He nui na holoholona i? Aneii mentor hana?

Kula Kaiapuni 'o nā lālā o ka' epekema Hana? Aneii cultivars, breeds o ka aina holoholona a me ka mea koʻohune ke kanana nei i hoʻohana nā kiʻina hana kuʻuna a me ka pukaʻana a me ka mea hiki 'ana i kūpono. Ka mea, e kuhikuhi hilinaʻi ma luna o ka mea koho hana. Ma nā'ōlelo, e mālama nei ia mea me nā mea kanu, he nä känaka 'epekema ke hoʻohana nuipa a koho a iaoia Mentor, no ka mea i loko o na holoholona a me microorganisms ia i kūpono i hoʻohana mea i kaupalena' ia, a me kekahi manawa,ʻaʻole i hoʻohana i nā mea a pau.

Ka Pahuhopu o keia 'atikala mea e möakäka hou i ka ninau o paha kēiaʻano o ka? Aneii, like me ka ano o ka mentoring, ia mea theoretically hiki, a kokoke hiki i ka ho okumu hou a hoʻoikaika na breeds o nā holoholona, puaa a me nā manuʻaiʻia.

No ha animal? Aneii

Lohe nuiʻia i loko o ka 'epekema kaiāulu i ka hana o Charles Darwin "Hoʻololi i ka holoholona a me ka mahi mea kanu ma lalo o ka aoao o ka domestication," kākau i loko o ka hapalua like-19th kenekulia, ka mea, ua nō koi heluhelu ana i ka mea a pau Wiliau Hōkū o kēia noiʻi pū ma ka mea hiki hanana. Ua hōʻike 'o ka papa kuhikuhiE? Aneii i kūpono: hybridization, heterosis a me ka inbreeding ma muli iʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho.

Ma ia mea me nā holoholona ka mea, ua käpae 'e pili papakaukau ano, e like me ka mau o ka makua kanaka pele haawi he uuku ka nui o hybrids, kēlā me ka kekahi cia i loko o ka mea like paha. E hoomaopopo iho kakou i poina i na lala o na papa o ka manu a me mammals, a holo nōhie nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE mea o ka? Aneii, ano wale no ka moe nā'ōlelo. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i nā kiʻina hana ka nānā' ana ma luna o vegetative ano (pau, i opuu ae, pakui), no na holoholona mea unacceptable. E hana me ka ninau ana ina paha e hoʻohana i? Aneii holoholona mentor iaoia makemake e Logical i mua loaʻa mai i ka pā o kēiaʻano hana.

mea aʻo hana

Ke poʻokela Russian nä känaka 'epekema breeder I. V. Michurin, maikaʻi loa haʻawina i poe kumu kahua o ke ao' epekema, noi hoʻomāka vegetative rapprochement ma waena o nā mea kanu elua o kekahi mauʻano likeʻole. E like me ka hopena, hoomaka ae la na mau kanaka, e loaʻa hou no oe ia oe iho i nā hiʻona a me ka waiwai. No ka laʻana, e hoʻololi i ke kinona, ka nui a me ke kala ana i ka hua, e like me kā lākou mea e like ai flavoring. Ma pakuiia auanei lakou i ka lei o ka mea kanu rootstock, I. V. Michurin ua hiki ke hana i nā papa hana ma a ma lalo iho hoʻomaka e loaa māhuaola mai ka makua manu.

I keia mea i ka hopena? Acoeueoao mea e hoʻololi i ka papa o metabolic reactions ma aeee a me nā'aʻaʻa pakuiiaʻokiʻoki, a nolaila kona phenotypic ano. Ka luna-i ho'ākāka 'ano o ka vaccination ua lilo iaʻikeʻia i loko o ka mea kanu? Aneii like me ka ano o ka mentor.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hanaia ana o houʻano likeʻole o nā hua

Kekahi o ka mea mua i lawe I. Michurin i ka makahiki 1908, i keʻano o ke kii onohi-Kitaika Bellefleur. E like me ka scion sapling breeder i ka 'Amelikaʻano likeʻole Bellefleur yellow me ka poʻokelaʻono. Seedling rootstock mālama lākou Kitaika nui-hua - Localʻano likeʻole kuu i loko o ka mokuna o Central Rusia. Kona papa kuhikuhi pono e, he anu ia'ku a me ka ia'ku i ka nui maʻi kii onohi - pehu pala a me ka powdery ka punahelu. Ana i ke ano o ka mentor, o ka haumana i ka hopena o ka hybridization ua he houʻano, ka mea e pono hakuloli ia ka hoʻohalahala climatic olelo ma ka akau lakikū, hui me ka kiʻekiʻeʻaiʻana i ka hua. Michurinist kii onohiʻano likeʻole i ka hau-keʻokeʻoʻiʻo o ka meaʻaiʻana me ka akahai meaʻai aroma.

