Plant aeea. Hiʻona o ke kanu keena

Ke kino o ke ola meaola i e kekahi kaukahi, ke kelepona hele, kā lākou pae 'ole he nui huhui waina a lākou, helu ieeeea? O kula haʻahaʻaa hale. Ka hope nā i ka hapanui o ka kiekie mea kanu. like o aeee - ka walaʻauʻana hehee ai o ka 'ole a me ka mana o ke ola meaola - ua hoʻoili ma ka cytology. Keia lala o ka kālaimeaola hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala hoʻomaka koke ma hope o ka loaʻa o ka huina'ine microscope, ka hoʻomaikaʻi chromatography a me nā ano o ka biochemistry. E noonoo oe i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona like pono me hiʻona no i ka mea kanu aeea mea okoa, mai ka 'ole o ka mea uuku mall huahelu o koʻohune, fungi a me nā holoholona.

I wehe 'keena R. Hooke

Ka pähola 'ana o ka moku hale, ālai' o nā mea a pau ke ola i Hawaiʻi, ana i loko o nā haneri o ka makahiki. Ka 'ole o kaʻili lahilahi o ke kanu keena i mua ike i loko o ka microscope Pelekāne nä känaka' epekema Robert Hooke. General i hoakaka ia aeea kuhiakau ua kālaiʻia Schleiden a me Schwann, ma mua e like hoʻoholo 'ia e nā noiʻi.

Pelekāne Robert Hooke hookolokolo aku la ia ma lalo o ka microscope pauku o Cork lāʻauʻoka, a hōʻike mai iā ia i nā hualoaʻa ma ka halawai o ka Royal Society ma London ma April 13, 1663 (e like me nā kumu, nā hanana i wahi i ka 1665). Ua huli mai i ka laau wauke ua i mai o ka moku aeee kapa Hooke "keena." Nā paia o kēia keʻena i loko o ka kumu i loko o ka palapala o ka waihona meli, he nä känaka 'epekema, noonoo iho la ola mea, a me ka lua ike lifeless kākoʻo' ole. Hope ka mea, Ua hoao aku au ia ia ma ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena iloko o ka waiwai, me ka a i ko lakou ola, a me ka ha awina o ka mea a pau meaola.

aeea kumumanaʻo

An nui loaʻa ma ka R. Hooke? Ac? I loko o nā hana o nā haumana, ka poe i aʻo i ka 'ole o na keena o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Similar mall hehee wale malama ia e kānakaʻepekema ma ka microscopic pauku o multicellular fungi. Ua Ua loaʻa i ka mall huahelu o ola meaola i ka hiki e puʻunaue. Ma muli o haʻawina ma ka 'elele o ka liluwelo sciences ma Germany M. Schleiden a me T. Schwann ua kālaiʻia i ke kuhiakau i lilo aeea kumumanaʻo.

Hoʻohālike o ke keena o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona a me koʻohune, ka līoho a me fungi ua 'ae' Kelemānia noiʻi, e hele mai i ka kēia hopena: Robert Hooke loaa "pahupaʻiwikiō" - he kumu o mall huahelu, a me ka hiki ia lakou ma ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola nō ma ka naʻau o ka hapanui meaola ma ka Honua. An nui hou i ia e R. Virchow i ka 1855, uaʻike nō ia aeea mahele - ka wale ala i kā lākou? Aneii kai. I ka kumumanaʻo o Schleiden-Schwann me IeAIIeXIAaIEE ua lilo increasingly maliuʻia i loko o kālaimeaola.

Cell - ka uuku hehee ai o ka 'ole a me ka mama no hoi o ka mea kanu

E like me ka oleloʻimi naʻauao o Schleiden a me Schwann,ʻo ke aloha ao ka kekahi e hōʻike i ka like microscopic 'ole o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Kaawale mai kēia mau aupuni a pau, i ka wa o ka halepaahao mea ano o fungi, koʻohune, a ma ka wa e kaawale aku o nā mea hoʻomaʻi. I ka ulu a me ka ulu ana o ola meaola ua hoakaka ia ma ka muli o hou keena ma ke kaʻina hana o ka mahele ana i ka? Ueony poʻe.

Multicellular meaola -ʻaʻole pono ke hoʻomāhuahua o mall hehee wale. Small mall naehana pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi, e hana i nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. ,? A? Meaola e noho ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, a aole i pale ia e ho okumu ana i panalāʻau. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o na keena:

• i ka hiki ana o kuokoa lakou ola;
• iho pūnao;
• pakiko-nā'ōlelo;
• ulu ana.

