Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi mea,ʻaʻole hoʻokahi? Ke 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes

Ma nadmembrannym eiiieaenu kanu keena, fungi a me kekahi koʻohune pili ka 'ole e like me kā lākou pā pōhaku. He 'atikala e nānā i ka' ole o ka halepaahao pa i loko o kekahi pūʻulu o meaola, a me kekahi möakäka hou i nā mana ia hanaʻia. E like me ua ikeia, keia ke keʻena i mua loaa e ka English nä känaka 'epekema Robert Hooke i loko o ka 17th kenekulia. E noke pū i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi mea nalo i ka hookahi-aa? Holoholona, a me ka multicellular meaola, mai coelenterates a pau me vertebrates: ka iʻa, amphibians, mea kolo, a me nā manu mammals.

No ke aha la oe i pono ai ia

I loko nō o ka mea i ka 'ole a me ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ka fungal pa, mea kanu a me drobyanok loli aʻe, ua loa like aeeaʻili lahilahi kuleana pili i ka mea. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, o ka hoomalu ana o ke cytoplasm a me kona organelles, mai ka aoaoʻino wale i o? Aneie aʻe.

Next: nadmembranny eiiieaena mea he ike loea kākoʻo hui 'ana, a' oi aku ka ikaika i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa o ka mea kanu a me nā fungi. Aia ma lalo mākou e noʻonoʻo i au mamuli ana o ka iwi 'ole ua interconnected me ka mana i ka mea hanaʻia.

Hiʻona o ka halepaahao paia o ka mea kanu

Kēia 'ole i loko o kanu meaola heʻano nui o ka pīlali pili ana i ka papa o polysaccharides - kelulose. Kona hakakino haʻilula o ka ia me ia i kaʻai pia (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n.} Macromolecules o polysaccharide pihaʻi me residues o Hoʻokolohua-monakō koko, a i wale i ka laina 'ole, no laila, ka mea hiki ke hana olona, ohi i laulau. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka waiwai nui maoli aeea paia -depth i loko o ka colloidal mua, a ua i hakuʻano nui o carbohydrates - hemicelluloses a me pectin. Nō hoʻi, kelulose pinepine i loaʻa i loko o nā māhele o nā mea kanu, e laʻa me, pulupulu puluniu o 99% he poe maemae kelulose, olonā, a me ka hemp apo ia mea i loko o ka nui o 75-80% o ka lāʻau - mai i ka 55%. E like me ka mea i hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, i ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes i ke kumu ma ka meaola i ka'aʻaʻa i mea e komo ai.

Ma waho kelulose paia kekahi mau nā polokina, lipids a me'okanikaʻole mea. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka halepaahao paia o kiekie mea kanu spore - horsetails - nā silikone'okikene lua, no laila, i ka mea kanu iho ka loaʻoʻoleʻa, a mau nō a me ka mea inedible holoholona. Kekahi o na papa ho okumu i ke kumu o perennial mea kanu, a kapa pani, accumulates ma na leho momona-e like ka waiwai - suberin. E like me ka hopena, i ka cytoplasm a me kona organelles disintegrate a me na keena wale kekahi ma hope o ka papa (oprobkovevanie anei i) ia lakou iho e hana.

Inā ma waena o kelulose olona, loaa lignin, hemicellulose pu me ia hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i ka ikaika me mechanical o lalo iho, a kumu o nā mea kanu o woody? Ueony, a me pigments iloko o ka lignin, kumu coloration laau. Ke pa no hoi maupaʻa ili hoalaala ia me kaʻili lahilahi, a i amo o ka waiwai.

Ke 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes o fungi

Na elele o ka pūʻulu likeʻole o ka fungi kahua pā mea chitin - he polysaccharide, a ua loaʻa i loko o ka pā iwi o arthropods, a ma kekahi mau koʻohune. Nadmembrannye eiiieaenu fungi i pihaʻi me kelulose a me ka holoholona pia - glycogen. No ka laʻana, ka Nine Inch 'ole o ka hū aeea paia ua poeʻano nui carbohydrates - glucan a me ka mannan. Wall iho mai ia mea ikaika lakou e maona ai a ua poorly hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o ka gastrointestinal'āpana o nā holoholona, no laila, ka mahuaola mea i ka haiia i loaʻa a me ka mea, i ke kemu hū epithelium o ka uuku liʻiliʻi.

hiʻona koʻohune

Inā ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi mea mamao au ma ke protists, prokaryotes laila ia i ka loa luna '' ole, a me ka murein, lipoproteins a me lipopolysaccharides, a me teichoicʻakika. paia lipopolysaccharides paipai mea pīlali o koʻohune i keʻano o nā substrates, no ka laʻana, a hiki i ka niho enamel a me na membranes o eukaryotes. Nolaila, o ka halepaahao pa o koʻohune, a aole nae he antigenic waiwai.

