Kāʻamaʻai - He aha ka mea? kahua o ke kāʻamaʻai. LIKE o kāʻamaʻai

Ua 'oe a mau loa aku ka pihoihoi ana pehea ka nui o ke ao nei a ola meaola?! A no ka mea, a pau ka mea pono e hanu ana i oxygen e hoʻomohala ikehu a Exhale o carbon dioxide. ʻo ia i carbon dioxide - i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o keia kŰia, e like me ka mea stuffy keena. Ua lŘlŘ ka wā malaila mea he hailona ana o kanaka, a me ka lumi no ka lōʻihi manawa ua ole Aired. Eia hou kekahi,ʻawahia waiwai hoʻopiha i ka lewa pono, a pilikino kaʻa a me ka lehulehu amo.

Ma nānaina o ka keia, he mea he Logical nīnau: Pehea e mākou i ole i umi i, ina ke ola a pau o ke kumu o ka niho o carbon dioxide? Mea e Olaʻi o nā mea e noho ana i loko o kēia kahua hana like kāʻamaʻai. He aha ka mea i ke kaʻina hana a ka mea kona mea?

Kona hopena - 'O ke kaulike o ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka oxygen ma saturation o ka lewa. Kēia kaʻina ua ike wale i ka 'elele o ka flora o ko ke ao nei, he mau mea kanu, e like me ka hana wale nō i loko o ko lakou mau keena.

Kāʻamaʻai iho - he loa huikau kaʻina hana, ke kaumaha ma muli kekahi mau olelo, a me ka lawe wahi i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

i ka ho'ākāka 'ana

E like me ka 'epekema ka wehewehena, ke aloha' ona i loko o ka papa o ka kāʻamaʻai e hoohuliia mai i loko o ke aloha i ka ke kelepona hele pae, autotrophic meaola aie i ka waiū i ka lā malamalama.

E olelo hou 'ōlelo maopopo, kāʻamaʻai mea he kaʻina hana ma i ka penei ia lŘlŘ:

1. Ke kanu Ua paʻa kūhohonu loa me ka ona mau. Ke kumu o ka ona i ka wai e 'ole mai o ka lepo nā hua Tropical ea.
2. Ua lŘlŘ chlorophyll naoh (kekahi waiwai i loaʻa ma loko o ka mea kanu) i ka hopena o ka poe ikehu.
3. Education nui flora ai i ka mea paka ma luna o lākou iho nō,ʻaʻole hiki iā heterotrophic ala, i ko ka mea, ia lakou iho i kona Hookah. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, i hānai mea kanu ma ka mea e lakou ia lakou iho paka. 'O kēia ka hopena o ke kāʻamaʻai.

KaʻAnuʻu One

ʻaneʻane na mea kanu he uliuli mea, ma i ka mea hiki ka hoʻokemu malamalama. Kēia substance mea i oi aku o ka chlorophyll. Kona henua - chloroplasts. Akā, na chloroplasts i aia i loko o ke kumu o ka mea kanu a me kona hua. Akā, oi loa aku hoi, he pono ole ma ka ano lau kāʻamaʻai. Mai ka la mahope mea he mea i loko o kona 'ole a me ka mai he kŘpa a nuiʻilikai wahi, a' o ia hoʻi i ka buke o ka ikaika kupono no ka hanana o ka hoola ana o ke kaʻina hana, e e nui aku.

I ka mālamalama ua kemu chlorophyll, i ka la mahope i loko o ka moku'āina o ka pīhoihoi, a me kā lākou mau olelo hoopomaikai ikehu hoololiia i'ē aʻe ke aloha nā lātoma o ka mea kanu. Ka nui loa ka helu ana o ka ikehu i komo kāʻamaʻai kaʻina.

KaʻAnuʻu mau

Kāʻamaʻai Education ma ka lua o ke kahua, aole ia i kauoha i ke komo ana o ke ao nei. Ua ninoieo i loko o ke kahua o Nine Inch paa ana me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka niho ke kalapona'okikene lua hua mai la ia mai ka wai, a me ka ea nuipa a. Nō hoʻi ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka ahaaina o ka waiwai i hoomakaukau ai ka hiki e ola flora. Mau mea pia, monakō koko.

