Hoʻokolohua holo "Apollo-Soyuz". Manned makahiki holo mōʻaukala

Spaceʻimi loa i ka lewa - i ka moe, a ninoaaeyao i ka manao o na kanaka he nui no nā haneri o ka makahiki. I ka poe mamao-mamao lā ka wā kanaka ke ike i ka hoku a me hoku a, e hilinai wale nō ma luna o kona hihio, ia i makemake e ike i ke awa hohonuʻeleʻele luahohonu o ka pouli lani lolo. hoomaka Dreams e hele oiaio nei.

Kokoke hoomaka koke a pau e alakai la he mana i kekahi ano o "na mea kaua lahui"ʻaneʻi: Ua ho'āʻo kānakaʻepekema, e kiʻi mamua o ko lākou nā hoapili mua o ko lākou hopena a me ka hoao kekahi mau manaʻo no ka laʻimi loa i ka lewa. Naʻe, i ka nahā i ua no: ka polokalamu "Apollo-Soyuz" ua e hōʻike i ke aloha ma waena o ka USSR, a me ka USA, e like me ka hana pū i ka hoʻomohala i ke ala no na kanaka i na hoku i ko lakou makemake.

Overview

Abbreviated inoa o ka? Ia? Aiiu - ka ASTP. Lele ua iʻikeʻia e like me ka "handshake ma ka lewa". I mau, ka "Apollo-Soyuz" ua i ka wiwo ole au manaʻauheʻe "Soyuz-19" a me na Amelika "Apollo". i nā lālā o ka huakaʻi, e lanakila nui ka pilikia, o ka loa nui o ka i i loko o ka loa okoa manao docking AYN. Akā, ma ka "papahana" ka mea i docked!

Maoli, ia mea he maʻamau hui 'ana ma waena o Soviet a me Amelikaʻepekema hoomaka i ka manawa o ka Launch o ka muaʻimi hoʻopunipuni ukali. 'Aelike ma luna o kekahi, he pono ole, maluhiaʻimi loa i ka lewa o ka mawaho la, i kakau inoa i ka 1962. I ka mea ia manawa, ua hiki e kaʻana i ka hopena o nā polokalamu a me kekahi mau manaʻo i loko o ka makahiki hana noiʻi.

Ka mua halawai o ka noiʻi

Ma ka Soviet Union, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia hoʻoili i ka laulima, he: Peresidena o ka Academy o Sciences (HE), ka mea kaulana MV Keldysh, e like me ka luna hoʻokele o ka National Aerospace oihana i (i loko o ke ao nei i ike ia NASA) Dr. Payne.

First halawai o na nāʻaha huiʻelele o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka Soviet Union i wahi i loko o ka hopena o Akuma ka makahiki 1970. 'Amelika nuʻukia alakai ma ke Poʻo o ka Center e hoʻokele ma ka Johnson Spaceʻauheʻe Dr. R. Gilruth. Ma kaʻaoʻao Soviet i noho ia e ka 'Aha no ka Study o International Space noho kia'āina (polokalamu "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. Ua Ua koke hana ami pūʻulu hana, nona ka papa kuhikuhi hana i, e kūkākūkā i ka manawa kūpono o ka interoperability a pau o Soviet a me ka 'Amelika spacecraft.

ʻO kēia ka makahiki, ua ma Houston, ua hoʻokumu 'o Hiro i ka hou halawai, i alakaiia e ka ua ike ia mai B. N. Petrov a me R. Gilruth. Hui o ka uhi i ke kumu o koi no ka manao hiʻona o manned spacecraft, e like me maopopo papa hoʻolaukahi he helu o nā nīnūnē e pili ana i ke kūlanaʻano o ke ola-kākoʻo nenoai. Ua laila, hoomaka ae la e kūkākūkā i ka manawa kūpono o ka ami nuʻukia me ka hope docking koa luina.

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ka polokalamu "Soyuz-Apollo", a i ka makahiki o ka lanakila o ka honua cosmonautics, ninau mai la i ka loiloi' ia o ka nui nui o oaoieei-a mau rula a me na.

