He aha mea he GPU (GPU): deciphering kuleana pili i. Ke Cheka He okoa mai ka GPU

Pepeluali 6, 1922 ka Central Hoʻokō Komite o ka CPSU (b) hoohana i ka olelo hooholo ma ka hoʻokumu o ka State Kalaiaina Keʻena Luna. He aha mea he GPU? Na Bolsheviks i ole hoopii i ka mua karayusche-ke kaōhiʻana kino - ka Cheka? ho'āʻo e mākou e pane i loko o kēia 'atikala.

reorganization o ka Cheka

Mua oe i pane i ka nīnau, i mea ka GPU, ia mea e pono ai no ke aha la i hooki i panai ai i na Cheka (All-Russian kekahi Komisina) i ka 1922, na lala o ka aoao i maopopo.

Cheka Ua hoʻokūpaʻa koke ma hope o ka Bolshevik 'ana o ka mana. Communists lakou ia lakou iho i hea aku i kēia hanana i kipi, a me ka Soviet historiography ka mea i kapaia "The Great October SocialistʻOiʻenehana." Mākou i keia iloko o ia i loko o Pepeluali 1917, ua hala mua i ka nui bourgeois kipi. Ke Auguseto Ua lukuʻia, ka mana e hele aku i ka kemokalaka aupuni - ka Constituent Ahaolelo. Eia naʻe, ma Okatoba 25, Lenin a me kona mau hoa lawe mai i ka mākaukau 'ana o ka mana.

Maoli ai, o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni koa i ole kākoʻo ia he adventurous escapades. Kū'ē i kapaia "eea", a laila, poe kokua o ke ee-kipi. A laila, hoomaka ae la ka makahiki e Kuhina a pau ka poe somehow i ole ae i na hana o ka Bolsheviks. Ua mea e hana me "loan" a i hanaia e ka All-Russian halawai Kuleana ma December 1917. Ua Ua alai ia e F. Dzerzhinsky, inoa kapakapa ka "Iron iho la o Pelika" o ka ikaika ano a me ka paakiki hikiwawe.

No ke aha la Cheka oki, e panai ai i na Bolsheviks?

Cheka - he punitive kino, nona ka hana i ua olelo ku e ia i ke kākoʻo o ka ee-kipi. "Contra" hiki ke hai aku i kekahi kamaaina wau i somehow hoikeia'ōhumu mai me kaʻikena aupuni. No ka maopopo i ka mea a ka GPU, a pehea ia i kekahi, mai ka Cheka, helu ka mana punitive hui. kahua e malu ai luna i kona palena mana. Kā lākou mau kuleana hookomoia:

• A huli 'ana i kekahi manawa o ka lā a me ka pō, me kekahi wehewehe.
• Ke hopu a me ka hana nīnau o kekahi manaʻo pü ', e like me ka KGB, ke kupa.
• Expropriation o ka waiwai mai ka "kulaks" a "ee" me ka uku ole a me ka hookolokolo ana. A ma ka mea e alakaʻi ana i ka huina powa.
• Ka malama ana a me ka hooko ole hookolokolo ana.

i kekahi mea ma ka mana o ka maluhia luna. Ka mea, noonoo iho la lakou ia lakou iho "hana" kuleana e lawe i kekahi hana i loko o ka "pono o ke kipi", a ku e aku i ke "kaua ma loan". A o ia kī paukū me ka hookolokolo ana i ka "Red weliweli" la na tausani o ka maʻamau poe kanaka. Chekists lakou iho i kekahi manawa mai,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i ike i ka hoopiiia. Ke hooko i lawe mai ma hope o ka makaukau o kekahi mau kahua kaua. Pinepine i ke kumu o ka ikaika i mālama ai i ka inoa, ikea, ia a me kekahi poe e ae, ka Bolsheviks lanakila 'o ia i ke kaua kivila, no laila, noʻonoʻo ka mea, repressive ana, ua hoaponoia. A laila, i kekahi mea i hiki mai ai i ka loa hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o ka Bolsheviks: ka kaua hele mai la na kauwa a me na koa. Ka loa kaulana o ia - ka Tambov uprising. No ka poʻe kipi i hoʻohana Nine Inch mea kaua, i hoouna mai ai i na wahi hoomoana keiki a me nā wāhine guerrillas, hahau poe kupuna, a me na kane, e haawi. Akā, me ka oiaio kahaha ko oukou naau i ka uprising ma Kronstadt. I mea, o ka Bolsheviks hana like me ka mana i lawe mai ia lakou i ka mana. Ma hope o ia mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo: no laila, hiki ole ke hele ia.

