Ivar ka Boneless - i ka alihi kaua o ka Denemaka Vikings, ke keiki Ragnar Lodbrok. Kawaihae, mōʻaukala

Ke kaulana Viking Ivar ka Boneless i ke keiki a kekahi, a hiki hou kaʻao Ragnar Lodbrok. I hoopai no ka make ana o kona makuakane, i ka pagan houluulu i ka poe koa nunui, a pae ma Pelekane Nui. I ka hopena o kona ano kūkaʻi 'eʻe i ka naʻi aupuni o ka mokupuni Danes (nā kūpuna o ka Danes), kahi no ke kenekulia i aliʻi ma Scandinavians. Ivar ia ia iho i ka inoa maikaʻi o ka ukiuki koa nona hoʻomanaʻo i mele ma na mea he nui medieval sagas. Kona ola Ua piha keʻokeʻo kahi lilelile i hoopuniia e kaao lehulehu, a me ka speculations o.

ke keiki a King

Denemaka-ke alii Ragnar Lodbrok ke kaena ole wale kona alanui successes, akā, hoi hou keiki kakou nana. Ivar - ka mea wale nō kekahi o nā mea he nui nā keiki kāne a ke kaʻao meʻe. No ka mea, o ka fragmentary a me paʻewa palapala i ka laila kākau moʻolelo a me keia la mai i ike i ka wā o ka Viking i hanau. Ka hapa nui o ka ike loea 'ike e pili ana i Ivar haʻalele ma hope o "Saga o Ragnar a me kāna mau keiki kāne." Akā,ʻaʻohe mea i hoike o ka wā kamaliʻi a me adolescence o ka wā e hiki mai alihi kaua o ka Danes.

Aia mea i kanalua i Ivar mai i kakahiaka nui elemakule hanau ae la aʻo i ke akamai o ke kaua. Makua i alakai aku la ia i kekahi maoli Viking, kona ola 'aʻole i nei mea akā, Hiking a me ka looting ma ChristianʻEulopa. Just me kēia nui IX kenekulia i ka heyday o ke koko a me ka ho'āhewa wale kŘpuna o ka Scandinavians. Loa pinepine, ka mea, hooukaia mai Palani a me Beritania. He kēia adventurous hihia hoolilo i kona ola, e Ivar i ka Boneless. He i ole i ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka' ohana, a i ole haʻalele kā lākou mau keiki.

ua nane lā inoa

Noiʻi nō mai e hele mai i ka hookahi wahi o ka hoomaopopo, i ke ano o inoa kapakapa pūlikiʻia Ivar ka Boneless (Boneless ke kumu?). Manao e ku pono ana. Paha BONELESS Ivar i kapaʻia no ka launaʻole agility, aʻo ia nō ia ma luna o ke kahua kaua. Ma ka kekahi lima, manaʻo kekahi paʻa moʻolelo i ke kumu no ka inoa kapakapa hiki ia i ka ike ole maʻi.

Oia hoi, ina Ivar i kekahi maʻi,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i pale aku ia ia e hele aku ma luna o ka lōʻihi Hike. I ka 865 o kona makua kāne Ragnar ola i ka moku i ka mokuna o Pelekāne. Ke alii o Northumbria II o Ella, ka mea i inaina mai i ka poe Genetile, i ke kaʻao Viking. Ke luku mai ua weliweli. Ragnar Ua kiola ia i loko o ka lua piha ka make nahesa. Ka lono no ka make ana o kona makuakane Ivar loaa ma ka hale. Ma keia wahi, i ka mōʻaukala o Denemaka i ka ho'āʻo 'ana e. Children Ragnar hele aku la i ka loihi mokupuni, ma ka mea e hoopono mai i kona makua kāne.

no ka huakaʻi

Ma ka Akuma ka o ka 865, ka poe kaua nui o ka poe Genetile i kauhale ma luna o lākou Drakkar, a hele aku la i Pelekāne. Ka mua'auwaʻa o Ivar ike kauwa ka poe i noho ma luna o ka mokuna o Kent. Pegana Ua pinepine ae la oia hao Beritania, akā,ʻaʻohe mea nāna o ka poe noho i i hoomanao ai nui aliʻi no ka holo ana ma ka moana lipolipo. E like me nā koho, Ivar ka Boneless akoakoa mai i ka squadron o 300-400 moku, i huli mai e e 5000 kanaka. No ka mea IX kenekulia, ka mea, ua he mea hiki ole huahelu. He mea e ka lāhui kanaka a pau ua nee aku ia, e like me ua hanaʻia i loko o ka Neʻekau Nui, ka wā o nā kūpuna o ka Anglo-Sākona ia lakou iho, ua haʻalele nā moku'āina '' Eulopa, a noho iho la ma Pelekane Nui.

