I ka loiloi mua kuʻina o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua

Natural sciences i ke hoʻololi e kōkua kanaka e ike like ia makou iho, a me ka honua a puni mākou, a, o ka papa, e loaʻa mai ana ma luna o mākou Honua originated ke ola i loko o nā mea a pau kona ano apau loa a me ka hoike ana. Me ka hele ana i loko o ka haipule dogma o ka hanaia'na o ka mea kiekie loa ka uhane ikaika - ke Akua, mākou e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ke kuhiakau o ke kumu o ke ola mea, i hana kālaimeaola. O ka papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ke? Acaeoey o ke ola ma ka Honua, e kōkua iā mākou, e hōʻike i ka pilikia o kona kumu a me ka hoike ana i loko o ke ao nei.

E hoohalike aiʻepekema e pili ana i ka evolution o wildlife

Inā ua houluulu ae la lakou a pau i ka laha 'ana o meaola, nā laekahi' a me ka mea ole, e loaa i ka Astronomical helu - hoʻokahi piliona? Ueo. Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i kānakaʻepekema, ka poʻe i noho i loko o kekahi manawa, imi iho la e hōʻike i nā kuʻina nui o ka ulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua, e alakai i ka muli o kēia mau 'ano o ke ola meaola, e like me a hiki i ka ho okumu ana o ke kēia kiʻi o ke ano. Mea i hoʻokumu i ka taxonomy Karl Linney ma ka 18th kenekulia ma muli o na loina o keia 'epekema "ola, mai ka poʻe e ola ana," a ua kūkākūkāʻia i ke ola hiki wale e ala aʻeʻoe, mai mālama'-na ola waiwai. Linnaeus i ole ae i kekahi, hoʻomaoe hou akula o ka ai-kapaia noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o meaola. German biologist Ernst Haeckel mua? Aaeaaaaony i ka manaʻo o ka monophyletic - i ke kumu o nā mea a pau meaola e ola ana, mai ka hookahi kūpuna. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i kokua aku i ka manaʻo o ka unicellular kūpuna palapala, o ka hanana o ka i mai ai i loko o nā kuʻina kakahiaka o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua. Hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea a pau o ka luna, ka mea hiki e ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka na 'epekema ma ka kuhiakau i ke kumu o ke ola i hoʻolaha i loko o nā pūʻulu. Mua - abiogenic, ia nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke kahua o ke ola mea mai ka mea ola 'ano (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Other - biogenic, mai nā 'o ka manaʻo o ka helehelena o ke ola mea wale ma ko lakou mau ano (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Ina paha o ka iniiaiie meaola i kekahi, he pono ole kupuna ano

Nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mua o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua, a me ka mea abiotic (Nine Inch), a laila, i ka wā o ka helehelena o biopolymers (nā polokina, a nukelea nāʻakika) kapa prebiological, a, ma hope, i ka kahua o liluwelo evolution (ho okumu o iniiaiie hookahi-aa? Meaola). Ka mea, Ua merged a ua kapaʻia biopoeza. Kekahi noiʻi (e like, D. Bernal, S. Miller) i manaoia i ka manaʻo o ka progenote - kupuna, mai a ka archaea, eubacteria, nucleated keena. 'Ē aʻe noiʻi manaʻo i ala ae eukaryotes ole mai progenote, a ua i ka hopena o ka symbiosis, a hana like me ka hopena o nā loli i mawahoʻili lahilahi protobionts. E hoomanao i keia kuhiakau ma hou au mamuli.

Ke kuhiakau o Oparin - Haldane

Mawaena o ka nui noiʻiʻepekema wale nō, imi e wehewehe i ka kŰia, i ike i ka 'epekema e like me ka mālama'-liluwelo kahua o? Acaeoey o ke ola honua, nui kaulana kuhiakau coacervate kulu. Ua Ua ua kālaiʻia ma Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema A. I. Oparinym. Similar manaʻo i kāheaʻia ma ka Beritania kanaka noiʻi D. Haldane. Epekema manaʻo resonated me ka lōʻihi-ikeia ma ka kālaimeaola kuhiakau o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o ke ola.