I ka mea kanu e like me ke aloha hehee hana e like me ka mana kumu no nā māhele kanaka o ka mea kanu, oiai e hoomaopopo ana i ka maʻamau papa o ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Mau waiwai i hua mai, a? Aaoa, ka mea i hoʻohana mea kanu no kaʻai. Ke kanaka kino Ua paʻa kūhohonu loa me kēia mau waiwai ma ka ai, i ka mea i komo i loko o ka kela laʻai.

He aha? Where? Ka wā?

I ka ke aloha waiwai i loko o ke aloha huli, ka mea, he pono ia i kūpono ana no kāʻamaʻai. No kēia kaʻina mea pono i loko o ka wahi mua i ka malamalama. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni, a me ka Map. Nature ana kanu hope ua wehewehe aku ma ka nui o ka luawai, a me ka kau, i ka mea, i ka wa he mea he pono ke loaa i ka nui nui o ka poe ikehu. Hiki ole e olelo mai e pili ana i ka Akuma ka ili, ka wā i nā kukui i poʻeʻuʻuku, pōkole lā. E like me ka hopena, i ka lau huli he lenalena, a laila, pau loa ia e haule iho la. Akā, i ka wā i ka mea mua kupulau alohi na kukuna o ka la, weuweu pii koke ka hoʻomau 'kona hana chlorophylls, a e hoʻomakaʻeleu ana o ka o oxygen, a me ka mahuaola, i mea e pōʻino ano.

kāʻamaʻai kūlana o nā ole wale i ke alo o Ambient malamalama. Ona mau no hoi e e lawa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ke kanu absorbs ona mau mua, a laila, i ka naoh hoʻomaka me ka poe ikehu. I ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana, a ua kanu kino huahana.

Wale ina he mea he'ōmaʻomaʻo waiwai kāʻamaʻai. He aha ka chlorophyll, ua kau aʻela ma luna. Ka mea, i ke ano o ke alakaʻi mele ma waena o ka mālamalama, a me ka ikehu lā ikehu a me ke kanu iho, kaulike pono papa o ko lākou ola a me ka hana. Green waiwai i omo nona iho ai iiiaanoaa Map.

Ua Radio He nui a Mānoa a me ka oxygen. I ka kāʻamaʻai kaʻina ua holomua, na mea kanu pono ia i ka puu, no ka mea, ka haku mele 'ana he wale 0,03% carbonicʻakika. Nolaila mai o ka 20 000 m + ^{3 o ka} lewa ke kiʻi 6 m + ^3ʻakika. He ka hope 'Oponopono - iniiaiie feedstock no ka monakō koko, a ma ka huli, o ka waiwai e pono ai ke ola.

Aia nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mau o ka kāʻamaʻai. Ka mua ua kapaʻia ka malamalama, a me ka lua o ka - Ka pouli.

He ahaʻano papa hana percolation malamalama ke kahua

Ka malamalama kahua o ka kāʻamaʻai o kekahi inoa - photochemical. Ke kumu nui i komo i loko o kēia pae i:

• ka ikehu lā ikehu;
• like pigments.

Me ka mea mua ke keʻena akaka, ia mea Map. Akā, i mea na pigments mai i ike i kela a me keia. Ka mea, e hele mai i loko o uliuli, melemele,ʻulaʻula a uliuli. E nā launahele chlorophylls pūʻulu "A" a me ka "B" a hiki i ka melemele a me kaʻulaʻula / uliuli - phycobilins niioaaonoaaiii. Photochemical ha awina chlorophylls wale hōʻike nō ia o waena o ka i komo i loko o kēia kahua o ke kaʻina "A". Ke koena e pili ana i ka mea manuahi a Mānoa, i ka i loko o ka a - ka ohi ana o ka malamalama quanta a me kā lākou ka halihali ana i ka waenakonu o ka photochemical.

