He aha mea he mea hoʻomaʻi? He aha ka mea, he o?

Na elele o ke aupuni o nā mea hoʻomaʻi - he kūikawā pūʻulu o ke ola 'ano apau loa. Ka mea, i ole wale he lahui hana kūikawā 'ole, akā, wehewehe aku no hoi ma kekahi mau' pūnao. Ma keia 'atikala, mākou e nana ACELLULAR ola palapala - he mea hoʻomaʻi. He aha ia mea me multiplies a me ka mea a Mānoa ia Radio ma ke ano maoli, oe e aʻo ma ka heluhelu ia.

Ka loaʻa o ka 'ole-ke kelepona hele ola' ano apau loa

Russian nä känaka 'epekema Dmitry Ivanovsky i ka 1892 aʻo ka pathogen o ka paka maʻi - paka mosaic. He loaʻa i ka pathogenic Agena mea,ʻaʻole he koʻohune, a me ka mea he kūikawā palapala, a laila inoa o ka mea hoʻomaʻi. Ma ka hopena o 19th kenekulia i kālaimeaola i ole hoʻohana microscopes me ka kiʻekiʻe olelo hooholo, no laila, ke nä känaka 'epekema ke i ike i kekahi lātoma mea he mea hoʻomaʻi, e like me ka ike a me ka wehewehe ia. Ma hope o e pili ana i ka huina'ine microscope i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ke ao nei i ike ai i ka mea mua 'elele o ka hou i ke aupuni, e ke kumu o na mea he nui weliweli a me ka intractable kanaka maʻi, e like me nā meaola ola: holoholona, mea kanu, koʻohune.

Ke kūlana o ka 'ole-ke kelepona hele ana i kālā i loko o ka taxonomy o wildlife

E like me ka olelo mua, e hui mau meaola i loko o ka lima o ka aupuni o ke ano - nā mea hoʻomaʻi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE morphological hiʻona ano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi -ʻaʻohe ke kelepona hele 'ole. Hiki i keia manawa, ke scientific ao nei, aole ia i pau ka hoopaapaa ana paha 'ole-ke kelepona hele ano o ka noho meaola i loko o ka piha ano o ka makahiki. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, na hoikeana a pau o ka metabolic e hiki ka mea, ma hope o anal i loko o ka halepaahao e ola ana wale nō. Up a hiki i keia wahi na nā mea hoʻomaʻi hoi e like mea o ka mea ola 'ano: ka mea, e mai i metabolic reactions, ka mea e ole Kamakawiwo Ole. I ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, me nā kānakaʻepekema, he okoa kau o ka nīnau: He aha mea he mea hoʻomaʻi, ka mea i loko o kona iwi, a ua aia i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻi huna? Pane i loaa mai i ka hopena o ka makahiki o ka noiʻi a me ka ike maopopo ana, i malama ia e like me ke kumu no ka hou 'epekema ana. Ua lae ma ke kuʻina o ka kālaimeaola a me ka lapaau, a ua kapaia virology.

mall hiʻona

Ka 'aoʻao o "a pau ano akamai Ua puni hoʻi" pololei pili ana i ka ole-ke kelepona hele ola' ano apau loa. Ka mea hoʻomaʻi nā nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma - DNA a RNA, kumuʻiʻo lole komoʻuʻuku nonaʻili lahilahi. He mea ole i kona iho ikehu a me ka kumuʻiʻo synthesizing nenoaiu. Me ka pūʻali aeea me ka mea hoʻomaʻi e mai i kekahi hoailona o ke ola waiwai:ʻaʻohe hanu,ʻaʻohe ulu,ʻaʻohe irritability a me nā'ōlelo. I keia a pau ua, ka mea wale nō i kekahi mea i loaʻa i ka luahi - he ola aeea, e hoʻopio i kona pūnao o kona nukeleaʻakika, a ho'ōla luku aku. I hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, ka mea hoʻomaʻi wahī kumuʻiʻo ua haku o nā lātoma ua kauoha 'ole (na mea nā mea hoʻomaʻi).

Inā o ka haku mele 'ana o ka iwi kikowaena i lipoprotein subunits, i mea nae kekahi hapa o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi o ka kaua aeea, ua kapaia ia nā mea hoʻomaʻi hui (konohiki o ka puʻupuʻu a me ka hepatitis B). Pinepine i loko o kaʻilikaiʻili lahilahi o ka mea hoʻomaʻi komo a me glycoproteins. Ka mea hana i kekahi kuleana pili i ka hōʻikeʻana. Ke'ī mai, e like me ka iwi, a me ka mea hoʻomaʻi nō hoʻi komo o nā lātoma o ka ke aloha ke keʻena - kumuʻiʻo a nukelea nāʻakika (DNA ole RNA).