Ma keia moʻomeheu no ka oi ma mua o ke kenekulia mau ia e ulu ana ma kekahi hale, Rusia,ʻaʻole wale nō akā, i Ukraine,'Ararata, ka North Caucasus republics. Mala mahalo 'keia ano no hoi no ka kūpono kiʻekiʻe e haawi i ko a me ka ia'ku i ka hau. Ma ka? Aneii wahi, a? Eeiae o ka hua Mahikō Bellefleur-pulupulu mea i hoʻohana ua like me ka rootstock i loko o ka hybridization kaʻina hana, no laila ia i hanaia ma kahi o 13 houʻano likeʻole.

AIM a me nā Pahuhopu o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana e loaa ana directional hapalua mea kanu

Ma muli o ka mea ma luna o kūʻiʻo, e lilo ia i hoike loa nui mana hana I. V. Michurina, ka mea i ulu ole wale i ka mentor hana, akā, kekahi i aku la ia ia i kekahi o na alakai ana ma ka? Aneii o houʻano likeʻole o ka hua a me ka berry meakanu.

Ho okolohua mau hope nä känaka 'epekema - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova a me nā koʻokoʻo o All-Russian Ho oholo Wae Research Institute o? Aneii hua ulu ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i nā Pahuhopu e e loaʻa i ka hopena o ka palapala noi o ki ina hana like pahuna hoʻonaʻauao' ia 'o ka hapalua Mahikō.

Ka loa nui o kēia nā: hoohaahaaia iho la adverse phenotypic kāna moʻolelo i loko o hapalua kanaka, e like me mālama 'ka makemake waiwai no kekahi kanaka ma ka mea kanu i laweʻano likeʻole. Generalizing i ka hopena o ka lehulehu mea kanu? Aneii, ka noiʻi i hele mai i ka hoomaopopo ana o kekahi kanawai e pili ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana o vaccinations ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. E mākou huli ia i loko o au mamuli.

Nā kūlana no ka loaa ana vegetative hybrids

E ho ohana i ke ano o ka mentor ma ka holoholona? Aneii, ia mea e pono ke lawe i ka mooolelo o ka kēia mau rula:

• mea kanu, a lawe ōhāhā a mohala (scion) pono e vegetatively opiopio, i mua aku 1-2 makahiki, a like me ka mentor o na makahiki o ka i ka hua o ka laau;
• kokoke vegetative inoculum pakele pono, hoopaa mai i ka nui helu o na lala rootstock, ka hoʻolako 'ole i phenotypic kāna moʻolelo educability mea kanu.

Aie i ka mea ma luna o keia breeders hikiʻole e hana i ka hua a me ka berry meakanu hoʻokele waiwai waiwai waiwai. E like me kekahi o ka loa a me ka hanohano na aoao o ka? Aneii houʻano likeʻole o ka ulu, i kēia hana, Eia naʻe, ua no poorly maopopoʻia ke kālā no biochemists a me ka cytology.

'aʻaʻa 'enekinia,

Ma ka ninau o ke? Aneii holoholona hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke ano o ka mentor paha ole, i ka pane mea ole. Mea i loko o kēia mau mea, he mau haʻawina ma luna o biotechnology pili clone, a laila i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka'ōpū mai (kekahi a oi somatic aeee), he piha kope o ka meaola. Ma keia hihia, ke analogy me ka vegetative propagation o ke kanu meaola palapala, e like me ka holoholona loko clone ninoieo o homogeneous genotype keena. Ike maopopo i loko o ke kahua o ka'aʻaʻa a aaiaoe 'enekinia, ua lawe mai ma ka ulu ana ia i loko o ka nutrient meakino. Chromosomes Kora naʻEsau hūnā a pau hereditary 'ike o ka meaola, a' o ia hoʻi ia oe hiki wale i ka hookahi aeea loa nui helu o na kanaka e - kope.

Ano holoholona? Aneii 'ana i kūpono

I. V. Michurin nui ka mentor iaoia wale nō no ka hoʻohana i ka ho okolohua me ka kanu meaola, ina oi kekahi, ia mea he hua a me ka berry meakanu. E like me ka makou i olelo mua, holoholona noiʻi i kona iho i Kekahi Mau '. Mua a poʻokela o ka nele o vegetative propagation i kiekie ae vertebrates.

E pono e hoomanao i ko lakou mau kino i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe degere o ka hoʻohui 'ana o nā mea a pau nā loko, a nenoai, no laila, he loli i loko o hoʻokahi kāna moʻolelo i ho'ākāka' kino ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mentor e inevitably e alakai i nui ka haunaele ma ka nenoai pili anatomically a physiologically. Ma ka hana pono, i ka manaʻo makemake e kūpono e hana me na holoholona kēia mau kiʻina hana, oia hoi: inbreeding (inbreeding) a me ka mamao hybridization. Me Kinohi hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu ana i laina maemae a me ka no hoi loaa i ke kanawai o ke heterosis, a ua hoʻohana' ia ka lua no ka Napuelua i hou holoholona breeds.