Ma ka evolution o ke ola ana o kekahi o ka loa nui a me ke kapuai i ke kaawale ana o ka nucleus, mai ka cytoplasm ma ka mea o ka aiiayʻili lahilahi. Kamailio ana o ka ua mālama, no ka mea, ma ke kaʻawale,ʻaʻole kēia mau hale e nei. Ano līkaia mau superkingdom - 'ole-nukelea a me ka nukelea meaola. Ka lua o ka pūʻulu ninoieo o nā mea kanu, fungi a me nā holoholona, a i hana ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka pili pauku o ka' epekema a me ka kālaimeaola i ka mau. Plant aeea i ka nucleus, cytoplasm a me organelles, a e e'ōleloʻia ma lalo nei.

Aʻano o ke kanu keena

Ma ka huli ana i oo watermelon, na ohia a uala e ike hiki me ke kapa ole maka 'ole "ke kelepona hele", piha me ka wai. Kēia parenchyma aeee i ka hua me ke anawaena o ka 1 mm o. Bast olona, - elongated 'ole me ka lōʻihi kekahi oi aku ia mamua o ka laula. No ka laʻana, he mea kanu aeea, i ua kapaia ka pulupulu kīnā i ka lōʻihi o ka 65 mm o. Bast puluniu olonā, a me ka hemp i laina Ana o 40-60 mm o. Typical aeee i nui emi -20-50 microns. E hoomanao i hiki wale i kēia mau wahi hale ālai 'ia ma lalo o ka microscope. Hiʻona o ka mea uuku huahelu o ka mea kanu kino 'ole e hoike ole wale i loko o ka shape a me ka nui oko ao, akā, i loko o ka mana hana i kekahi o na nā'aʻaʻa.

Plant aeea: ka walaʻauʻana hiʻona o ka 'ole

Nucleus a me ka cytoplasm i pili loa interrelated a me ka launa pū 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, a ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka noiʻiʻepekema. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE hapa o ka eukaryotic aeea, hilinai nei ma luna o lākou a pau na nā kumu o ka' ole. Ke Kernel hoʻohana no ka hoʻomāhuahua a me ka hoololiia ana o ka aaiaoe ike koi 'ia no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala.

Pelekāne nä känaka 'epekema Robert Brown i ka makahiki 1831 no ka manawa mua i kekahi i loko o ka mea kanu aeea o ka orchid ohana he kūikawā kino (Nucleus). Ua ua i kāna mau 'ōlelo hoʻopuniʻia e kekahi kalaka nui-cytoplasm. I ka inoa o keia waiwai i loko o ka literal unuhi ia mai ka olelo Helene, no "ka mea hū o ka iniiaiie keena." Ua hiki e ke kinowai paha (viscosity), akā,ʻaʻole pono kapa komo iā ia me kaʻili lahilahi. Mawaho wahi keena he kuhikuhi o ka kelulose, lignin, mahuahua. Kekahi o nā 'ano a maopopo na keena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, - i ke alo o keia paa cellulosic pā pōhaku.

Ka 'ole o ka cytoplasm

Ka loko lilo o ka mea kanu aeea piha me ka hyaloplasm kaulia ana ilaila moku granules. Close i ka ai-kapaia iwi endoplasma i oi ÷ ekzoplazmu. He mau waiwai, a ua piha i kanu aeea, malama like me ka wahi o ka biochemical reactions, a amo i pili ai, me ka hoʻokomo 'ana o organelles a me inclusions.

Kahi o 70-85% o ka cytoplasm o ka wai, 10-20% nō nā polokina, a me nā Nine Inch eiiiiiaiou - carbohydrates, lipids, mea pōhaku i huiʻia. Plant aeee i cytoplasm, kahi i waena o pau-me nā huahana o ka hoʻololi kemikala e noho bioregulators oihana a me ka hope 'ona (nā wikamina, nā'ūhū, mea kāhinu, pia).

kāna mau 'ōlelo

E like me ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena hōʻikeʻike i ka mea, i like nā hale nucleus i loko o ka cytoplasm a? Iaeoe? I i ka 20% o kona buke. Ka Pelekāne R. Brown, ua noʻonoʻo i ka manawa mua ma lalo o ka microscope keia nui a me ka mau ke keʻena o nā eukaryotes, haawi mai la ia i ka inoa, mai ka Roma hua'ōlelo nucleus. Helehelena nuclei pele correlates me aeea shape a me ka nui, akā, i kekahi manawa okoa. Koi 'oihana mua o ka' ole -ʻili lahilahi karyolymph, ka nucleolus a me ka chromatin.