Ka hapanui o koʻohune luna pa uhi mucous mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku (capsid), ma i hiki e ke aupuni 'kekahi aiiay, ahu iho - peplos. Ke kaumaha ma muli kona 'ole, ma ka microbiology a pau koʻohune i maheleia i Gram-maikaʻi a me Gram-io.

Differentiation o koʻohune ma biochemical haku mele 'ana

Ka papa hana kōkua, e hoomaopopo prokaryotes ma ka i Kekahi Mau 'o ka Nine Inch' ole o ko lākou mau pūpū, i manaoia e ka Denemaka nä känaka 'epekema G. Gram ma ka hopena o XIX kenekulia. He loaʻa i kekahi mau laha 'o koʻohune e hoʻohaumiaʻo pono aniline make , a hana i ka pilina paʻa i huiʻia me ka poni' ia nā pōpō i e i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.

Oia gram maikaʻi prokaryotes i ua kapa: no ka laʻana, Staphylococcus a me Streptococcus. mea susceptible i ka helu ana o antibiotics penicillin a me ka actinomycin a pau o ia mau mea. Other koʻohune, kapa gram-io, mai hookohu hou aku me ka meto lila. Ka mea, e hoʻopale i ka penicillin, no ka mea, i ka paa haʻahaʻa-permeability mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku a me ke kelepona hele pa. O nā Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi o koʻohune, i ka mea he okoa Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, mea he nui microbiological ano o ka i, ua palapalaia ma ka pharmacology a me ka laau lapaau.

Hiʻona o mycoplasmas

E noho mākou ma luna o ka pūʻulu o ka mea uuku loa koʻohune - mycoplasma. Microscopic haʻawina ka mea i hoike ia ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi mea ma kahi'ē i loko o ia, no laila, mycoplasmas ikepili koʻikoʻi i kekahi mau antibiotics, e like me tetracycline. Mycoplasmas i hoʻomano māhele i ka 'ano, e ka causative konohiki o na maʻi, me ke kanaka urogenital nenoaiu.

Hapanui mycoplasma i loko o kā lākou pūnao ua koi 'ia e hoʻohana' o oxygen, a ua ikaika lakou aerobes. Like parasites kānaka a me nā mammals, e hoonui hoʻomaka koke, e like me ia ma ka haku mele 'ana o ka halepaahao membranes ke alo o ka naʻokoko, a mea he maikaʻi kūpapakū no ka mea ulu a me nā'ōlelo o mycoplasmas.

Ka hoʻololiʻana i loko o ka simplest

Mua, ua olelo ia i ka mea i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi mea mamao au ma ke ciliates a me nā hookahi-aa? Holoholona, no ka laʻana, rhizopods. Zoologists ike i protista i piha holoholona meaola, a ua pau i ka mana o: ka ulu, nā'ōlelo, no kou kino, ka hanu, excretion. Eia hoʻi, e noho ana ma ka wai a puni, a me nā hua lepo, protists hana ma ka lahilahiʻili lahilahi amo ana o ka wai a me ka mea pōhaku paʻakai, a nō i loko o ka mawaho a puni, a me ka noho kaʻawale wai kokoʻili lahilahi ma ili pono'ī metabolic huahana. No laila,ʻaʻohe huikau unicellular holoholona nadmembrannyh pono a pau o ia mea idioadaptatsy i nā hiʻona o Ambient ana.

E hoomalu ai e hoopakele i ka pono o ka iwi protozoa i pelikulu - denser mawaho, ahu iho ectoplasm. Manawa pelikule ka elasticity a me ka mea paʻa ua mālama 'ia a eia i kinona o ka holoholona ka kino.

Ma keia pepa, ke 'ole a me ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ka halepaahao membranes i ua? Anoee ano o ke kanu keena o ka meaola, like hoʻi me koʻohune a me fungi.