Pehea nā mea hoʻomaʻi komo i loko o ola keena

Mua nānā mākou i ka mall hiʻona o ka iwi o ka intracellular parasite. A mea hoʻomaʻi ninoieo o ke aloha nā lātoma a me liluwelo hope, a me kona ili honua 'ole he kūikawā nā polokina, plasmalemma hoomaopopo i ka halepaahao ola. No laila, 'ole-ke kelepona hele pepa lakou aloha ia kekahi' ano o ka keena o kekahi? Ueo o meaola. No ka laʻana, canine distemper nā mea hoʻomaʻi mai i oweliweli ka pilikia i kanaka ola. Loko o ka parasite komo i ka halepaahao i loko o kekahi mau aoao:

1. Ka hoʻokuʻi pū o kona wahī i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi (maʻi palū mea hoʻomaʻi).
2. By pinocytosis (causative Agena o ka poliomyelitis holoholona).
3. Ma hope o ka halepaahao paia pōʻino (kanu nā mea hoʻomaʻi).

ka multiplication o nā mea hoʻomaʻi

Once parasite ku i ka hīnaʻi manu, kona nukeleaʻakika lātoma, wedging ma ka nucleus genome, hoʻolele 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ke kumuʻiʻo (particles) a kāhea biosynthesis iho nā polokina. Ua hoʻohana ribosome nā lātoma o ATP, tRNA puali aeea. Ma ia laua, i ka iho mailoko o halepaahao ka hope o hereditary 'ike. Hoole ana o ka kumuʻiʻo a me nukeleaʻakika nā mea hoʻomaʻi iloko kapaia noonoo ole. Lākou (particles) hoʻohui pū RNA, i koke hōʻike ana me ribosomal subunits o ka poʻe kaua keena, a induces ka biosynthesis o nā lātoma o ka mea hoʻomaʻi kumuʻiʻo.

I ka hopena o ke kaua o ka pathogen ma luna o ka halepaahao i hui o ka DNA a RNA mea hoʻomaʻi (particles) me kā lākou mau kumuʻiʻo. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka lānai hou i hana mea hoʻomaʻi kikowaena nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma, (particles) kapa komo iā ia kauoha proteids. Kaʻili lahilahi o ka kaua aeea ua luku, o ka halepaahao make, akā, i uē helu ia mai nā mea hoʻomaʻi iho mailoko ola keena o ke kino.

Nana e hoole kŰia hope

I ka hoʻomaka o ke ao o na elele o ke aupuni o ka naʻauao i nā mea hoʻomaʻi i hakuʻia o nā keena, akā, ho okolohua D. Ivanovsky hoike i hiki ole ai ka pathogens e hoʻohanohano me ke kōkua o microbiological kānana: ua hala ka pathogens ma kā lākou mau ili, aʻikeʻia i loko o ka filtrate, i noho virulent waiwai.

Hou haʻawina i ua hoʻokumu 'ia e ka mea i ka mea hoʻomaʻi ua haku o nā lātoma o ke aloha a me ka mea e hoike ana i na hoailona o ke ola waiwai ma hope o kona pololei anal i loko o ka halepaahao wale. Ma ka mea,ʻo ia i hoʻomaka e hoonui. Hapanui RNA nā mea hoʻomaʻi mahuahua iho la lakou e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, akā, i kekahi o ia mau mea, e like me ke kōkua iā ia, mea hoʻomaʻi, pono DNA hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka nucleus o ka puali aeea. O kŰia ua kapaʻia aʻe replication. Next, i loko o ka DNA lātoma ua synthesized a me RNA-mea hoʻomaʻi, akā, e loaʻa, e hoʻomakaʻaha kanaka o ka mea hoʻomaʻi kumuʻiʻo subunits, ho okumu i kona wahī.

