Ho'ona'auao:, Kulanui a me nā Kulanui
Kaupapa Protolytic o ka wai a me nā Bronsted-Lowry
'O ke kumukānāwai palekana o ka'aila a me nā kumuhana aia ma ka palena o nā'enekema'elua i ka manawa ho'okahi: physics and chemistry. Me kona kōkua, ua hō'ike'ia nā waiwai a me ke'ano o nā kumu a me nā'āpana. Ua māhele'ia nā kānaka'epekema i loko o nā papahana'elua o ka pilina me kekahi.
'O ka pilikia o ke kumumana'o
'O ke kumukānāwai palekana o ka wai a me nā kumuhana e kōkua i ka ho'oponopono'ana i kahi pilikia nui: e wānana i nā huahana i hana'ia ma muli o kā lākou mau pilina a me pehea e holo ai kēia ho'opi'i. No ka hana'ana i kēia, ho'ohana nā luna i nā hi'ohi'ona'ano a me nā'ano o ka wai'ona a me ka base.
Ma kēia hihia, aia nā mana he nui e wehewehe i nā mea a me nā kumu. Ma nā'ano like'ole,'ike lākou i ko lākou mau'ano'ē a'e. Ma ka hopena hope loa, e pili ana i ka hopena o ka pane.
Nā papahana ho'ona'auao ma'amau
'O ke kumukūpili'ōpili'i o ka wai a me nā kumuhana he mea mahalo nui'ia kahi e'ike ai kekahi i ka pehea e launa like ai i ke'ano. Ho'onui'ia ia i nā hana'enehana a me ke kahua'epekema. 'O ka'ike o ka hopena o nā hopena o ka pilina o nā kumuhana a me nā'āpana e ho'oholo i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā'ōnaehana ho'ohālikelike o ka kemikali, e ho'opili i nā'ano mana'o like'ole ma ka hopena o nā kauka.
Ka ho'olālā o ka'ike e pili ana i ka pilina o nā wai a me nā kumu
'O ke kumukānāwai palekana o ka wai a me nā kumuhana kekahi o nā kumu waiwai o ka māmā. Ua hana mua'ia e nā mea'epekema i nā mana'o nui i ka makahiki 17. Ma ka manawa like, ua loli i ko lākou'olu'olu ma hope o ka ho'ololi'ana i nā manawa he nui a ua ho'oponopono hou'ia.
English chemist XVII kenekulia Robert Boyle manaoio i nāʻakika i ke kino, na nā'ātoma o i iʻoi protrusions a me ka waihona ipu - ka mea, o ko lakou mau ili. No laila,ʻo ia ike, a pau ka neutralization naoh ua hoemi ia i ka mea iʻakika protrusions komo i loko o ka ili o na kumu.
'O ke kumukū'au o ka wai a me nā kumuhana i ho'omaka mua'ia e ka luna lapa'au'o Nicola Lemeri. I ka makahiki 1675, ua pa'i'o ia i ka papahana "Kumu kelepila", a ma laila'o ia i wehewehe ai i nā'ano meakino a me nā kino o nā mea i pili i ko lākou'ano a me ke'ano. Ua mana'o'o Lemery he mea'oi aku nā'ōpona i nā'āpana, no ka mea e'ike'ia ai nā'ano le'ale'a ma ka'ili. Ua ho'okumu'o ia i nā kumu me ke kūmā, me ka mana'o'ana he pa'akikī ko lākou hale. 'O ka hopena, ua ho'okumu'ia nā pa'akai palekana.
Ma ke kenekulia XVIII, ua pili nā mea'ē a'e o Antaun Lavoisier i nā mea waiwai o ka'āpana i mua o nā oxygen ma loko o kā lākou hui. Ua hō'ike'ia kona hemahema e ka Hummry Davy o ka'ōlelo Pelekānia'o Humphry Davy a me kona hoa Pelekane,'o Iosepa Louis Gay-Lussac, ka mea i hō'ike i kekahi mau'ano waikawa i loa'a'ole ka oxygen. I waena o lākou he hydrogen halogen ai'ole hydrogen cyanide. I ka manawa like, ua loa'a kahi nui o nā pūpū o ka oxygen i loa'a'ole nā'āpana o ka wai.
Nā Hō'ike Ho'ohālike
'O ka mana'o o ke kumukānāwai kānana o ka wai a me nā kumu i ho'ololi maoli'ia i ka 1900. Ho'omaka ka po'e ho'omana'o i nā mea lā'au e hiki ke ho'oholo me nā metala a ho'oku'u'ia ka waihā. Ua'ae'ia kēia mau mana'o e ka mea kelemānia'o Justus von Liebig i ka makahiki 1839. 'O ia ka mea i mana'o'ia kekahi o nā mea nāna i ho'okumu i ka hana hana a me ka mea'eneke.