Hopena a e pili ana i ka feasibility o ami manned hoʻii

I ka makahiki 1972, i ka Soviet a me Amelika aoao hookahi hou o ke kahua i kekahi halawai i i generalized a systematized i ka hana a pau i hanaia ma o ka wā i hala iho nei. I ka manaʻo hoʻoholo i pili ana i ka advisability o ke ami manned holo ua maikaʻi no ka polokalamu ua ua koho nei kama'āina moku. Pela i hanau i ka papahana "Apollo-Soyuz".

Omaka i ka polokalamu

Ua ua i loko o May 1972. A Mokuna berita i kakauinoa ia ma waena o mākou aupuni a me Amerika, hoomaopopo ana no ke ami hoi maluhiaʻimi loa i ka lewa o waho a puni. Eia hou, i ka aoao i hope hoʻoholo ihola ma kaʻaoʻao oaoieei-o ke kahe o ka holo "Apollo-Soyuz". Kēia manawa i ka'aheʻelele i alai ai ma kaʻaoʻao Soviet ua Academician K. D. Bushuev, Americans poe Dr. G. Lunney.

Iloko o ke anaina kanaka, hōʻike 'ka mea, me nā pahu hopu, i ka piʻi like o ka mea e e hoʻolaʻa ai i nā mea a pau hou hana:

• hooponopono nenoai hoʻokaulike oʻu ho'āʻo o ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohui moku i loko o ka lewa.
• O kéu ma "kahua" kūpono o ka 'akomi a me ka manuale docking.
• Ikea ai a me ka tuning enehana, ke hoʻololi e e ka hoʻololi astronauts mai ka moku a hiki i ka moku.
• Eia hoi, i ka hoʻomāhuahua o invaluable hana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka hui manned pokole mahuka ana. I ka "Soyuz-19" spaceship docked me ka "Apollo", loea, ua loaa i ka helu o ka waiwai 'ike, ka mea, e hoʻohana nui ma ka US Helu polokalamu.

Other mau mea o ka hana

Poe akamai, i waena o nā mea, makemake e hoao i ka manawa kūpono o ke kohoʻia i loko o ka lewa mea ano docked moku, e like me ka hoʻomaka kumupaʻa ikea ai o ka 'ōlelo nenoai ma kekahi machines. Eia hoi, ia meaʻano nui e hana interoperability ikea ai ma waena o Soviet a me Amelika nuʻukia e hooponopono nenoai.

Eia pehea e hoʻomōhala i nā hanana nui i ka manawa:

• I ka pau ana o May 1975 ka mea i paʻa i ka hālāwai hope loa, e kūkākūkā i kekahiʻaha hui nīnūnē. i ka palapala hope o ka piha mākaukau no ka lele, ua pūlima. Ua Ua kakauinoaia e: Academician VA Kotelnikov ma kaʻaoʻao Soviet, ka Americans i ka palapala endorsed e J. Lo .. Launch lā Ua hoonohoia no July 15, 1975.
• I kēia nui 15 hola a me 20 minuke, mai ka Baikonur cosmodrome i ana ee Soviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" E hoʻomaka me ke kōkua o ka lawe rocket "Saturn-1B". Time - 22 hola a me 50 minuke. Ka wahi ho omaka - Cape Canaveral.
• Ma nā lā ma hope o ka pau 'ana o nā mea a pau hoomakaukau hana, 19 hola a me 12 minuke o "Soyuz-19" docked. I ka 1975 ka mea wehe i ka au hou o ka lewaʻimi loa i ka lewa.
• Penei nō nā 'ana e haʻalele o ka "Union" o ka Honua ka Astronomical, ka hou docking "Soyuz-Apollo" Ua lawe mai, ma hope a ka mea lele ma ka oihana elua hou' ana e haʻalele. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua paʻa puehu ka mea, pau i ka polokalamu mahele.