GPU: transcript

GPU aia no ka Main Kalaiaina Keʻena Luna. Reorganization o ka Cheka i wahi Pepeluali 6, 1922. Ma hope iho o ka hanaia'na o ka USSR i hana i loko o November 1923, i ka OGPU - United State Kalaiaina noho kia'āina. Ke noniakahi 'ole ua komo ka GPU o ka NKVD o ka RSFSR (ka Main Kalaiaina Keʻena Luna o ka National Commissariat o Kūloko Affairs o ka Lūkini Soviet Federative Socialist Repubalika), e like me nā mea a pau me ka mua hoʻolālā o ka Cheka a me ka GPU o ka mea'ē aʻe republics. I mea, a pau o ka disparate punitive nā loko i komo i loko o ka hoʻokahi a me ka maopopo e hooponopono nenoaiu. No laila, he aha ka mea i ka GPU (piha inoa), ua kahiāuli. E helu i ka loli wahi lulu i hahai i ka hanaia ana o keia hui.

Ke kaupalenaʻana ākeʻakeʻa kumu KGB

Ke mihi i me ka nui loa hoemiia ka arbitrariness o ka ikaika me ka "loan." I ka nui o ka hainā hiki i ka hopena. O ka holo ana, ke GPU kahua koʻokoʻo i overdid mea, akā, i ua ku i ke kanawai, no ka mea, i ka mea i manaoia olelo. O ka luna alakai o ka KGB - Yagoda a me Yezhov - i ua pana no ka arbitrariness a me na huakai hele lehulehu.

Ma hope o ka mihi o ka Main Kalaiaina Keʻena Luna ua,ʻaʻole i huli ia Kara, a me ka kānāwai mākaʻi i ka hoʻolālā. i kona mākaukau i kaua poe enemi a me nā kiu, palena maluhia, mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka hana o ka makai, a me na mea e ae, Ano, nae, o ka hopu a me ka pau hooko hookohuia pā hale,ʻaʻole hehena KGB. Eia hou, ua he nui ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke kookoo ma ka mahinaʻai, a me ka hana iho ua hoi malalo o na limahana o ke Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi ka oihana.

I ka mea, ua i ka emi o ka malu luna: mua ka mea, he ole mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka mihi, e hiki ke koho i kekahi arbitrariness "i loko o ka pono o ke kipi", a me ke kino ponoi subordinate i ka SNK (Aha o People ka Commissars). Cheka ua ma luna o ka NKVD. A pau na nā mea hoʻololi i ole KGB "kūikawā" noiʻi, a me ka luna makai, me ka GPU i lilo kekahi o ka NKVD huahelu. Ua hana Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi ka Office e kiaʻi i ka hana o ka hou 'oihana.

hoʻopau

No laila, he aha ka mea i ka GP, ua loaʻa mai mākou. E i aku oe i ka iki e pili ana i ka mea hou reorganization.

I ka makahiki 1934, i ka OGPU paʻa eliminated me ka hui. Ua Ua maopopo merged me ka NKVD. Mai ka makahiki 1934 a hiki i 1936, ua alakaʻi o ka hui GG Berry, mai 1936 a hiki i 1938 - NI Yezhov. A mai 1938 - LP Beria. he a pau o ia ma hope hooko.

I ka 1941, ua māheleʻia i loko o ka NKVD a me NKGB (People ka Commissariat no State mālama 'ia hoʻi) ka NKVD. NKGB lilo i ka hope o ka Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

I ka MH 1946, i ana aʻei loko o ka MGB (Kuhina o State e malu ai) ka NKGB. Ma hope iho e hele mai ana i ka mana, NS Khrushchev MGB huli i KBG (o ke aupuni, ae mālama 'oihana) i ka makahiki 1954. Ua ola a hiki i ka'opi. I kēia mau lā GPU oihana hana pono 4 oihana: ka GRU (Main manao Keʻena Luna), ka FSB (Pekelala e malu ai Service), ka Investigative Komite o ka National halepaahao.

Naʻe, i ka "KGB" mau hope noʻonoʻo wale nō ke FSB.