A me ka hele aku la Ivar ka makua kāne, e hoopai aku i elua hou mau keiki kāne, a Ragnar - Halfdan a me Ubba. Ma hope o ka powa mua i loko o Kent a me ka Isle o Tenet Viking'auwaʻa hele aku la ia. Ua koho pegana i kona aʻe pale umauma hoʻokahi East Anglia, a alii iho la oia ma Korol'Edemuna. Ua koke ihola i kēia mea,ʻaʻole he hoʻokahi-manawa Pilisetia o ka Danes. Nā malihini i heleʻana e noho maʻEnelani, no ka lōʻihi manawa.

A nui'auwaʻa o ka Danes hooeueu ae la i maoli weliweli. Koa moku Drakkar hoʻouka kekahi laau, na kii o nā'īlio hihiu. Helene koa pili nui i nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā huapalapala. Moku Ivar a me kona poe hoahanau a pau i koe. Ka Vikings manaoio aku i ka laau kii kōkua pale i na uhane ino, a lawe mai i ka lanakila ma luna o ia nei hoa paio. Rook Danes i kekahi hanana manao no kona manawa. Aha i wale kela aoao o ka akau kai, akā, i neʻe loa maikaʻi i loko o ke kai pāpaʻu. Kēia hope hiʻona i Ua loa nui no Ragnar keiki. O i ana ma ka aina o Beritania, Ivar muliwai moe ke hoopaa i ka moku, ma i i waiho ai me ke koe a me ka powa.

Additional kumu no ke kaua

na kakaolelo a pau o ka manawa like i Ivar a me kona poe hoahanau, hele i Pelekānia no ka mākaia no ka make ana o kona makuakane, a me kēia manaʻo mea,ʻaʻole i loko o kanalua. Akā, i kēnā aku iā lākou e hele i ka poe koa nunui, a he nui ka helu o nā kākoʻo i hui ma ka hope ke kahua o ke kaua? He aha ka ka mōʻaukala connotations o ka lōʻihi kai eʻe?

No ka laʻana, ka mea Norwegians haʻalele lākou mau hale aupuni ma muli o ka shortage o momona Hawaiian'āina a me ka overpopulation. Akā, Ragnar keiki a me kā lākou mau koa me ka Danes, no laila, e neʻe 'ē aʻe, akä,. Olelo ana e pili ana i ke kumu kumu o ke kaua ana o ka Great pagan kaua (aʻaʻole pono e pili ana i ka nani moʻolelo o ka hoopai ana no ka make ana o Ragnar), ua hiki ole ke olelo i ka mea, ua i ia manawa (ma ka IX kenekulia), ma hope o ka lōʻihi ulia i hahai i ka haule ana o ka Western Roman aupuni a pau, 'Eulopa, i lilo ai i kekahi' mahuahua ma ka oihana. Ma kēia māhele 'āina i ike ai i ka nui influx o ke kālā, a me nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o ka waiwai a pau. Aia i hou Kalepa kulanakauhale, a me ka Beritania Lundenvik (London). Mau populations he nui, akā, i ole e komo ikaika ka ikaika (aie i ka wahi ma? Aiiioe? A kahakai). Penei, huli ana i ka Vikings i ka papalua ka hoowalewaleia mai -ʻaʻole e waiwai waiwai pio, akā, no poorly hoomaluia waiwai pio.