I mau, ke holo manawa ua like penei:

• Soviet "Soyuz 19" mālama 'ia i loko o ka Astronomical 5 mau lā, 22 hola a me 31 minuke.
• "Apollo" paʻa i holo 9 lā, 1 ka hora a me 28 minuke.
• Ma ka hui 'ana o nā moku' ana i mālama pono 46 hola a me 36 minuke.

na luina

A, ano, o ka manawa, e hoole i ka inoa o ka luina lala o 'Amelika a me ka Soviet moku, a pepehi i ka hailona o ka pilikia, ua hiki ke hoʻopau ai i ke hoʻokō i nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao a pau o keia nui pokole polokalamu.

'Amelika moku he:

• Thomas Stafford. Amelika luina luna koa. An inā pilikia ka haumāna astronaut, i ka ha o ka lele.
• Vens Brand. He Pilot ke kauoha Module, ka mua mahuka.
• Donald Slayton. Ua i ka mea nana ua kuleana no kuleana docking ana, ka mea, ua i kona mahuka ana mua.

Ka 'ole o ka Soviet moku i komo i ke kēia astronauts:

• Alexei Leonov ua i ka luna koa.
• Valery Kubasov ua onboard lunaʻenehana.

Ua Soviet cosmonauts i mua i loko o ka Astronomical hookahi, no laila, i ka lele "Soyuz-Apollo" i ka lua no ia.

He aha ia mea ua ua lawe mai i loko o ka papa o ka ami mahuka?

• An hoʻokolohua i lawelawe 'ia, e ka loaʻa o ke ao o ka poe Pu: "Apollo" pani i ka malamalama, oiai ma ka "Union" study, a wehewehe i ka waiwai i kupu mai, mai keia.
• UV omo i? Anoee ma i na kaa ana aʻelaʻo ia ka maʻiʻo o'ātoma o oxygen, a naikokene i loko o ka Astronomical o ka Honua.
• Eia hou kekahi, he ua, ua mau ia mea ma i na kanaka noiʻi kulana kupono pehea weightlessness, i kaawale ai o kaʻume mākenēki ke kahua, a me ka lewa kūlana loli i ke kahe ana o liluwelo rhythms.
• No ka microbiologists nui hoihoi o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka? Ia? Aiiu hoolilo a me ka interchange o microorganisms ma lalo o weightless rula ma waena o nā kaa elua (Via ka docking wahi).
• Eia hoi, i ka holo ana o ka "Soyuz-Apollo" Ua 'ae' e noiʻi i nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka mea hao, a mea uholo uila mea i loko o ia kekahi ana. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka "makua kāne" o keia ano keia ano o ke kuka nei lakou i lilo loa-i waena o metallurgists K. P. Gurov, ka mea i manaoia e paa i kēia mau hana.

Kekahi oaoieei-lāliʻi

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka US moku like me ka hanu kinoea, maemae oxygen, oiai i loko o ka wahi lulu moku i ka lewa, kona haku mele 'ana mea'ālike i ka mea o ka Honua. Ke'ī mai, ka mea pololei hoʻololi mai kekahi kaa ua hiki ole i. Ua hōʻike hewa e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia he kūikawā hoʻololi pahu i ee aku i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka moku Amelika.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka Americans hope i ka lanakila o keia pae'ōnaehana manawa, i ka wa e pili ana i ko lakou I Helu Module. Ka wā hoʻololi i ka puʻe i loko o ka "Apollo" kānaka hookiekieia, a ma o ka "hui", ma ka Akä, ua kuu iho la i ka wa e hoohaunaele ana i ka oxygen ma ka maʻiʻo o ka naehana ukuhiia i 40%. E like me ka hopena, kanaka i ka manawa kūpono e ia i loko o ka malumalu Module (ma mua lakou komo ana i ka malihini moku) mea i ewalu hora, akā, minuke wale 30.

Ma ke ala, ina oe e hoihoi i loko o kēia moʻolelo, e kipa i ka Museum o Cosmonautics ma Moscow. Ua keia theme like ua hoʻolaʻa i ka nui e ku nei.

