Lūkini biologists a me kā lākou mau discoveries

Lūkini biologists Ua i kekahi makana nui i ka honua 'epekema. Ma kēia 'atikala e kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana i ka nui inoa, oe e ike kela kanaka i mea hoihoi i loko o flora a? Aaoa. Lūkini biologists, me biographies a me ka piʻi like o ka mea au e aʻo, a hooili i ka muli iho hanauna e noiʻi i keia hana hoihoi 'epekema.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Kēia kanaka i loko o ka Soviet manawa, nele i hoike. Naʻe, kēia manawa,ʻaʻole mea hiki ke olelo aku ia Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (makahiki o ke ola - 1849-1936) i hana mai i ka kumumanaʻo o ka luna ua'emi ko ha awina. Eia hou, ua palapala mai ia i ka moʻo o ka palapala ma ka physiology o digestion a me ke koko holo. He ua ka mua Lūkiniʻepekema loaa ka Nobel lua no e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o digestive maomeka.

Ho okolohua ma'īlio

He nui ka poe hoomanao i kona ike maopopo ana ma luna o nā'īlio. Ma keia mea, i hana mai olalo i Cartoons a meʻApelila ia i loko o ko mākou'āina, a me kahi e. Kela a me keia manawa e kamailio ana instincts, e hoomanao Pavlov ka ilio.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich ia i ka 1890 i hoomaka ai e komo i loko o ia mea ma luna o kēia mau holoholona. He hoʻohanaʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau 'ana i kūpono, e wehe i na ilio mai o ka esophagus. I ka wa i holoholona hoomaka ai ana, i ka'ōpū i i kiʻi i ka ai, akā, kū mālie ihola ka gastric wai, mai ka hana fistula.

Over manawa, Pavlov ka ho okolohua lilo hou Uluwehi O. He i hoomakaukauia ka ilio, e halawai me kekahi mau ano e mawaho stimuli, e like me he bele Ringer e me ka makaʻala loa e pili ana i ka imminent ai ana. Mahalo i keia, i elaborated ka holoholona i hoʻoponopono reflex: kaʻai mea akaka koke ma hope o ka leo kahea. E like me ka ike ana i ka ai, i ka ilio hoʻomaka e ku mai, mai ka fistula gastric wai.

Feature Pavlova 'ana i kūpono

Ka makamake nui Pavlova hoʻomanaʻo oia i ka nui, e hoike ana ia i pili ia me ka noʻonoʻo 'keʻano o ka hanaʻana o physiological haʻawina. Nā hopena o na mea he nui haʻawina i hoopaa i ke ola ana o keia palapala. Pavlov ka hana, hōʻike no keʻano papa hana ana a he mea digestion, ua haawi impetus i ka muli o ka hou hema ma ka 'epekema - physiology o luna ua'emi ko ha awina. Ivan Petrovich oi ma mua o 35 makahiki o kona olaʻana a hiki i kēia kekahi wahi.

Me Kinohi, aʻo

I ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i hānau i loko o Ryazan, September 14, 1849 kona mau kūpuna ma ka maternal a me ka paternal laina, he mau kahuna, hoolilo i ko lakou ola i ka Lūkini Orthodox Church. Pavlov puka 'o ia mai ka Ryazan ka uhane kula i ka 1864, alaila, komo i ke Kulanui' o ka mea ia kulanakauhale, a ma hope i olelo mai ai me ka mehana. A i kona noho ana i loko o ka makahiki hope, au heluhelu i ka hana o Sechenov "Reflexes o ka Brain." He huli ma luna o kona wā e hiki mai ke ola.

e piʻi like Pavlova

Kana hana mua ia i paʻi i ka 1923, a ma ka 1926 kūkulu kokoke Leningrad liluwelo Station ka Soviet aupuni. Here Pavlov hoomaka ae la i kona noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o neural haʻawina a me ka hana aaiaoe? Keko (anthropoids). Eia hou,ʻo ia i hana i loko o ka haukapilaʻo psychiatric.

It E e kaulana i Pavlov i loko o ke kula o ka ike o ka lolo no e kokoke i ka nui na makana a mau loa aku. E ho ohana iʻepekema ano o keia nä känaka 'epekema' ā ka 'epekema e ike hou aku e pili ana i noʻonoʻo, nā kīnānā, e like me ka outline aoao, e pono ia lakou. Academician, me ke kākoʻo o ke aupuni o ka USSR, ua komo i ka waiwai e pono ai no ka mahele. Ua 'ae' ia e e hoʻokahuli aupuni discoveries.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Great Lūkini biologists mai a puni ka honua - e Aloha Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a me Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Ma ka mua o kēia mau mākou i hai ia. Hoike aku i ka mea heluhelu a me ka lua.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (makahiki o ke ola - 1845-1916) - he kaulana Lūkini microbiologist a me ka pathologist. I ka makahiki 1908ʻo ia i kumu kāki i ke Nobel lua no Medicine a me Physiology makana (me Kāʻeokūlani, me Paul Ehrlich). Kēia 'ihiʻihi ia nā kumu kāki Mechnikov loaa no e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o maoli e hoʻonele.

I ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i hānau i loko o ke kauhale, kahi kokoke i Kharkov, May 3, 1845. I ka 1864, Mechnikov Ilya Ilich ia i puka 'o ia mai Kharkov University, a laila aʻo ma ka Oihana o nā kulanui o Munich, Göttingen a me Giessen. hele no hoi Mechnikov i Italia, kahi āna i aʻo embryology. Kokua aku la oia i kona doctoral dissertation i ka 1868. Mai 1870 a hiki i 1882, ua hana me he nä känaka 'epekema ma Odessa. Eia, ma ka Novorossiysk University, oia ua he Kumu o ka zoology. Nä känaka 'epekema ana alu scientific hana ao ana me. I ka 1886, pu me NF Gamaleia ia i hoʻonohonoho i ka bacteriological koa, ka mea mua i loko o Rusia. Ke nä känaka 'epekema neʻe akula iā Paris i ka makahiki 1887, a me ka makahiki ma hope ma ke kono ana o Louis Pasteur hoomaka ae la e hana i kona kula, kahi, alai ae i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Mai ka 1905 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov i hope luna hoʻokele o ke kula.

Ka mua hana Ili Ilicha kākau ihola ma luna o Invertebrate Zoology (coelenterates a me ka huahuakai), e like me evolutionary embryology. He nona fagotsitelly kumumanaʻo (i ke kumu o multicellular meaola). Ke nä känaka 'epekema ike i ka kŰia o ka phagocytosis, i mea ke omo o aeee ola a me ka unicellular meaola a (particles) e phagocytes - kūikawā keena, a loaʻa, no kekahi laʻana, kekahi mauʻano o keʻokeʻo koko keena. Ma muli o kēia kumumanaʻo, Metchnikoff ke kino me ka kekahi - me nā pathology o ka li nui.

He nui na hana i kākauʻia e Iley Ilichom ma bacteriology. He ike maopopo ia ia iho, e like me ka hopena o ka i hoike mai ia Vibrio cholerae o ka causative Agena o Asiatic cholera. Ilya Ilyich make iho la o July 2, 1916 ma Palika.

He aha nā Lūkini biologists, ua ku pono o ka manao? Mākou e kaumaha i ka halawai i kekahi o ia mau mea.

Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky

'O kēia kekahi nui Lūkini nä känaka' epekema, nona ka inoa, ua hiki ole e hōʻike 'ia. Kovalevsky ua he zoologist,ʻo ia hana ma ka imperial Academy o Sciences, academician o ka mea maʻamau.

Hânau 'ia Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich i ka 1840, ma ka 19 November. He loaa i kona iniiaiie hoʻonaʻauao ma ka hale, a laila, hoʻomau i kona mau haʻawina i loko o ka hihia o alahao nā kānakaʻenehana. Aleksandr Onufrievich hele mai i ka 1859 a me ka helu ma St. Petersburg University (Keʻena o Natural Sciences). I ka wā mai ka 1860 a hiki i 1862, ua aʻo me ka kaua Kovalevsky, Carius a me Bunsen ma Heidelberg, laila, i loko o Leydig Kvenshteta, Luschka a me kameleona ma Tübingen.

I ka 1862, Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich puka 'o ia mai ke aʻo ma St. Petersburg University, a i ukali ia e ka' ohana ka palekana o ko haku, a me ka doctoral theses. I ka makahiki 1868, Kovalevsky lilo i Kumu o ka zoology. I loko o keia manawa, ua hana ia ma ke Kulanui o Kazan.

No ka manawa, mai ka makahiki 1870 a hiki i 1873 loaʻa i ka holo ana a hiki i Algiers a me ke Kaiula me ka 'epekema manao. I ka 1890, ma hope o kekahi huakaʻi kahi'ē,ʻo ia i koho i kekahi lala o ka imperial Academy o Sciences, a ua hookoia i ka inoa o ka academician o ka mea maʻamau. I ka 1891 oia i ka noho ana o histology i loko o kona aina o St. Petersburg University.

