Ke kaiaola o nā kula mai. Nā mea kūʻai mai a me eiiiiiaiou o Meadow nā kaiaola

Ke kaiaola - he manaʻo i Ho'ākāka 'he nenoaiu o pili loko o kekahi kaiaulu o ke ola kanaka, interconnected kaianoho koholā ( "oikos" (ʻole) -. "Noho" a me ka "nenoaiu").

Ke'ī mai, i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea kanu i ka wa a ke noonoo, holoholona, parasites, koʻohune noho i ka Louka makahiki, ke olelo aku nei au i keia a pau - ke kaiaola o nā kula mai.

Natural nā kaiaola: systematization ma ka pūʻulu

Ka mea hiki ke subdivided like penei:

1. honua - tundra, taiga, deciduous ululāʻau, grasslands, wao akua.

2. Freshwater - muliwai, o ic ??, Reservoir, Swamp, kahi weuweu ka wai.

3. Hawaii - Ocean holopapa, upwelling (wahi me ka hōʻike o ka moana wai), muliwai (i ka waha o ka muliwai e kahe ana i loko o nā kai a me ka moana), na papa.

Aia yeinenoai hiki ia i ke kēia size:

• anakahi iki - muli o kona kulana uuku (e like, piholo maila hummock);

• meso - meakino nui (keia i e, no ka laʻana, he Meadow, a loko);

• nunui - nui loa (moana a me ka'āinapuniʻole);

• Laulā - o ka Honua.

Hoʻopiha eiiiiiaiou o na aia yeinenoai, a kūlohelohe aʻe

Kekahi ke kaiaola ninoieo o ka lākou o biotic eiiiiiaiou: na meaola e noho ana i noho ia, a me ka abiotic ( 'ole-ola) - he mea pōhaku, ke aloha ka lepo, naikokene, kalapona, wai.

Natural aʻe he hoʻonui kahiko o ka'āina i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kaiaulu o na mea ola, i ka i kaupalena' wa o ka'ōnaehana. Kēia pāhawewe lā, humidity, wela kumu ea puʻe.

He mea pono e hōʻike i ke kanaka 'uao i loko o ke ola ana o kēlā me kēia ahupuaʻa - ia mea kumumea kanaka-i mea ole hoʻololi i wale hiki i ka ke kaiaola, akā, no hoi, e luku aku ia ia.

Kula mai: systematization

Louka kapa kapu wahi, ulu me ka mauu. Ma Rusia, nā kula i mea maʻa mau puunaueia i nuggets (maoli ma kona ano maoli) a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni. (Loko mai kuapo, o ka oi aku tinned definite manawa).

Native grasslands i mea maʻa mau hoʻohana no ka haying a me kaʻai holoholona. Ka mea, i ka waiwai ohi ai ana o ka lau nahele, a Louka ke kaiaola iho kākoʻo i ka pono no ka lōʻihi-ola pilina ola mea. Hewa e like me nā panalāʻau e noʻonoʻo i ka lepo'aʻaiawā, ulu me ka underbrush (ma kahi o ka ululaau) a me ka propagation o ka nāhelehele. Native grassland Ua emi emi a.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni kula i wahi noʻonoʻo loko mai o kekahi mea kanu kuapo kula a ikea ma hope o deforestation. Ka mea, i poe mamo perennial mauʻu wanawana, a haawi aku i ka lani kiekie loa hua. Mau kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka moku'āina o ka lepo, e ka mea e pono ai mea pōhaku a me ke aloha fertilizers. Kula mai ke kaiaola i loko o keia hihia mea ihola ia okoa, mai ke kino, hana a me ka mālama 'ia wale artificially.

No kaʻai i hoʻohana nā kumu a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni kula. Ke kuleana Ua manaoia i ka hālāwai hope o ia mau 'ō a ma ke kaiaulu no ka' ē aʻe ana, ka mea e leie aku mauu uhi hoihoiia.

Biotic eiiiiiaiou kula mai ke kaiaola

Louka no i ka meakino nui ka noho 'ana o nā mea ola, no laila, ua haku o na kumu a pau hoʻomaopop' ana i loko o kekahi o ia mau mea.

Poʻe e noho ana i kapaʻia grasslands nā kaiaola biotic eiiiiiaiou. E like me ka aponoia Mea Maluna, ka mea o nā hoʻohua, nā mea kūʻai mai a me decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Nā hoʻohua - nā mea kanu e hoohuli mai ka ikehu lā ikehu ma kāʻamaʻai isomer monakō koko C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (kumu i kekahi ke aloha waiwai).

2. Consuments - nā mea kūʻai mai Louka ke kaiaola, e hanai ana oia i mea kanu, nā mea kolo a me nā holoholona.

3. Decomposers - nā meaola iʻai ma luna o make ke aloha mea.

nā hoʻohua kula mai

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea kanu ma ka Louka - weuweu. Ua Ua manaoio aku ia ma luna o kekahi huinahalike mika hiki neiʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao e pili ana i ka haneri okoa mea kanu.