General History o Manned Space mahuka

Kēia 'atikala' Aʻole i accidentally hoopa ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o manned pokole mahuka. Ka holoʻokoʻa polokalamu ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna' ike, ua hiki ole i ka rula, ina e mālama '-ulu i loko o kēia kahua, o ka ike o ka i i loaa no ka makahiki. Wai "wālua i ke alanui", hoalohaloha aku i ka mea i hiki manned spaceflight?

E like me oe i ike, April 12, 1961, he hanana ana ia i kekahi maoli global manaʻo nui. Ma ia lā,ʻo ia lawe Yuri Gagarin manned holo ana ma luna o ka "Vostok" o ka mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao nei.

Ka lua o ka aina e i lawe mai like, he ka United States. Lākou spaceship "Mercury-Redstone 3", kahu moku, ma Alan Shepard, i ee aku i loko o ka Astronomical ka mahina ma hope, May 5, 1961. Ma February,ʻo ia a hemo mai Cape Canaveral ano "Mercury-Mea Maluna Iho 6", e hali ana i ka Dzhon Iwalani.

Ka mua mooolelo a me ka piʻi like

makahiki Two ma hope o Gagarin mua lele i loko o ka lewa wahine. Ka mea, ua Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Ua lele wale nō ma luna o ka moku "Vostok-6". Ke Launch Ua i June 16, 1963. Ma Amerika, o ka mua ka Luna o ka maikaʻi ke keka, ka poe i kipa ma ka Astronomical, Salli Rayd lilo. He ua he lâlâ o ka hui luina, i lele i ka 1983.

Kela manawa, March 18, 1965 i kekahi mooolelo i uhaʻi: i loko o ka makahiki i haalele ai ia Alexei Leonov. Ka wahine mua, ka mea i loko o ke kahua a puni, ua lilo Svetlana Savitskaya, e hoʻokō ia i ka makahiki 1984. Note i Ke na wahine i komo i loko o nā mea a pau me ka koe nae o ka ISS luina, e like me nā mea a pau i ka mea e pono ai ka 'ike ma luna o ka physiology o ka wahine kino i ohi ia ma ka makahiki, a astronauts no ka mea, ua i hooweliweli ola.

Ka loihi holo ana

A hiki i kēia lā, i ka loihi hookahi spaceflight noʻonoʻo i ka 437-po kahi lilelile i loko o ka Astronomical cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. He noho ma luna o ka "Aloha" mai January 1994 a hiki i Malaki 1995. Ka mooolelo no ka pono 'ia paha o nā lā lilo i loko o ka Astronomical, hou, e pili ana i na wahi lulu cosmonaut - Sergei Krikalev.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka hui lele, ma kahi o 364 mau lā o ka lele cosmonauts a me astronauts mai September 1989 a hiki i August 1999. No ka mea, ua maopopo i ke kanaka ke theoretically ola, a lele i Mars. Ano noiʻi e oi hopohopo e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka manaʻoʻike hoʻokaulike o ka luina.

Information ma ka mōʻaukala o ka makahiki moku ahikao holo

I ka lā, ka mea wale nō aina e i ka oi a emi holomua pae'ōnaehana hana o ka reusable makahiki moku ahikao papahana "Space moku ahikao" o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Ka mua holo ana o ka spacecraft o kēia puke, "Columbia" i wahi ma hope o kēia nui he iwakalua makahiki ma hope o Gagarin ka holo, April 12, 1981. USSR mua a wale manawa ee "Buran" i ka 1988. I holo He kū hoʻokahi i loko o ka mea ana i wahi i ka piha 'akomi pololei i loko, naʻe he mea hiki a me ka manuale piloting.

Ke exhibition, i hoike no ka pau moʻolelo "o ka Soviet kahua moku ahikao", hōʻike Space Museum ma Moscow. E kūkā iho ia ia e kipa i ka mea, ua ai nui na hana hoihoi 'mea!