Ka hapa nui o ka hana o ke nä känaka 'epekema hoolilo i ka embryology, o ka oi aku invertebrates. Lilo ma ka 1860s, ke study loaa germ papa i loko o kēia mau meaola. Kovalevsky noiʻi i loko o nā makahiki i hoʻomōhala i ka wehewehena o phagocytic a me ka secretory nā loko ma invertebrates.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Kēia kanaka no a hiki i ke ao ana o ke hoʻonele o nā mea kanu, e like me kā lākou mau kumu o ko ke ao nei-oaio? A. Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich ike i ke kānāwai o hereditary loli ma meaola a me homologous moʻo. Kēia kanaka i i ka makana nui a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i liluwelo? Ueo. He hana i ka loa kilakila ohi ana o na anoano o okoa ulu i loko o ke ao nei. 'O kēia kekahi nä känaka' epekema i hoonani aku la lakou i ka inoa o ko mākou'āina.

me Kinohi Vavilov

Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich i hānau i loko o Moscow ma November 25, 1887 ma ka ohana o ka lua o kaʻahahui kālepa a me ka lehulehu huahelu Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. Kēia kanaka i kekahi kanaka maoli o na kauwa. Ma mua o ke kipi o 1917, oia hana like me ka luna hoʻokele o ka poe "e wehe a me Vavilov", hoʻoili i loko o nā mea hana o ka home. Postnikova Aleksandra Mihaylovna, makuahine o ke nä känaka 'epekema, ua Ua he ohana-meaʻoki artist. 7 keiki A nui a Ivana Ilicha ohana, akā, make iholaʻekolu o ia i loko o kamaliʻi.

Study a me ka mea i ao ai

Helu hoʻonaʻauao Nikolai loaa kekahi kalepa kula, a laila, hoʻomaka e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ka Moscow Mahiai Institute. Puka 'o ia i ka 1911, a laila, hoʻomau i ka hana ma ke kula, ma ka Oihana o kekahi mahiʻai. Vavilov i ka 1917, hoomaka ae la e haʻi'ōlelo ma ke Kulanui o Saratov, a me ka mai 1921 i hana ma Petrograd. All-Union Institute o Plant Nikolai alai ae la a hiki i 1940. Makani hoʻi ma ka makahiki hoolilo ia i loko o ka 1919-20 ao, ia i ho'ākāka 'ia a pau mahi mea kanu o ka Volga māhele, a me ka hikina o ka Volga.

Vavilov ka huakaʻi

Nikolai Vavilov 20 makahiki (mai ka 1920 a hiki i 1940) alakaʻi i ka huakaʻi e noiʻi i nā mea kanu o Central Asia, ke Kaiwaenahonua, a me kekahi poe e ae. Ma kekahi o ia ka mea, ua i ka makahiki 1924 ma Afghanistan. Ke kūpono i nā E ae kānakaʻepekema, e hooholo i ke kumu a me ka laha ana o mahi mea kanu. Kēia, e nui kōkua i ka hana hou ia o botanists a me breeders. Collection o nā mea kanu ohiʻImi Loa kikowaena oi ma mua o 300 tausani. Eia kekahi laʻana. Ua Ua waiho ia ma ka VIR.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

Vavilov i ka 1926 ua lanakila ka Lenin o ka hana hoolilo a hiki i ka e hoʻonele o ke kumu o ka mahi mea kanu, e like me ke kānāwai o homologous puke, wehe ia. He loaa i ka helu o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' a me kekahi mau mekala. Eia naʻe, e kū'ē i nā aʻo o ke kai eʻe a hemo aku ma kona mau haumana etc. Lysenko a kākoʻo ma ka aoao ideologues. Ua Ua olelo ku e mai i ka noiʻi i loko o aaiaoe?. I ka 1940, ka me kēia hana o Vavilov Ua 'ōlelo me ka hopena. He Ua hoopiiia o sabotage, a ua hopuʻia. Ke nä känaka 'epekema nui i hoomakaukauia no ka paakiki ola i loko o nā makahiki. He make i loko o ka hale paʻahao i loko o Saratov mai ka pololi i ka 1943.

hoʻopulapula nä känaka 'epekema

11 mahina o ka hoomau noiʻi e ku e ia ia. Iloko o keia manawa oi ma mua o 400 manawa Vavilov kahea i loko no ka ninaninau ana. Nikolai Ivanovich, ma hope o ka make, i hoole hoi he hookahi lua kupapau. He Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia a me ka poe i paa pu. Vavilov i ka 1955 i rehabilitated, a pau i ka malama ana o ka hana e ku i ke kipi, ua, ua wehe 'ia. Kona inoa i loko pono'ī hoihoi hou ia i loko o ka USSR Academy o Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

Hoikehonua, Lūkini biologists ua hōʻike olelo hoopomaikai nui. Ma pakahi, AL Vereshchaka, a nona na mea he nui e piʻi like. He Ua hanau ia ma Khimki, July 16, 1965. Vereshchaka - Russian oceanographer, Kumu, kauka o liluwelo sciences, e like me ka lālā e like no Russian Halau o Sciences.