i ke kumu no ka muli o ka nui'auwaʻa i loko o Pelekāne kapa a ua wale aneiai, akā, i kālai'āina. Ma nā mea a pau o ka IX kenekulia ma Denmark, ua he paio ma waena o centralized mō'ī, a me nā koa alakaʻi o ka Vikings. Mō'ī makemake i ka pāʻana i ka kaua. Pīhoihoi, a maʻa i ke ku okoa ana o na pirates ku i kēia noi. I ka 854, i hana i ke koa me ka King Horik I. kēia mō'ī i ka maluhia a me ke alii o Farani , a hooki Hale Kūʻai Meaʻai compatriots. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Horik Denmark no ka lōʻihi manawa i koe me ka mana, i hiki ke mālama i loko o ponopono no ko ianei manao adventurous paipai aʻo kai eʻe o ka Vikings. Au i ka lanakila o keia manawa me Ragnar, a me ka ia ku okoa Ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o ka lima o kāna mau keiki kāne, ka mea e hoʻokele i ka hālāwai hoʻeuʻeu i ka nui helu o nā kākoʻo.

I? Iaie? Ma East Anglia

I ka kēia makahiki 866, ka Vikings lawe pio Farani, aʻo maila ia Ivar ka Boneless hanaia ma ka Hikina Anglia ikaika wahi. I pegana akoakoa mai ana mai nā mea a pau ma luna o Scandinavia. Ma Eastʻimi Anglia, a ua pono pau pākaha i loko o nā'āinaʻEulopa 'ē aʻe. Children Ragnar mālama 'ia i loko o ka UK ma ka hooilo. Ka helu o nā wahi hoʻomoana, mahuahua Scandinavians - ao, ma luna o ka poo o'Edemuna nui nui. Na Vikings i ole e hele a hiki aku ma hope o ka mea i hui pūʻia e hoa ka poe i hoʻolimalima i France i ka nui moku'āina - Korol Karl ka uhini wawae i kuai aku ia 4 tausani paona o ke kālā. No ka nui koa, ka mea, ua i ka hope loa moe, akā, Ivar ka Boneless makeʻe nui aku mamao-a hiki i kou akamai.

E hele ana i ka aina e, ua hoʻomākaukau i nā koa, ka luna koa o ka piha kumumanao. He hoʻoholo ihola e haʻalele i ka panina Scandinavia holoholo kou akamai, a e kekahi poe koa lio. No keia hopena, ma ka Hikina Anglia nā malihini aku, mai ka i nā kanaka he nui helu o nā lio. Ka lio i pono ai no ka poe ola, neʻeʻana i malihini aina. Noho a hiki i ka wahi o ka kaua, ka Vikings mai luna, a hoʻohana ka pale kaua i ka pale kaua ma ka wawae. Kēlā me kēia koa kokua aku i kona hoa - i ka poe koa kaua me he hookahi meaola.

Hike ma Northumbria

Poe Genetile, ka poe i ma Beritania, ua ma lima i ka mea e ma ka mokupuni uaʻaʻohe hookahi mana. Enelani Ua maheleia i ehiku aupuni. Lākou mau nohoʻana, he ka hihipeʻa o kaʻokoʻa. E like me ka rula, ka mea, ua i paʻewa, a me ka hōʻeaʻana mai o nā malihini imi e hui koa e ku ei kekahi, he pono ole enemi. Ua huli mai ia mea,ʻaʻole e mau ana.

A pau na vicissitudes pili aupuni, a ike iho la i ka luna o ka Denemaka, Vikings Ivar. Mua, ua hoʻoholo e hoouka Northumbria. Keia aupuni i ae mai na hakakā. Ma ka Ewa o kona poʻe e noho ana kipaku iho mō'ī Osbert. He Ua UAIAaIN e Ella II. Ua Ua ma kana kauoha i pepehiʻia e Ragnar Lodbrok, ka mea i kiola ia i loko o ka lua o ka nahesa.

Penei, Ivar a me kona poe hoahanau koho Northumbria no lākou iho mākaia, a no ka mea, i keia aupuni laila oi ma mua o kekahi 'ē aʻe ua waiho wale aku no ia mai kivila hakakā. Ke kūloko hanohano i Wāwahi. Kekahi hapalua o ia kākoʻo i ka usurper. 'Ē aʻe manaʻo e hoʻi Osbert, ka poe i huiiaʻi me kaʻohana aliʻi, a loaʻa iā ia he kupono kuleana i ka noho aliʻi, (ma ka Akä naÿe i ka haʻahaʻa-hanau Ella II).