XIX. Louka mauʻu wanawana - kiliala (ma kahi he kanaha? Ueo). It Timoteo, ulaula fescue a me ka Meadow, rai mauu, kīhāpai mauu, bluegrass , Meadow foxtail, Meadow brome, manao keʻokeʻo. Ka mea, e i ka uliuli nui, i ka turf maikai, ulu mālie aʻela i loko o ka makahiki hou, ulu hou Akuma ka (haawiia ka aftermath). Mau lau nahele - ka haahaa pae ana o na kula.

Ka mea e hiki mai ana loa, he pono ole Louka - legumes (mai ka umikumamalima a hiki i ka iwakalua? Ueo): clover, peas, o ka huakaʻi. Ka mea, hoʻolako i ka lepo me ka naikokene. 'O kēia ka lua o ka pae.

Mauʻu wanawana nā mea kanu o ka 'ohana Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - Ua holo nōhie ke kolu o ka pae.

Mauu - ka mea mua nui loulou i loko o ka meaʻai kaula, aina ka noho 'ana. No koe a grasslands ke kaiaola. Animals (herbivorous holoholona), nā mea kolo, manuʻai nā greens a me ka anoano. Ka oi hihiu mauʻu wanawana ma ka Meadow, ka nuiʻia nā mea kūʻai mai ke ola ma kēia paena.

consuments

Nā mea kūʻai mai ke kaiaola o ke kula mauʻu e maheleia i kauoha ekolu:

1. No ka nā mea kūʻai mai (mea hoʻohana) o ka mua o ka papa, he 'elele o? Aaoa pono hānai nā hoʻohua (Manufacturers), oa mea kanu. Kēia nā mea kolo (Letra Kolohe Kai, nalo meli, e ikuwa ana), herbivorous mammals (rodents, pipi, lio, hipa, kao, 'Olu), Meadow manu (sēlū, manu, manu).

2. Ka lua o ka papa lawe consuments carnivores, herbivores ai. Ua alopeke, hedgehogs, insectivorous manu (wagtail, corncrake, o Ulili, tit, he kanaha) a hiki punawelewele.

3. Ma ke kolu o ka mea ana i nā mea kūʻai mai i carnivores, ai ana carnivores. Kēia manu (kestrel, harrier, nisu, vuletura) a me nā holoholona (e like,ʻalopeke).

I pepehi, o ke kula mauʻu ke kaiaola

Kekahi ai ke kaula gula e e pani, ka mea, ua kena ae la ia e pōʻaiapuni o nā'ōlelo. Nolaila, he pono e meaola hiki no ke kūlana a pau ke aloha residues. еструкторами. Ka mea, i kapaʻia decomposers, a me b estruktorami. Ka mea hana i kekahi kuleana pili i loa nui - ia mea i loko o ke ano o na medics, ka mea i pani biogeochemical pōʻaiapuni.

Auhea na fossils? Ua make lepo a me ka lola honua (aa) o na mea kanu, hāʻule Akuma ka lau, make (a mai kekahi mai, a make iho la, a ua pau i ke kaʻina hana o ka ola), manu, a me na holoholona, na manu, neoneo huahana, holoholona a me nā kānaka. A pau o keia ikehu-waiwai ke aloha ia mea, ka mea, ua kapaia detritus.

Ke kaiaola o grasslandsʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai, e ola ana i ka hahai holoholona iʻai ma luna o detritus (detritophages):

• manu -ʻaeto, manu, poʻo nui, jackdaws;

• nā mea kolo - ka holo akula, insect larvae, ulu lola honua, lepo'ūhini lele me, centipedes elua-paʻa;

• earthworms.

A pau o ka mea ma luna o ka poeikohoia o ka Louka flora i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loko ma nā mea kūʻai mai, kūlana 'he niche hookaawale i loko o ka luna kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kūʻai mai. Ia e hoopau ana make koena, a ilaila hoomaemae i ke kaiapuni, ka mea, haalele iho la ka'ā undigested residues (lepo).

decomposers kula

Louka mauʻu wanawana, a nō na nā hoʻohua, no kā lākou ulu e lawe mai i ka lepo mea hoʻoheheʻe maloko nā minelala hao.

Ma ka aina (me Louka) mea pōhaku waiwai komo i ka'āina i loko o nāʻaoʻao - biotic a me ka abiotic.

1. I maoli fungi a me ka lepo microorganisms hiki ke hoʻolilo i ka luna 'ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o na mea'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha wale. Ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE decomposers o ka honua me kona pono. He biotic hana.

2. Mechanical hoʻohuikau (ahau-thaw), Nine Inch a me photochemical reactions 'ia ana ma ke ano maoli, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o luna' ke aloha i huiʻia loaʻa i decomposers walaʻau ma ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole. Kēia mea he abiotic ala e.