Ma kaʻili lahilahi hookaawale ana i ka nucleus mai ka cytoplasm, he mau ili. Ma hope iho o kēia mau waiwai komo mai ka nucleus a hiki i ka cytoplasm a me ka hope. Karyolymph mea he kinowai paha (viscosity) Contents mai nukelea chromatin wahi. Ke nucleolus he ribonucleicʻakika (RNA), penetrating i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka ribosome, e komo i loko o kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Other nukeleaʻakika - deoxyribonucleic (DNA) - mea i ike i ka nui mea. DNA a RNA i loaa mua i ka holoholona aeee i ka 1869, ma hope i loaʻa i loko o mea kanu. Kora - o ka "hooponopono ana oaio" o intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i ka papaa wahi 'ike o ka hereditary ano o ka mea a pau meaola.

Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS)

Ka 'ole o ka holoholona a me ka mea kanu aeee mai i ka ikaikaʻo Solomona. Mau makana i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka pā tubules piha me kekahi kumu a me ka haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai. Granularʻano EPS ka oko ao, mai ke alo aku o ka pahee type ribosomes ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi ili honua. Ka mea mua o ke komo pū o loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina, i ka lua o ka Radio i ke kūlana i loko o ke kahua o carbohydrates a me lipids. E like me hoʻokumu e noiʻi, na auwai a i ole komo iloko wale ka cytoplasm, ka mea e pili ana i kēlā me kēia organelle o ka halepaahao ola. Nolaila, o ka waiwai io o EPS mea mahalo me he lālā o ka pūnao, ke kamaʻilio nenoaiu me ke kaiapuni.

ribosomes

Ka 'ole o ka mea kanu keena a holoholona i ole e hoi i noonoo ai me kēia mau meaʻuʻuku (particles). Ribosomes mea uuku loa, ka mea hiki ke ike ma ka huina'ine microscope wale. I ka haku mele 'ana o nā keena predominate nā polokina, a ribonucleicʻakika nā lātoma, aia no he nīnūnē nui o ke kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma Ion. ʻaneʻane a pau o na keena i kia RNA i loko o nā ribosomes, ka mea, i kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, "lalau aku" o ka'amino nāʻakika na nā polokina. ʻO nā polokina i laila i hānai i loko o ka auwai a me ka hoolaha aku EPS pukapuka ma ka halepaahao, komo i loko o ka Kora naʻEsau.

mitochondria

Mau organelles keena loaʻa kona mana kanu, ka mea hiki ke ike me ka hoomahuahua i ka maʻamau malamalama microscope. Ka helu o nā mitochondria loli aʻe loko loa ka laula, palena, ka mea, e ia me na huahelu a me na tausani. Organelle 'ole mea ole ka loa eiiieaen, ma laila nō nā membranes a me ka'ōpū mai loko. Nā mitochondria komo o ka lipid kumuʻiʻo, DNA a me ka RNA, ua kuleana no ka biosynthesis o ATP - adenosine triphosphate. No keia waiwai o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka ekolu phosphates. Ke cleavage o kela a me keia o ia hoʻolako i ka ikehu e pono ai nā mea a pau e pōʻino keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao wale, a ma ke kino. Conversely, e pili ana i residues o phosphoricʻakika ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoolilo a me ka hale kūʻai ikehu like me neia mawaena o ka halepaahao.

E noonoo oe i ka huahelu ma lalo nei ma luna o ka halepaahao, a organelles inoa i ka mea au i ike ai mamua. 'Ōlelo Aʻo i ka nui Oe (vacuole) a me ka uliuli plastids (chloroplasts). Mākou e kūkākūkā ia delshe.

