loko o ka palapala o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni nā kālaiōewe mea i loko o ka laulā 10-13 a me 16-24. I ka loa i ka pilina paʻa hapa-ola o 10 minuke. First artificiallyʻonou nukelea transmutation ia i loko o 1919 ma ka Beritania physicist Ernest Rutherford, a bombarding naikokene-14 Alpha-(particles) loaa nucleus-17 i oxygen, a protons.

waiwai

Eia helu i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka naikokene.

• 'ātoma helu: 7.
• 'ātoma kaupaona o ka naikokene. 14,0067.
• Heheʻe wahi: -209,86 ° C.
• Baila aʻela i wahi: -195,8 ° C.
• Nuʻa (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1,2506 nā huna o ka naikokene no hano.
• ʻike mau'okesaside moku'āina o -3, +3, +5.
• Huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p.