vendetta

Na pegana ma Northumbria November 1866 makahiki. An kaua no ma kahi o 10 tausani kanaka alakai i ka alihi kaua o ke Denemaka, Vikings Ivar. Kristiano ka mea, ua All haipule 'Day - ka lā ma luna o ka mea, a mea maʻa mau hoʻopoina e pili ana i na mea kaua, a peacefully hele aku i ka ekalesia. Vikings hopu ia ma ka haohao. Eia hou kekahi, pâʻani 'o ia ka mea, he kūlana a me ka hoopaapaa mawaena o ka hanohano. A hiki i ka lā hope o Northumbria haku i i lawe i kekahi ana nui e hoomalu i ka aina, me ka manao ana o ka makani ino, e hele aku iā lākou, a iho ma luna o kokoke Mercia.

E like me ka hopena o ka Anglo-Sākona hiki i kaumaha ole ia'ku nui. He mau King koke holo aku la. Ivar a me kona poe hoahanau, a me ka poʻe koa i loko o ke kulanakauhale. Ke kulanakauhale, hookahi i hoʻokumuʻia e ka Roma, he kenekulia i hala i ka Danes. Vikings ka hooilo ma laila, a e hono ana i poino hoʻoikaika 'ana a me ka hoomakaukau ana no ka hou confrontation me ka poe Kristiano.

Ma kela wai (867) pio Osbert a me Ella hope hoolaulea a hoʻoholo i ka hana pu. Ka mea, hooukaia mai New York March 23, Palm Sunday. Ke suddenness o ka Anglo-Sākona ua hoʻohiki mua i ka pomaikai. Ua manao i ka mau hoa paio e like pelekikena a. Ano, kaomi ma na enemi o ka Vikings poe ma ka verge o ke pio. Naʻe, i nā aliʻiʻelua o ka poʻe koa pae i loko o ka hei ai lakou. Ma puka i loko o ka pā pōhaku, ua lua ma New York, a ua hoʻopuniʻia e kekahi i oi aku lehulehu o Vikings.

Kaua weliweli koa Ivar i ole he kamahaʻo o ke koa wale. I ka paʻakikī manawa mea hiki ke lawe ka lanakila o tactical maalea, a hoʻolilo i kaʻenemi ka iho manao. Ua pepehi ke Anglo-Sākona. Ella a me Osbert uku me ko lakou mau ola. Mākou e hoʻi e hōʻike 'ia i ka make ana o ka mea nana i pepehi o Ragnar. Ella alakai aku i Ivar, a me nā maka o ka lehulehu makemake hoopai malalo i Ka Uluwehi O Ke pagan hoopai - "ke koko aeto '. Luahi hāpai umauma, huki mai i ka māmā a ma ka hopeʻoki "eheu". "Koko aeto" devotes kekahi. Pegana Hoomaikai aku lākou akua o ke kaua, no ka nui a me ka Haliʻaaʻela ka manaʻoo mākou ka lanakila.

War me Mercia

Lilo ka mea maoli nona o Northumbria, maalea Ivar Ragnarsson hōʻole, e noho ma ka noho aliʻi. He i kona puppet King Egbert. Information e pili ana i keia kanaka sketchy. Loa paha, e pili ana i ka Anglo-Säkona aristocracy, oiai ka mea i hana i ka mea kahiko aliʻiʻana. Egbert a puni ka Viking hoolohe, a haawi mai la i ka hooholo ia o ko lākou mau poʻe kaua, oiai mahope paipai aʻo kai eʻe.

Ano ka mea, o ka huli ana o Mercia. Ua mea ma laila me ka poe koa hoʻoneʻe Ivar ka Boneless. King Burgred o Mercia hoomaka koke e imi kōkua ma Wessex. Ia manawa, i ka Vikings noho ma ka paia o Nottingham, kahi hoomoana iho la makeshift e hoʻomoana ai. Eia hoi ka poe kaua o ke alii Ethelred o Wessex hele mai i ka hoʻopakeleʻana o Army Burgred o Mercia. Naʻe, ka mea hou kuikahi, e like me ka mea mua kekahi, hiki ke hana i kekahi mea me kanaka. Ua ho'āʻo ke Anglo-Sākona e ka ino i ka Viking kahi e hoʻomoana ai, akā, i kēia ho'āʻo holomua.