Golgi eiiieaena

Complex ninoieo o ka halepaahao organoid anaʻana, membranes a me vacuoles. Ua wehe ia ka luna 'i ka 1898, a' o ia ma hope o ka Italian biologist. Hiʻona o ke kanu keena i like kōā kaulike e halii mai i Golgi (particles) ma ka cytoplasm. ʻepekema, i ua koi 'ia i ka luna' no ka rula o ka wai maʻiʻo a me ka neoneo huahana, wehe loa mea.

plastids

Wale nō mea kanu'aʻaʻa keena pihaʻi me organelles uliuli. Eia hou, aia no he colorless, lenalena, aʻalani plastids. Lākou 'ole a me ka oihana o ke kanu? Ueony lewa mana, a me ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi' ia nā pōpō ma muli o ke Nine Inch reactions mea. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o plastids:

• 'alani a me ka hulu chromoplasts hana carotene a me xanthophylls;
• chloroplasts i loaʻa ka chlorophyll mānoanoa, - i ka lāʻau pigment;
• leucoplasts - colorless plastids.

Ka 'ole o ka mea kanu aeee ua pili me ka hiki ole ia ma Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala reactions o ke aloha waiwai, mai ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai me ka hoʻohana' malamalama ikehu. I ka inoa o keia mea kupaianaha, a loa luna 'kaʻina - kāʻamaʻai. i lawe mai Reactions aie i ka chlorophyll, ka waiwai mea hiki ia oe e hoʻopio i ka ikaika o ka malamalama mea ulana lole. Ke alo aku o ka launahele pigment mea ku pono i ke ano kala like 'ole o ka lau, ka mauu anei, unripe hua. Chlorophyll mea i 'ano like me ka' ole i ka hemoglobin, i ke koko o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.

Red, he lenalena a me ka alani kala like 'ole kekahi mea kanu nā loko aie i ke alo i loko o aeee chromoplasts. Kā lākou kumu mea he nui pūʻulu o carotenoids hula kūlana nui i loko o pūnao. Leucoplasts kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka pia. Plastids ulu a mahuahua ma ka cytoplasm, a me kona hele ma ka pāʻili lahilahi o ka laau aeea. Ka mea, i waiwai i loko o nā'ūhū, Ion, 'ē aʻe biologicallyʻeleu i huiʻia.

Ka oko ao ma ka microscopic 'ole o ka nui pūʻulu o ola meaola

Ka hapanui o aeee e hoohalike ai wahi eke piha i mucus corpuscles, granules a me Oe. Pinepine ua nui na inclusions i loko o ka palapala o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa nā pōaka, nā minelala hao, kulu kaʻaila, i ka pia granules. Ke keena i ka'ō'ō ihe i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea kanu nā'aʻaʻa, ola me ka mau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ha awina o ka mea uuku' ole 'iniha, ho okumu i ka pa alima.

A hiki aku ka mea, he specialization o ka multicellular 'ole i ka mea i olelo ia ma kekahi mau physiological pelekikena a me ka oihana o ka microscopic mall hehee wale. Ua hoʻoholo kuhikuhi ma ka wahi o ka'aʻaʻa i loko o ka lau, aa, kumu, a me generative kanu i nā loko.

Mākou hookahi mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE hehee wale o ka hoao, o ka halepaahao mea kanu me ka haʻahaʻa huahelu o ka 'ole o nā meaola ola:

1. Anuanu iwi ano mea kanu wale no, i hanaʻia ma ka puluniu (kelulose). Ma fungi, kaʻili lahilahi ninoieo o kekahi mau nō chitin (he kūikawā kumuʻiʻo).
2. Ke keena o nā mea kanu a me nā fungi oko i ke kala ku i ke alo a kaawale o plastids. Oia ke keiki bipi, e like me chloroplasts, chromoplasts a me leucoplasts, noho wale nō i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka mea kanu.
3. Aia nā organelles i distinguishes holoholona - he centriole (aeea waena).
4. Wale i loko o na keena o ka mea kanu haawi aku ai ia i ka nui kikowaena vacuole hoopihaia me ka wai a Contents. Maʻamau, ua halepaahao SAP nā pōpō pigments i loko o kekahi mau waihoʻoluʻu.
5. Main hoʻokoe hui kanu meaola - pia. Fungi a me nā holoholona loaa glycogen i loko o kā lākou mau keena.

Mawaena o ka limu ike na mea he nui hookahi, noa-ola keena. No ka laʻana, ua he kuokoa kino ka chlamydomonas. ʻOiai ka mea kanu i kaulana no, mai na holoholona ma ke alo o ka kelulose aeea paia, akā, i ka germ keena i nele o ia ke anuanu iwi - keia mea i kekahi hooiaio no ka hoʻohuiʻana o ke aloha ao nei.