Ma ke'ano like me ia, ua ho'oholo'ia e ka mineralogist Swedish o Jens Jacob Berzelius ka mana'o he pono e pili i nā mea kau'ole o nā mea kaulike'ole i nā mea waikawa, akā'o nā mea kau'ia me ka uku kūpono he kumu. Ua kōkua kēia i ka wehewehe'ana i nā'ano waiwai o ka wai a me nā kumu. 'O ia ke kumu i no'ono'o'ia ai ka li'ili'i a me ka kūlana o Swedes ma ke'ano he waiwai pa'a o nā pū. 'O ia ka mea i ho'ā'o mua e'ike i ka ikaika loa o nā mea a mākou e no'ono'o nei i ka manawa mua loa o ka honua.
'O nā kumu nui o ke kumukānāwai palekana o nā waikawa a me nā kumuhana i kūkulu'ia ma hope o ka pai'ia'ana o ka hana a kahi mea ho'omanā Swedish'ē a'e,'o Svante August Arrhenius. I ka makahiki 1887, ua hō'ulu'ulu'o ia i ka mana'o o ka dissociation o ka lewa. Ma hope o laila, he manawa kūpono loa e wehewehe i nā waiwai o nā mea'ona a me nā kumuhana e pili ana i nā huahana o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea electrolytes. A ho'omaika'i aku i ka ha'awina a ka wānana Russian-German'o Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald, ua ho'olālā'ia ke kumukānāwai no nā mea koho'ia nāwaliwali.
Ma ka kenekulia iwakālua, ua ho'oholo'o nā mea'epekema'Amelika Cady, Franklin a me Kraus i ke kumumana'o o nā solvosystems. Ua hoomaka ia e pili i na olelo a Arrunius a me Ostwald, a me na mea aie e ae e hiki ai ke hui pu me ia.
I kēia mau lā, ua hana nui'ia e ke Dane Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted a me ka American Gilbert Newton Lewis, ka mea nāna i mālama i nā'ōkiko a me nā thermodynamics.
'O ke kumukānāwai Liebig
Wahi a ke kumulā'au Liebig hydrogen,'o ka waikiko he mea ia e hana ai me nā metala, a ma muli o ka hopena o ka wai. Ma kēia'ano,'a'ole i komo wale ka mana'o o "ho'okumu" Liebig.
Ho'ohui'ia ka wai a me ka pa'akai ma muli o ka hopena. I ka manawa e hana ai me nā mea ikaika, e hō'ike'ia ka hopena e nā metala. I kēia mau lā, ho'ohana'ia ka mana'o wale no e wānana i ka pilina o nā mea i loa'a i ka hydrogen me nā metala i loko o nā mea pale.
'O ka mana'o o Arrhenius-Ostwald
Ma ka ho'omaopopo'ana i ke'ano o ka mana'o ku'una o ka wai a me nā kumu o Arrhenius-Ostwald, ke'ike nei mākou i nā mea a pau e haku'ia ai ka wai hydrogen i loko o kahi waipa'a waika'ia e mana'o'ia he'ona i loko. I kēia hihia,'o nā mea wale nō kahi i loa'a ai ka hōhu'u a me ka ammonium ma kahi waipa'a maika'i e nānā'ia'o ia ke kumu.
No ka hopena o ka hopena, ua ho'okumu'ia ka wai a me ka pa'akai. Ho'omaopopo'ia ka mālama'ana i ka ho'ohui'ana o nā wai ikaika me nā kumu pa'a. Ma muli o kēia kumumana'o, ua hiki ke hō'oia i ka māhele'ana o nā mea kohohu, a me ka ho'oholo'ana i ka hua'ōlelo hydrogen, i ho'oku'u'ia i nā media lolouli, ua ho'okumu'ia. Ho'ohana'ia nō ho'i ia i ka waipū o nā pa'akai a me nā kumu o ka pa'akai. Eia na'e,'o ka mea pinepine'ole. 'O ke kumu,'o kēia ka mea e pono ai ka ho'onui'ana i ka helu. 'Oiai ka ma'alahi o ka no'ono'o proton.
Ke kumuhana Bronsted-Lowry
'O ke kumu palekana o ka wai a me nā kumu o Bronsted - Lowry mua i'ike'ia i ka makahiki 1923. Ua ho'okumu'o Bronsted lāua'o Lowry iā ia iho kekahi i kekahi. Ua ho'ohui nā kauka'epekema i nā mana'o o ka wai a me nā kumu i loko o kahi ho'okahi.
Wahi a ko lākou mau mana'o,'o nā'āpana he molekile a he ions paha e hana ana i ke'ano o nā mea hā'awi i ka mea ho'okomo i ka hopena. I ka manawa like,'o nā kumuhana wale nō nā molekino ai'ole nā ion i hiki ke ho'opa'a i nā protons. Ma kēia ka'ina, ua ho'oholo'ia nā'āpana a me nā kumu. He aha ke'ano?