Mai hāʻawi chlorophyll me ka 'auhau efficient omo o ka ikehu lā ikehu me ka ua ke kōā kēia photochemical nenoai i ua hōʻike':

- Photochemical-oaio? A 1 (uliuli mea "A" pae) - hui pū i loko o ka 700 pigment Komo 'o ia malamalama kukuna nona ka lōʻihi o ka hola 700 HI. Kēia pigment e pili ana i ke kahua kūlana ma ka hanaiia'na mai o huahana o ka malamalama kahua o ke kāʻamaʻai.

- Photochemical oaio? 2 (uliuli waiwai pae "B") - i kekahi hapa o ka pigment 680 ua hui pū e absorbs malamalama kukuna o ka 680 HI ma ka lōʻihi. He nona Mea Keaka, a oia ka hoopiha ana oihana o electrons nalowale photochemical mawaena konu 1. kēia Ua loaʻa ma hydrolysis wai.

At 350- 400 nā lātoma o pigments i kekahi i kia malamalama fluxes ma photosystem 1 a me 2 i wale kekahi lātoma o ka pigment, i mea photochemically kaila - chlorophyll pae "A".

He aha Ka hele ana?

1. ka malamalama ikehu ke kemu ma ka mea kanu, mai ka hopena ma luna o ka pigment he maloko 700, i hele mai ka mea maʻamau moku'āina i ka moku'āina o excitation. Pigment haalele i ka huina'ine, kūpono ma ka ai-kapaia huina'ine puka. Eia, i ka pigment lātoma mea i nalowale i ka huina'ine, e hana e like me kona acceptor, 'o ia hoʻi, ke lawe maikai nei aoao electrons, a hoʻi i ka palapala.

2. Ke kaʻina o photochemical decomposition o ka wai i loko o ka waena konu o ka malamalama o ke kemu pigment 680 photosystem 2. Ma ka decomposition o ka wai i hanaʻia electrons i mua i maliuʻia e like me cytochrome C550, a ua hōʻike 'ia ma ka palapala Q. A laila, ma ka cytochrome electrons komo i ka huakai kaapuni nā moku halihali mokulele, a ua kaʻi aku i ke kikowaena 1 no ka photochemical hoʻopiha lua e, i mea no ka hopena o ka anal o ka malamalama quanta, a me ka hoʻopakele kaʻina hana o ka pigment 700.

Aia nā manawa a ka wā e like me ka lātoma loaʻa hoʻi huina'ine koe'ālike. Kēia e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale o ka malamalama ikehu like ka wela. Akā, aneane mau ka huina'ine me ka io kauoha, hui me ka kūikawā hao-luaipele nā polokina, a ua lawe ma luna o kekahi o na kaula hao a me ke pigment 700 hina i loko o kekahi maʻi lele kaapuni, a hui hou me ka ikaika acceptor.

Ma keʻano mua, he mea he cyclic huina'ine amo paʻa type, i loko o ka lua - cyclic.

He mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana hāʻule i loko o kaʻanuʻu mua o ka kāʻamaʻai ma lalo catalyzing i ka ia lei o ka huina'ine nā moku halihali mokulele. Akā, he mea pono e kaulana ia no ka cyclic type photophosphorylation olalo, a pau ka poʻe transporting he Chl wahi, oiai i ka wa a ka cyclic hoʻololi komo ai transporting substance omaomao "B" hui e chlorophyll "A".

Hiʻona o cyclic kekahi kaʻao ka

Phosphorylation o cyclic i kapa photosynthetic. E like me ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hua mai la i ka ATP lātoma. Ke kumu o keia mea ka hoʻi amo ma hope o kekahi mau ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma o ka huina'ine pīhoihoi moku'āina ma ka pigment 700, a ma ikehu ua hookuu, ke loaa kekahi ma ka phosphorylating'ūhū'ōnaehana i hou hoʻomāhuahua i loko o ka posapahate mea paa o ATP. I ua, ikehu ua ole dissipated.

Phosphorylation o cyclic o ka iniiaiie naoh o kāʻamaʻai, ma muli ma ka ho okumu ana o Nine Inch 'enehana ikehu ma chloroplast tilaktoidovʻili lahilahi surfaces ma ka hoʻohana' ana i Map ikehu.

Me photosynthetic phosphorylation naoh o kaʻaluna i loko o ka pouli, pae o ka kāʻamaʻai ole i ke Akua.