Ka mea kiekie loa ka Astronomical ma kona kiekie wahi kīnā o ka hooholo ia ana o 1374 kilomika, ka mea, ua hiki 'Amelika moku ma luna o ka "Gemini 11". Ua hiki hoʻi i ka 1966. Eia hou, i ka "shuttles" mea pinepine ia no ka hoʻoponopono a me ka malama ana o "Hubble" telescope, ka wā e hana 'ano luna' manned poe mikanele ma ka kiʻekiʻena o ma kahi o 600 kilomika. More pinepine, i ka holo ana o ka spacecraft ka Astronomical mea ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 200-300 kilomika.

Note e koke aku ma hope o ka hana ana o "shuttles" ua i nā hoalaia ISS ka Astronomical i ke kiekie o 400 kilomika. O ke kumu ho i ka mea, ua hiki i ka paka i ka hoʻokōʻoihana kaʻa ma ka kiʻekiʻena o wale 300 kilomika i na shuttles, akā, i ka wahi i ku ai ia ia iho i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe,ʻaʻole he nui pono no i ka pa apŘ kiʻekiʻe o ka puni makahiki (ma ka makahiki he mau hae, o ka papa).

ina paha he de lawe mai kēlāʻaoʻao o ka Honua ka Astronomical?

Ma kela aoao o Honua ka Astronomical lele wale Americans ka wā i hana ' "Apollo" polokalamu Pahuhopu. Spacecraft i ka makahiki 1968 orbited o ka mahina. E noke i mai July 16, 1969, Americans lawe mai lākou Helu polokalamu, oiai i ka mea i lawe mai "mahina pae". I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1972, i ka polokalamu, uaʻelua mai, a kena ae la ka inaina Amelika ole wale, akā, i Soviet kānakaʻepekema i empathized me kā lākou nā hoapili.

E noke i loko o ka USSR, ua nui na ano papahana. I loko nō o ka aneane piha pau 'ana o ka nui o kēia mau "maikaʻi" no kā lākou manaʻo i ole, ua loaa ia.

Other "makahiki" o ka aina

China i ke kolu o ka makahiki mana. Ua hiki mai Okatoba 15, 2003, i ka wa a ka moku "Shenzhou-5" Ua hookuu ia ma luna o ke aouli o ka lewa. I mau, Chinese wa polokalamu nā lā hoʻi i ka 70s o ka hope ke kenekulia, akā, laila, a pau o ka n ieaie? De i ole ua hana.

Ma ka hopena o 90-ies o ko lākou mau kapuwaʻi ma keia ala e hiki aku i i e ka o ka poʻeʻEulopa, a me ka Japanese. Akā, kā lākou papahana, e hoʻoikaika i reusable manned spacecraft i pani ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o? Acaeoey, e like me ka Soviet-Russian "Soyuz" ua maʻalahi, i pakele, a ho'ēmi, kūpono i ka waiwai unreasonableness hana.

Space? Ecia, a me ka "uku makahiki"

Mai ka makahiki 1978, ma ka moku a me ka wahi o ka USSR / Russian Hui, a me ka Amerika Huipuia, ua lele astronauts mai ōlaʻi i ka'āina. Eia hou kekahi, nei ho onui ana momentum ai-kapaia "makahiki? Ecia" ka wā maʻamau (hana no ka kālā nā papaha) i kekahi kanaka ke hele aku e ike i ka ISS. I ka mea hou i hala i ka hoʻomaka o ka hooulu ana o ka like papahana hōʻikeʻia nō China.

Akā,ʻo maoli pīhoihoi, kena ae la polokalamu Ansari X-uku, a i ee aku i ka 1996. Ma kona hua'ōlelo koi 'ana i ka paulele i ka hoʻomana poe (me ke aupuni kākoʻo) ua hiki ke hoala mai (papalua) i ke kiekie o ka 100 kilomika o ka moku me kekahi luina o ekolu kanaka, a hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki 2004. Ka makana ua oi ma mua o respectable - 10 miliona dala. hoomaka koke More ma mua o nā kakini poʻe, a hiki uku kanaka e hoʻomōhala lākou pāhana.