I ka 1987, ua puka 'o ia mai ka Moscow State University, ka'Āuna Kumu o ke kālaimeaola. I ka makahiki 1990, he nä känaka 'epekema lilo i kauka i loko o ka makahiki 1999 - He Kumu MIIGAiK, a poai puni i ka keʻena hoʻokolohua pili ana i ka Institute o Oceanology o ka Russian Academy o Sciences, ma muli ma Moscow mai 2007.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich mea he hoʻomalu i loko o ke kula o Oceanology a me Geo. He nona ma kahi o 100 ʻepekema pepa. Kona papa e piʻi like pili me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kēia' ana i kūpono i ka oceanography a me ka geoecology e like me deepwater manned kaa "Mir" (oi ma mua o 20 he tutua huakaʻi 11).

Vereshchaka o ka mea nāna i hana o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hydrothermal'ōnaehana (ekolu-dimensional). He hoʻomohala i ka manaʻo o ka palena aia yeinenoai (bentopeligiali), i noho ma ka kekahi? Aaoa, a pili i lalo, ahu iho. Ma neʻepapa hoʻi, me nā hoapili, mai nā'āina,ʻo ia i hana i ka hoʻomanaʻo no ka wā i ke kūlana o ka meaola nano- a me ka microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea a me eukaryotes) ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka polokalamu E hana' ia i loko o hakakino aaiaoe?. He e pili ana i ka loaʻa a me ka characterization o kaʻohanaʻelua o ka shrimp, e like me oi ma mua o 50 laha 'o crustaceans a me ka nahunahu hanau.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

Ke nä känaka 'epekema Ua hanau ia ma Ufa i ka 1949. He hoʻomaka kona 'oihana me he lunaʻenehana, akā, koke hoomaka ae la e kahu ai i ka keʻena hoʻokolohua, Aia ma ka Institute o kālaimeaola o ka Bashkir Branch o ka Academy o Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg neʻe ma Togliatti i ka 1987, a pau āna e hana e like me ka luna kanaka noiʻi i ka Institute o kālaikaiaola o Volga kīʻaha. I ka makahiki 1991, i ka haumāna alakaʻi keia kula.

He nona uluʻano Ka Ikepili 'ana i kūpono a me ka' ole o nā kaiaola. He i hana mai i ka'ōnaehana no ka Ikepili o? Aneie nui wahi.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

Kēia nä känaka 'epekema i hānau i loko o Asbest December 21, 1941 He mea he hakakino biologist a me ka 1992 a me ka academician o Russian Halau o Sciences. Ka e piʻi like ana o kona nui, no laila, he nä känaka 'epekema pono o ka oi piha moʻolelo e pili ana iā ia.

Yuriy Viktorovich Ilin specializes ma hakakino aaiaoe? A hakakino kālaimeaola. I ka 1976, ke nä känaka 'epekema lawe mai i ka cloning dispersirovannyh lawe lima nā'ōewe i mea eukaryotic nā'ōewe o ka hou type. Ka nui o keia loaʻa ua nui loa. Ka mea, ua ka mua lawe lima nā'ōewe i na holoholona, i mea hiki ke huai ae. Ma hope iho o ia,ʻepekema hoomaka e noiʻi i eukaryotic transposable hehee wale. He hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka kūlana o nā'ōewe ma dispersirovannyh lawe lima evolution, mutagenesis a me ka carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

Great Lūkini biologists - ka mea, aole pono na kanaka. He mea pono e hōʻike e pili ana i na haumana me Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. He He He Kauka no Sciences, Kumu o ka zoology a me ka kālaikaiaola o Yaroslavl State University.

I ka 1953, Donets Zinaida Sergeevna pau aʻo ma ka Kiev State University, ma hope o kekahi i kona kokua aku i kona haku i ka a me ka doctorate. Mai ka makahiki 1978ʻo ia ke hana i loko o ka Yaroslavl State University. Zinaida S. Ua, ua hana ma luna o ke ao o ke kālaikaiaola a me ka? Aaoa o ka iʻa parasites i loko o ka Volga kīʻaha. Ua nona oi ma mua o 100 paʻi puke ma nā 'epekema nā puke.

O ka ihu, ma laila nō nā biologists o ko mākou'āina, e pono ai ka noonoo. E kamailio wale e pili ana i ka nui e piʻi like o ka noiʻi, a i mea pono ke hoomanao.