Nuances lawe aku noncyclic type

Ke kaʻina ninoieo ma ka hou ana NADP + a me ka NADPH ho okumu o N *. Keʻano papa hana ua ka nānā 'ana ma ka huina'ine hoolilo ferredoxin kona ka ho'ēmiʻana naoh a me ka mea mahope hoʻololi i NADP + me ka hou ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka NADP * H.

E like me ka hopena, electrons a i nalowale pigment 700, e niuniu electrons ma ka wai a ua decomposed ma ka malamalama kukuna ma photosystem 2.

Acyclic ala o electrons i kahe i hoʻohuʻu malamalama kāʻamaʻai ua lawe mai ma ka reacting pu na photosystems elua, hoʻohuiʻia ia huina'ine-amo kaula. Light ikehu electrons e kuhikuhi i ka pele hoʻi. Ma amo o photochemical ioauoa 1 a hiki i ke kikowaena 2 electrons lilo aku i kauwahi o ko lākou ikehu no e hoʻomāhuahua i proton Loaʻaʻia ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi 'ilikai tilaktoidov.

Ma ka pouli pae o ka kāʻamaʻai kaʻina hana o ka proton-type Loaʻaʻia ma ka huina'ine amo kaulahao, a me nā ana no ka ho okumu ana o ATP ma na chloroplasts okumu i mea kokoke'ālike me ia kaʻina hana i loko o mitochondria. Akā, hiʻona i nō kēia manawa. Tilaktoidami ma keia kulana home 'ole nō ka mitochondria Kai ma kaʻaoʻao hewa. 'O kēia ka kekahi kumu nui i na electrons a me na protons holo i loko o kaʻili lahilahi i loko o ke ku pono kuhikuhi pili ana i ka hoolilo kahe i loko o ka mitochondrialʻili lahilahi. Nā electrons i kaʻi aku ai i ka waho, a me na protons i loaa i loko o ke Keena Kalaiaina o ka'ōpū mai tilaktoidnogo. Hope lawe wale i ka maikaʻi ka uku ole, a me ka pāʻili lahilahi tilaktoida - io. Mai keia ka mea, penei i ke ala o ka protonʻano piʻina 'ano e ku pono kona aoao i ka mitochondria.

Kekahi hiʻona o ke kiʻekiʻe pH i loko o ka Loaʻaʻia o protons.

Ke kolu o ka hiʻona o ke alo o ka elua wale kaulahao tilaktoidnoy conjugation ioauoa, a like me ka no ka lākiō o nā lātoma o ATP i protons like me 1: 3.

ka hopena

Ma kaʻanuʻu mua o ka kāʻamaʻai o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka malamalama ikehu (ʻimi hoʻopunipuni a me ka neiskusstvennoy) mai o ka mea kanu. Pane koke i na kukuna o ka launahele mea - chlorophyll, ka hapanui o ka i ua iloko o loko o ka lau.

Ke kahua o ka ATP a me ka NADP * H - i ka hopena o ia ka naoh. Mau huahana mea e pono ai no ka hanana o ka pouli reactions. Nolaila, o ka malamalama ke kahua - ka paa kaʻina, me ka i ia e ia i ka lua o ka anu u - Ka pouli.

Ka pouli ke kahua: ka o Mānoa, a me ka peculiarities

Dark kāʻamaʻai a me kona naoh i carbon dioxide i ke kaʻina hana no ke aloha waiwai e loaaʻi carbohydrates. Manaʻo o kēia mau reactions ana i loko o ka chloroplast stroma, a me kaʻeleu komo o nā huahana lawe i kaʻanuʻu mua o ka kāʻamaʻai - malamalama.

I ka anu u pouli ma muli photosyntheticʻano papa hana ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kaʻaluna o ke kalapona'okikene lua (i kapaʻia photochemical carboxylation, Kelvin kalapona), a ua wehewehe aku ma cyclical. Ua ninoieo o ekolu kūlana.