Pela no, hoomaka ae la he hou mōʻaukala o astronautics, ma a ka "discoverer" o na cosmos ke theoretically lilo i kekahi kanaka.

Ka mua successes o "privateers"

No ka i ole i na manao maalea hoʻomohalaʻia e ia, e hele maoli mai la, kāki koi haneri o ka manawa uuku. Ka mea mua a pilikino moku SpaceShipOne i ee aku i loko o kakahiaka kauwela 2004. Created kona mau hoa a ho'ēmi 'pele ahupapa me.

Kohoʻia halawai "kipi theories"

It E e kaulana i na papahana (ʻaneʻane nō nā mea a pau i loko o mau) me ka nānā 'ole ma kekahi Aey? Acaeoey o kekahi "nuggets", a me ka hana ma luna o ka V-2 a me Soviet "Buran", a pau i ka palapala kuhikuhi i i hope 90s " koke "koke i loaʻa i ka lehulehu'āina'ē. Kekahi adherents wahi kāʻeʻaʻeʻa theories hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i lawe i ka USSR mai (unsuccessfully) ka mua manned Launch i kakahiaka nui me 1957-1959.

Aia mau no hoi unconfirmed hoike i ka Nazis hoʻomohala i loko o nā 40s papahana o Melia Kao lele lako kaua no ka ho'āhewa wale 'Amelika. Lono, he mea i kekahi o na pailota ma na ho'āʻo ma ua paa nae ka hiki ke kau i ka kiekie o 100 kilomika, i hana ia (ina ka mea, i) o ka cosmonaut mua.

"World" au

Hiki i keia manawa, i ka mōʻaukala o ka makahikiʻimi loa i ka lewa hale kūʻai 'ike ma luna o ka Soviet-Russian "Mir" wahi i ku ai, a ua maoli he hanana mea. Kona kūkuluʻia, ua akoakoa pau a 26 April 1996. A laila, i pili i ka wahi i ku ai i ka lima, i ka hope Module e hoike nei oe hoʻomaka luna 'haʻawina o nā kai, i ka moana a me ka Honua i ka nahele.

Ma ka "Mir" orbital ua 14,5 makahiki, i mea mau manawa oi aku ia mamua o ka n ieaie? Wā e ola ana. I nā mea a pau ia manawa wale scientific lako a pan i haawiia oi ma mua o 11 nā kana iā ia, Ua mālama 'ia ka noiʻi na umi o na tausani o ke kūlana ho okolohua, kekahi o ka poe i hoʻoholo ma mua i ka hooulu ana o ka honua' epekema no a pau na makahiki i hahai. Eia hou kekahi, astronauts a me astronauts lawe mai i ke koa 75 EVAs, ka huina lōʻihi like 'ole, he 15 lā.

I ka moolelo o ka ISS

Ma ka hana o ka International Space Station mai 16'āina komo. Ua nui loa na makana i kona hanaia'na ua hoʻopuka kālā Rusia, 'Eulopa (Kelemania, a France), e like me' Amelika mākaukau. Keia hale ua papahana no ka 15 makahiki o ka hana me ka manawa kūpono o ka hou.

Ka mea mua loa-kau huakaʻi i ka ISS i ee aku i ka hopena o October 2000. Kona papa lālā Ua kipa mua 42 lōʻihi-makahiki poe mikanele. It E e kaulana ia i loko o ka huakaʻi 13th i ke koa hiki Palakila astronaut Marcos Pontes, ka mea mua i loko o ke ao nei. He ua ana pau a pau o ka hana i manaoia no ia, a laila, hoʻi maila ia Honua i kekahi hapa o na hoa o ka 12th nuʻukia.

A pehea mōʻaukala i i spaceflight. Aia he he wahi lihi iki o discoveries a me ka lanakila, kekahi ua haawi i ko lakou mau ola no ka manaʻo kanaka, e mau loa i Ua hiki ke kapa aku i ka makahiki o kona hale. Kekahi hiki wale manaolana i ko kakou noho maikai ana, e hoʻomau kona noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi, a ua koke mākou e kali no ka colonization o kokoke kŘhele.