Ke ae pā o ke kuhiakau o coacervates

Academician Oparin? Aaeaaaaony i ka pae ana o nā lātoma o ke aloha i huiʻia, mai ka Nine Inch ke kahua keʻano o ka hanaʻana ke hana i kekahi i lawa anuanu ili. Pela, i hookaawale aku la lakou, mai ka primordial ai - wai i hoʻolilo 'ia o ka moana kahiko. Mau pūʻulu o nā lātoma nä känaka 'epekema kapa coacervates. Ka mea, ua hiki ia oe ke kuokoa ola, mau no ke kaʻana like 'ia o ka iniiaiie pāʻoihana. No ka mea nui, e like me Oparin, i ka waiwai o ka coacervates lapaau ana i ko lakou hiki i ka ulu a me ka fragmentation (nā'ōlelo). D. Haldane, hilinaʻi ma ka hoao ana i Miller-Juri, i i experimentally loaa luna 'ke aloha waiwai, mai ka hui mai o methane, ammonia, hydrogen, a me ka o carbon dioxide. Ua oia o'aminoʻakika nā lātoma a me na mea o nā mahi kō. Kēia i alakai ai i ka manawa kūpono o ka kaʻawale nā hale - probiontov.

E like me ke Oparin a me Haldane, na kuʻina ka loiloi mua o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua, e alakai ana i ka ho okumu ana o iniiaiie eiiieaenu - a hiki keena, nae i ke kumu no ka mea hou kaʻina hana o ka evolution o ke ola mea. It E e kaulana ia no ka ho okolohuaʻepekema i simulated ana i ka hiki keia i paha ia i loko o ka lewa, a me ka moana i loko o ka puke Paipala, o kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka puʻe, ionizing pāhawewe a me ka pou hookuuia.

Probionty a me kā lākou mau waiwai

Ka mua kuʻina o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua - ka Hadean, Archean, a laila, ia ka hoʻololi mai pakiko-e hoʻolālā coacervates (probiontov) i ka iniiaiie ola keena. He Ua Ma muli o ke kūlana waiwai probiontov: ka hiki e hana membranes kaʻawale, manawa kūpono o ka simplest ano o nā'ōlelo, walaʻauʻana pānaʻi me ka mea mawaho kaiapuni kaʻina. Pakiko-i hoʻonohonoho 'ia nucleoprotein nā lātoma, mai ka Nine Inch ke kahua, aka ma probiontov hoike ana o ka loa nui waiwai o ola mea - ka hiki e hoolilo aaiaoe ike.

Ano o na meaola mua ola

No ka lōʻihi manawa (ma kahi o 3.5 ieeeea makahiki aku nei) i hana sediments ma i ko läkou 'o ke aloha ola i loaʻa. Ka mea, e noho ana i loko o ka palapala o ka cyanobacteria a me calcareous leho residues mureinovyh mea koʻohune aeea pā. Kemikala kumu i loko o ka lithosphere Archean au hou ua mau hoʻololi, no laila, i ka iniiaiie kaiaola prokaryotes e ke hakuloli ia ia ma ka hoʻomāhuahua ana o na mea he nui phenotypic Lolina. Kāʻamaʻai ua lawe mai ma ka uliuli-uliuli līoho (cyanobacteria), ua hoomakaukau i kekahi kumu loli i loko o ke kinoea haku mele 'ana o ka primordial lewa o ka Honua, hiki no hou ia auoiaea mea o ka wai kaianoho koholā ma luna o ka'āina. Activity mua prokaryotic meaola, a me ka mea, he luaipele a me ka hao koʻohune ka hapanui, kūpono ma ke kahua ole wale no sediment, akā, me ka aila, a kūlohelohe kinoea.