Keiki Ragnara Ivar Boneless i kona wahi i hele. Mercia uku he nui indemnity i na aina e, a laila ka mea, haʻalele. I keia manawa, Ivar hoʻohana i kona makua kāne punahele nā kaʻa mokulele - he pono nō. Heʻae ia e maluhia, akā, ma ka kūʻai no ka mea, koi ikaika he nui uku pānaʻi. I ka makahiki 869 e hoi aku i Ioka.

Ke lanakila ma luna o'Edemuna

he lōʻihi koena ma hope o Ivar hele aku la a hiki i ka ho omaka ana o kona hele ana - East Anglia. He kaulana no kona aupuni waiwai i Beritania hae monasteries. Iloko o ke kanaka e poipu Scandinavians ho'āʻo like ka mea, ke loaʻa i ka waiwai pio kuhikuhi (gula) i ka hao ka mea, maha. Ubba (a Ivar kau ma ke poo o ka poe koa) ua like kona Pahuhopu ka hoailona Poterboro koho ai. na kauwa a pau o ka hoailona (me Abota) i make. No nä möneka Viking kila olaʻano Mea Paipala wanana Ieremia. ʻO ma ke Kauoha Kahiko, ka mea, ua wānana i ka puni koko malihini i hiki mai ka akau kihi, e lawe aku no hoi ka luku a me ka huhu i loko o ka Christian honua. Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i Kakolika i noho i loko o Beritania, no a hiki i ka Vikings me ka piha ino hoaie dala, aole hoi i paila ko lakou mau poo ma ke ano o ke Akua i ka hoopai ana i ka hala hewa.

Hōʻike i ka mana o ka Danes, Ivar hoouna aku ai i ke alii'Edemuna o East Anglia memo ma i kapa aku la ia i ka mea e lilo i pio e ana o ka poe Genetile ma ka like me ia i hana ai i loko o Egbert o Northumbria. Ka mō'ī hoole. Ua ua maopopo e kū'ē Ivar ia mea, i ka make hoahewa. Naʻe,'Edemuna ua mai makau o ka pilikia e kau ana ma luna ona. Paha ia i ike ia ia i hiki ole hoʻolilo i ka Danes, akā, i ka manao e distract ia iā ia, aole ia e enlist i ke kākoʻo mai o allies.

Mea a ke manaoia ke aliʻi, i kona mau manao i ole materialize. 'Edemuna manao e kuai manawa ma kaʻaelike ai, e lilo i pio e no Ivar, ināʻo ia eʻae Kristiano. Helene i i mahalo i ke kaumaha. A poe koa he uuku o East Anglia i make. 'Edemuna i hana. Kēia ke alii i kekahi o ka loa koʻi kaua o Beritania poe haipule. Wahi a ke kaʻao, ka Vikings i ka mea i pale i na pua, loa ola a me ka lohi make.

Holo i Ireland

Ma hope o nā hanana ma ka Hikina Anglia, a me ka luku ana o'Edemuna 'oihana Ivar hou lilo ana i ka mea pohihihi. Ma ka kekahi lima, e like me ka chronicle Etelverda keia viking make koke ma hope o ke kai eʻe. Eia naʻe, ua papapau pu na moʻolelo i keia hoike i kuhihewa. I ka lua a me ka oi, he pono ole ka nānaina paa ia, e hoʻolauleʻa ai i ka lanakila ma ka Hikina Anglia, māheleʻia ka Scandinavians i. Kekahi poe koa i koe ma Pelekane a koke, hoomaka ae la ke kaua ku e ia Wessex, oiai ka mea'ē aʻe, hele akula i Ireland. 'O kēia ka lua o ka poe koa, a alakai aku Ivar ka Boneless.

Kawaihae Viking i kekahi mau hakina. A ina o kona eʻe Pelekāne ike loa o ka hailonaʻana e pili ana i ke aʻe holo keiki Ragnar noho loa emi ike loea hoike. Ka haʻalele 'ana i ke kaua maʻEnelani, ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o kona kaikaina Halfdan, Ivar i olelo mai ai mai ke alo o ka lāhui' ōiwi e noho lā ma ka Picts o Ireland.