'O ke kumukānāwai palekana o ka waikawa a me nā kumuhana i loko o ka kemikū e ho'oemi ana i ka ho'ololi'ana o kahi proton mai ka waikawa i ka kumu. A i kēia manawa,'o ka waikawa, ua nalowale ka proton,'o ia ho'i i lilo i kumu. A ua hiki iā ia ke ho'ohui hou i kahi'ōkuhi hou iā ia iho. Hiki i ka waihona i kēia manawa i waikawa, e hana ana i kahi'āpana'āpana.
No laila, i loko o kekahi mau pilina o nā mea a mākou e no'ono'o nei,'elua mau kumuhana a me nā'āpana. Ho'okomo'ia'o Bronsted iā lākou. 'O kēia nā kumu nui e'āpono ai iā mākou e ho'okumu i ka mana'o o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. Hana'ia nā hanana pili pono i kēia hihia ma nā'ano'elua, no ka mea,'o kekahi waiwai, e pili ana i nā kūlana, hiki ke lilo i ka wai'ona a me ka kumu.
Ma hope mai, ua ho'omohala'o Bronsted i ke kumumana'o o ka ho'oponopono āpau-base, a ke hana'o Lowry ma ka hana'oi o nā pū'ali manu.
'O ke kumu o solvosystems
Ua'ike'ia ke kumumana'o o nā solvosystems i ka ulu'ana o nā mana'o i ho'opuka'ia e Arrhenius a me'Ostwald. 'O ka pinepine o ka ho'ohana'ia'ana i nā ha'una me nā solene proton. Hā'awi nā'Amelika'ekolu - Cady, Franklin a me Kraus.
Wahi a kēia kuhiakau,'o ke kumu ke ho'ololi'ia ka mea'ele'ele. Hiki iā ia ke ho'oka'awale'ia i loko o nā ion i kēlā me kēia mea i ka loa'a'ole o kahi pale. I kēia hihia, ka cation a me ka anion. 'O ka mua,'o ia ka ioni lithium, a'o ka lua o ka ion līhi. 'O nā mea pale hana kūpono i ho'ohana'ia i loko o ka hopena e hiki ke ho'ololi i ka proton mai kekahi mole mole'ole i kekahi. No laila, ua ho'okumu'ia ka nui o nā anions a me nā cations.
'O ka huahana o kēia ka hopena he pa'akai a me ka pa'akai.
Ho'ohana'ia kēia mana'o e wānana i nā ku'i ma waena o nā mea'ona a me nā kumu i loko o nā mea pale. Hiki ke mālama i kēia mau hana me kahi mea pale. Hō'ike piha ke kumumana'o i nā'ano o nā mea'a'ohe oxygen a me hydrogen.
'O ka Lewis kumu
I loko o ka makamaika ka mana'o o "Lewis acid". He kinolima ia a he mole i loa'a ka ho'olālā'enele li'ili'i, kahi e hiki ai i nā paila'elepona ke loa'a. 'O kekahi o nā hi'ohi'ona'oko'a, he mau protons - nā hydrogen ions, a me nā kini o kekahi mau metala, kekahi mau pa'akai a me nā mea.
Inā'a'ole he hydrogen i loko o ka lewis Lewis, ua kapa'ia he aprotic.
Ke Kumu o Usanovich
'O ke kumumana'o laulā o nā mea'aila a me nā kumu i ka makahiki 1939, ua ho'okumu'ia e ka Mikimail Usanovich o nā Soviet.
Ho'okumu'ia ma ka mana'o e pili ana kekahi mau pilina ma waena o ka wai'ona a me ka kumu i kahi pa'akai. No laila, ua ho'ohālikelike'ia ka waikiko e like me kahi'āpana e kāpīpī ai i nā cation mai kāna iho, e like me nā protons, a ho'oku'i pū i nā aniona a, ma kahi mua, nā electrons iā lākou.
I ka manawa like, he mea nui ka base e hiki ai ke ho'okomo i ka proton a i'ole kekahi mea'ē a'e i ka mea nona iho. Akā hiki iā ia ke hā'awi aku i kahi mea koho ai'ole kaiona. 'O ke kumu nui o ka mana'o o Lewis'o ia ke kumu o ka wehewehe o "base" a me "acid"'a'ole ka hanana o ko lākou pūnaewele, akā'o ka hō'ailona o ke kuleana o kā lākou mau mea.
Eia na'e, ma ke kumumana'o o Usanovich, aia nā hemahema. 'O ka mea nui o lākou - he'ano nui o nā'ōlelo ku'una a me nā hua'ōlelo ha'aha'a o nā mana'o. Eia hou,'a'ole e'ae kēia kumumana'o i nā wānana no ka hopena o ka pilina o nā mea a me nā kumu.
Similar articles
Trending Now