No ke aha la i hiki i ka muli o eukaryotic keena

E like me mākou i olelo ia mamua, i ke photosynthetic ha awina o ka omaomao a me ka poni luaipele koʻohune a me ka hao koʻohune ka pilina i ke kahua o ka pale kaua o ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho, a me ka muli o aerobic eukaryotic keena. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka mua 3 kuʻina o ke ola o ke ao nei alakaʻi i ke kahua o ka biocenosis i loaʻa ka unicellular a multicellular eukaryotic meaola. Loaʻepekema kamaʻilioʻana i ka manaʻo i ko lākouʻano i ka nānā ana ma kahi o 600 miliona makahiki aku nei. Initially i poe nukelea meaola ma ka hookahi-aa? Flagellate 'ano apau loa. E like me ka hopena o ka divergence o ia hele mai la na mea kanu mua - ka līoho a me ka protozoa a me ka fungi. An hana hoihoi 'manao o kekahi noiʻi i prokaryotes i ka evolutionary make-hope, no ka mea, i ole loli nui i loko o ke kuʻina kakahiaka o ka hooulu ana o ke ola ma ka Honua. Kālaimeaola e ukuhi aku mau kumu no ka nele o evolutionary? Acaeoey o ole-nukelea meaola.

I ka mua o ia pili ana i ka hikiʻole o prokaryotic keena , e hoʻoikaika 'i ka hui a me ka differentiation. Ka lua o ke kumu - paakikiʻoʻoleʻa hereditary mea prokaryotes i hoʻouna 'ia wale hoʻopoepoe DNA lātoma, i kapaʻia he plasmid.

Symbiosis, ka mea i alakai i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni loli ma keʻano

Helehelena o nucleated keena ma ka 'epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano, e wehewehe i ka oihana symbiogenesis - kumumanaʻo i manaoia e A. Shimperom. Mai ke kahua o ka halepaahao nucleus, i ke alo o i mea na ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o eukaryotes, e like me ke kahua o ka mitochondria a me chloroplasts ia i hiki ma ka hou 'ana o kekahi mau aerobic koʻohune. Infiltrating he iniiaiie aeea me ka aaiaoe waiwai hookaawaleʻili lahilahi, e synchronized ka koʻohune kona pūnao me ka puali aeea. E like me ka hopena, ka mea, ua nalowale i ka 'auhau no ka kuokoa ana mawaho o ka halepaahao, a hoomaka ae la kona OAXA organelles. Noteworthy o ke kuhiakau e wehewehe i ke ano o chloroplasts. Oe hiki ole hoopoina i ke kumu o kēia mau organelles e lako pono kŰia autotrophic kino a me ka kāʻamaʻai. Ma hope o A. Shimperom ia pono-ike Lūkiniʻepekema like KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky a me kekahi poe e ae unuhi ae hoʻolohe i ka pae ana o photosynthetic koʻohune hiki o symbiosis me ka heterotrophic keena. Noho ma ka cytoplasm, apparently assimilated ka mea, me ka ke kelepona hele pūnao a me ka hana e like me kila organelles, hope kapa chloroplasts. Lakou ia lakou iho heterotrophic keena mutate i loko o ka hookahi-aa? Uliuli līoho, e lilo ana ka mua autotrophic eukaryotes.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

No laila, i ka coexistence o kekahi mau 'ano o ka' ole-nukelea meaola - koʻohune - hiki ke alakai i ke kahua o ka hou ola'ōnaehana - ka eukaryotic halepaahao. Hoomau ana i ka noiʻi i nā kuʻina kakahiaka nui o ka ulu ana o ke ola ma ka honua nei, e mākou Vendian Proterozoic makahiki, i auou caiaiai i ka Archean. I ka wai 'ia, - i ka papa kuhikuhiE cradle o ke ola ma ka Honua, me ka mua biogeocoenoses hana. Nā hoʻohua ka mea, ua photosynthetic koʻohune a me unicellular a me ka koloniala uliuli līoho.

Ka mea, Ua kaʻawale oxygen, synthesized ke aloha 'ona i hoʻohanaʻia heterotrophic meaola: unicellular protozoa a me multicellular ano: coelenterates a me trilobites. Vendian manawa pau ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mua o ke? Acaeoey o ke ola ma ka Honua. Eram a me ka wā kēia mau mea, i ka hoʻokō hou na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka evolution o ola ano, a pau ma muli o ka aaiaoe oko, a kūlohelohe koho.