hiʻona bacteriophages

He aha mea he bacteriophage - ka halepaahao a me ka mea hoʻomaʻi? He aha ka mea i loko o kēia 'ole-ke kelepona hele ano o ke ola? Pane i kēia mau nīnau e like penei: ia mea he mea hoʻomaʻi i iho mailoko wale prokaryotic meaola - koʻohune. Ka 'ole o kona makemake ana ia mea nona. Ka mea hoʻomaʻi Ua haku o nā lātoma o ka ke aloha waiwai, a ua lilo i ekolu: o ka poo, ke koʻokoʻo (Nānā ') a trailing pae. Ma ka mua hapa - poo - o ka DNA lātoma. ʻO kēia hihia loaa malaila he puha mau lala. Caudal ka pae pili ia, 'oi aku ka pili' o Randy me ka mea hoʻomaʻi mea loaʻa loci wai kokoʻili lahilahi bacterium. I ka rula o ka hana kohu he bacteriophage 'ohe. Ma hope o ka ho'ēmiʻana uhi i ka DNA lātoma kumuʻiʻo misses na puha laau, a laila injected i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka pale aeea. Ano, i ka iho mailoko o bacterium e synthesize i ka mea hoʻomaʻi DNA a me nā polokina, a e inevitably e alakai i kona demise.

E like me ka meaola i malama ia iho e ku e ia mea hoʻomaʻi nā mea palahēhē

Nature Ua hana kekahi kūikawā maluhia pono, kue mea hoʻomaʻi maʻi o nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona kānaka. Pathogens lakou ia lakou iho i ko lakou keena like antigens. Ma muli o ia i ke alo o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i loko o ke kino produces immunoglobulins - aiiay nā mea'aʻaʻa. Nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana - ka thymus, lymph aka wahi - e pane i ka mea hoʻomaʻi kaua, a he hoʻonui i ka hooulu ana o aiiay nā polokina - interferon. Mau waiwai inhibit i ka ulu o ka mea hoʻomaʻi (particles) a inhibit lākou ka hoʻonuiʻana. He mau 'ano o aiiay reactions kūkā mai luna hai aku i ka humoral e hoʻonele. Kekahi ano o ka hoomalu ana - aeea. White koko keena, macrophages, neutrophils mēkene ka mea hoʻomaʻi (particles) a me ka hoʻopili aku iā lākou.

Meaning nā mea hoʻomaʻi

Ua mea i uhi malu ia ia mea ka hapanui io. Mauʻoi loa-pathogenic huna (15 a hiki i 450 HI), i nanaia wale nō i loko o ka huina'ine microscope kumu i ka pōkē pua o ka hoʻopōʻino a me ka intractable maʻi ole, koe nae meaola na i loko o ke ao nei. Penei, ma ke kanaka nā mea hoʻomaʻi lakou aloha nui nā loko a me nā 'oihana, e like me ko mākou hopohopo (rabies, encephalitis, polio)'ōnaehana paleʻea (kōkua iā ia,), digestive (hepatitis), naehana (maʻi palū, adenoinfektsii). Animals kiʻi maʻi moo, mai ino, a me nā mea kanu - heʻano o ka necrosis, kikokiko, mosaic.

Ke 'ano o ka elele o ke aupuni i ole, ua aʻo a hiki i ka hopena. Ka maopopo o ka mea i hiki i keia manawa wehe houʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi a diagnose i ka maʻi,ʻaʻole mua pilikia. No ka laʻana, ma ka hapalua like-20th kenekulia ma Africa ka mea, uaʻike Zika mea hoʻomaʻi. Ua Ua Aia i loko o ke kino o ka makika i i iho mailoko o ka wā e nahu mai kānaka a me nā mammals. Symptoms o ka maʻi hōʻike i ka Agena e loli ai kuhikuhi i nā māhele o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a me nā kumu o neonatal microcephaly. People mea i nā moku halihali mokulele o keia mea hoʻomaʻi, e hoomanao oe i ka mea, ho oweliweli kekahi ikehu kamepiula no lakou i na hoalawehana, e like me ma ka 'inikua hana hoike hihia o ka moe EYI o ka maʻi.

Ma ka maikaʻi kūlana o nā mea hoʻomaʻi nā kā lākou hana ma ka kaua e kū'ē i ka pest ioeo ma aaiaoe wilikî.

Ma keia hana, i haʻiʻia mākou e ia he mea hoʻomaʻi mai i ia mea he huna, pehea meaola hoʻopale ai lakou ia lakou iho e ku e ia pathogens. Mākou i hōʻike 'i ke kūlana pâʻani' o ia ma ka 'ole-ke kelepona hele ano o ke ola ma ka ano.