Kēia mokupuni Ua lōʻihi Ua pio oluolu no ka Viking aupuni. Scandinavians pioʻaneʻi holoholona, ka waiwai a me ka poe kauwa. Inā 'Enelani loaʻa iā iaʻehiku aliʻi, i nā aliʻi o Ireland alii iho la oia ōlaʻi i o kona hooilina i ke ahiahi, uuku ka nui. Kēia fragmentation o ke ki i ka holomua kaua. Eia hou, i ka i nā kamaaina, noho iho la ia ma ka primitive kaiāulu. i No-pale kaua i loko o Ireland. Eia naʻe, he mau makahiki ma mua o ka sīwila heluna kānaka i ke kahu moku i na mea kaua haole, a aʻo walaʻauʻana koa 'ana i kūpono. Me ia he hoa paio, a me ke ehuehu o Ivar. Eia naʻe, piha hoike e pili ana i kona noho ana i loko o Ireland koe.

Ivar ma ke kahua kaua

Wā a me nā mamo a Ivar ke kaawale, e berserk. A hea aku la lakou i ka loa a me ka hao wale mai insensitive i kaʻeha a me ka eha Viking koa. Ua ua paakiki e loaʻa i ka maikaʻi hoa i loko o ke kaua. I halulu me ka i, kūlouʻo ia ma luna o ka poʻeʻenemi, hooweliweli aku ana ia i kaʻenemi, e nui weliweli a hooeueu ae la i kona kaulana i ka merciless enemi. I Aloha Hawaii berserkers Ua hoʻopuniʻia i ka uhi o ka mahuka. Ua hai aku la i mau koa ia lakou ke huki laau, ale wale iho i wela lanahu a dissect i kekahi kanaka me kekahi lāʻau o kona pahi koi.

Ma ke kahua o ke kaua Ivar hele aku ma lalo o ka hae o ko lākou Ragnar makua kāne. Ma keia canvas depicted he pono hōʻailona o ka Vikings - Black manu koraka lā Carrion. Keia hoailona i pono ai nā, e hoʻoikaika i kaʻuhane o kona mau hoa, a me intimidate poe enemi. pinepine Army Vikings Ivar hoʻohana nā kaʻa mokulele o "ka pa o ka pale kaua." A like 'ana i kūpono i māhele i ka Roma, me kā lākou kaulana "honu". Ua kūkuluʻia nā koa ma ke kaiapili, a kau pu i ko lakou mau pale kaua. I ka hopena o ka neʻeʻana pā kaua. Ua ua he wahi o ka lehulehu, a me ka aiiay ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai.

Ka make a me ka hopena o ka lua kupapau

E like me ke medieval kumu, Ivar make i loko o 873 makahiki. O ka noho ana o kona haʻalele mai ke ola kona mau helehelena. Ina o ka luna koa i make i loko o Hawaii, oia ua maopopo leʻa kanu lakou ia lakou iho i loko o kā lākou hou'āina - ma Northumbria. Ka Hopena Ivar kino no ka lōʻihi manawa noho i ka mea pohihihi. Wale nō i loko o ka XVII kenekulia, he kanaka, mai ke kūlanakauhale mai o Repton kuia lakou maluna o ka hale lua kahiko i hope kńnaka i hōʻike 'like me ka hale kupapau o ka mea kaulana Viking.

Scandinavian sagas malamaia i ka 'ike kaʻao o nā kea laa, o Ivar. Helene hoi i makemake ia e kanuʻia i loko o Northumbria, ma ka manaoio i kona lua, e kōkua Danes e loaa i keia ano o ka poe enemi. A lohe o Enelani komo King Harald, oia maoli ana ua hee a me ka hikiʻole, e naʻi i ka aina. Ike e pili ana i ka poino, a exudes ka magic shell i Ivar, William no ka naʻi aupuni kaulana, a holo i Beritania ma ka waenakonu o ka XI kenekulia, mua eli lua kupapau. Ma hope iho o kēiaʻano hana, Norman e hoʻokele i ka lanakila i ka pau ana oʻEnelani. Pololei ai 'ole nā kaʻao - pono i e olelo aku ia mea hiki ole. Eia naʻe, Ivar kaulike meʻe o na mea he nui medieval kaao. I ka moolelo o Denemaka ike uuku o ka mea kupaianaha, a kaiāulu hoihoi o nā luna.