1. Carbonation - ka piʻiʻana CO _2.
2. Restorative pae.
3. Pae e noho ribulozodifosfat.

Ribulofosfat - ke kō i me elima kalapona nā'ātoma - lends ia i ke kaʻina hana o ka phosphorylation ma ka lilo ana o ATP, ma laila ka hana ribulozodifosfat i ua hou aku malalo iho o carboxylation e pili ana i ka CO ₂ huahana me eono o ke kalapona, i loaʻa decomposed ma ka naoh me ka wai lātoma, e pili ana elua hakakino? Ueoʻakika phosphoglyceric . A laila, i kaʻakika undergoing piha hoihoi hou ia ana i loko o ka manaʻo o enzymatic reactions no i koi 'ia i ke alo o ATP a me NADP e hana i kekahi kōpaʻa i ekolu ana o carbon - ekolu-kalapona kōpaʻa, triose a aldehyde phosphoglyceraldehyde. Ka wā mau ia triose Punk hexose lātoma ua loaa ia ia, a hiki ia 'ana o ka pia lātoma a debugged no?.

Kēia pae welau ma ka mea ana i ka kāʻamaʻai kaʻina hana, ua kemu kekahi lātoma o CO ₂ a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ekolu ATP nā lātoma a me ka eha H nā'ātoma Geksozofosfat amenable i na reactions o ka pentose posapahate kalapona, kūpono ma ka noho ribulozofosfata i hiki ke hui pu me kekahi lātoma o carbonicʻakika.

Carboxylation naoh, ke ola, e noho hiki ole ke noʻonoʻo wale nō no ka mea i ho'ākāka 'keena kahi kāʻamaʻai i wahi. He aha mea he "ʻaʻahu" pele keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he, hiki ole i aku nei au, no ka mea, he mea nō he okoa - ka wā o ka loaa kaʻina hoʻohana NADPH + H, aole i mua o NAD + H.

Ka piʻiʻana CO ₂ ribulozodifosfat undergoes catalysis, i hoakaka ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. Ke naoh huahana He 3-phosphoglycerate, hou ma ka lilo ana o NADPH * h2, a ATP i glyceraldehyde-3-posapahate. Na ka ho'ēmiʻana kaʻina ua catalysed ma glyceraldehyde 3-posapahate dehydrogenase. Ka hope ua hikiwawe hoohuliia i loko o dihydroxyacetone posapahate. I ka ho okumu fruktozobisfosfata. Part o kona nā lātoma ua komo i loko o ka wa e noho kaʻina ribulozodifosfat, panina o ka pōʻaiapuni, a me ka lua o ka hapa ua hoʻohana e hana i kekahi hookoe carbohydrate i loko o photosynthetic keena, a laila ka mea, i ka kāʻamaʻai o carbohydrates.

Light ikehu Ua koi 'ia no ka phosphorylation a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha waiwai, a me ka ikaika o ka'okesaside o ke aloha' ona ua koi 'ia no ka oxidative phosphorylation. Ia mea ke kumu o ka mea kanu e hoʻolako ola i ka holoholona a me nā meaola i mea heterotrophic.

Kāʻamaʻai i kanu aeee i wahi ma keia aoao. Kona huahana nā carbohydrates e pono ai no ka hanaia'na o ke kalapona kino iwiʻano o ka waiwai o flora o ko ke ao nei i ka mea o ke aloha kumu.

Ke aloha naikokene waiwai hoʻokemuʻia ma ka 'ano photosynthetic meaola ma ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o'okanikaʻole nitrate, a me ka luaipele - aie i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o sulfates e sulfhydryl pūʻulu o'amino nāʻakika. Hoʻolako i ke kahua o nā polokina, nukelea nāʻakika, lipids, carbohydrates, cofactors mea kāʻamaʻai. He aha mea he "pa" o ka waiwai nui no ka mea kanu i muaʻia ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia, akā, ma luna o ka haumāna hoʻololi kemikala huahana i mea waiwai lāʻau lapaʻau 'ona (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, steroid, orgkisloty a me na mea e ae), i mai la ia i ka hua'ōlelo. No laila,ʻaʻohe exaggeration e olelo aku i ka kāʻamaʻai - ka ki i ke ola o ka mea kanu, holoholona a me nā kānaka.