Ke kelepona hele ka hanu a me ka kāʻamaʻai. Aerobic ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā

Kāʻamaʻai a me ka hanu nā - mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i underlie ola. Ka mea, a elua ana i loko o ka halepaahao. Ka mua - i loko o ka mea kanu a me kekahi mau mea koʻohune, lua - a me ka holoholona, a me ka mea kanu a me ka fungal, a me ka mea koʻohune.

Mākou ke i aku nei au i ke kelepona hele ka hanu a me ka kāʻamaʻai - e kū'ē keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kekahi i kekahi. Ma kekahi hapa, keia mea pololei, no ka mea i loko o ka oxygen ma mua o ke kemu, a hookuu i carbon dioxide, a ma ka lua o ka - ma ka mea ku ole. Eia naʻe, ua pono ole e hoohalikeia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana mau i ka mea ana i loko o kekahi organelles hoʻohana i kekahi mau waiwai. Na manao no ka i ka mea i pono, no hoi, e okoa: kāʻamaʻai pono no ka mahuaola, a me ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā - no ka ikehu.

Kāʻamaʻai: kahi a pehea aole keia hana?

Kēia Nine Inch naoh pahuna ma ka loaa ana ke aloha waiwai, mai'okanikaʻole. A elue o ke alo o ka pele kāʻamaʻai lń, mai kona ikehu hana me ka hōʻeleu.

Kāʻamaʻai ano o ka mea kanu, hiki ke hoikeia ma ka helu kaulike kēia:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Ia mea, eono i carbon dioxide nā lātoma, a me ka hookahi helu o ka wai nā lātoma ma ke alo o ka lń mea kanu i loaa i kekahi lātoma o ka monakō koko a me ka oxygen eono.

'O kēia ka simplest laʻana o ke kāʻamaʻai. No hoi monakō koko a me ka 'ē aʻe hiki ke synthesized ma ka mea kanu, oi eiiieaen carbohydrates, e like me ke aloha waiwai, mai nā papa.

Eia he laʻana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'amino nāʻakika'okanikaʻole hui:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2c ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

I hiki ke ike, eono nā lātoma o ke kalapona'okikene lua, ka eha wai nā lātoma, elua o ka sulufahate Ion, nitrate Ion, elua a me eono hydrogen Ion hoʻohana 'ia ka ikehu lā ikehu hiki e loaa elua nā lātoma o cysteine, a he umikumamakolu - ka oxygen.

Kāʻamaʻai kaʻina i wahi ma kūikawā organelles - chloroplasts. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila ka pigment chlorophyll, a hana like me ka hōʻeleu no Nine Inch reactions. Mau organelles loaʻa wale nō i loko o kanu keena.

Ka 'ole o ka chloroplast

Kēia organelle, a i ka shape elongated mea poepoe. chloroplast nui nō kāu 4-6 microns, akā, i loko o kekahi līoho keena hiki ke 'akomi i kanaka nunui plastids - chromatophores, nona ka nui o 50 microns.

Ua pili ia i ka organelle dvuhmembrannym. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia ka pā, a ma loko leho. Ka mea i kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi intermembrane ka lewa.

O na papa o ka chloroplast i kapa ia "stroma". Ua loaʻa thylakoids a me lamellae.

Thylakoids - he i lalo iwi kuamoʻo-hoʻokino sacs o kaʻili lahilahi, i mea chlorophyll. Kēia mea kahi kāʻamaʻai i wahi. E hele ana i loko o puʻu, thylakoids kuahene grana. Helu thylakoids ma ka muliwai e halawai hiki ĸokoĸa ana nä pane mai 3 hiki i 50.

Lamellae - he 'ole paha membranes. Ka mea, ho i ka manamana ai auwai a ulana pukapuka, nona ka iniiaiie papa - e i ka pili ma waena o nā maka.

Ma chloroplasts apo ia i kā lākou mau ribosomes e pono ai no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, a me kona mau DNA a me ka RNA. Eia hou, aia i e inclusions, oia hoi o ka hope ka mahuaola,ʻano nui pia.

ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā

He nui na ano o keia kaʻina. Ua anaerobic a aerobic ke kelepona hele ka hanu. Ka mua ano o ka koʻohune. Anaerobic ka hanu nā mea o kekahi mau ano: he nitrate, sulphate, ka luaipele, a me ka hao, kalepona, fumarate. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana ae na koʻohune loaʻa ikehu me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka oxygen.

Aerobic ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā mea ano no a pau na meaola, me nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Ua hele mai ia me ke komo ana o ka oxygen.

Nā 'elele o ka? Aaoa ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā lŘlŘ ma ka hana kūikawā organelles. Ka mea, i kapaʻia mitochondria. I mea kanu e like me ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā lŘlŘ i loko o ka mitochondria.

kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao

Ke kelepona hele ka hanu i wahi i loko o ekolu kapuwai:

1. Ke hoomakaukau pae.
2. Glycolysis (anaerobic kaʻina, 'aʻole i oxygen).
3. 'okesaside (aerobic ke kahua).

Ka hoomakaukau pae

Keʻanuʻu mua ka mea i uhaʻiʻia luna '' ona i loko o ka digestive'ōnaehana i lalo i loko o simpler. Penei, nā polokina loko mai'amino nāʻakika mai lipids - momoma nāʻakika a me glycerol, mai luna 'carbohydrates - monakō koko. Mau hui e kaʻi aku i loko o ka halepaahao, a laila - 'ana i loko o ka mitochondria.

glycolysis

, Ae waiho nei ma ka mea i monakō koko ua enzymatically a pipili i ka pyruvate a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma. Kēia 'ano apau loa ATP (adenosine triphosphate). keia helu kaulike hiki e hoike ia ma keia kaʻina.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Penei, ma ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis kekahi monakō koko lātoma kino ke loaa mau nā lātoma o ATP.

'okesaside

Ma keia kahua, i hanaʻia i glycolysis pyruvicʻakika enzymatically reacts me ka o oxygen, e hana i carbon dioxide a me hydrogen nā'ātoma. Mau nā'ātoma laila kaʻi aku i ka crista kahi oxidized e hana i ka wai a me ka 36 ATP nā lātoma.

Penei, ma ke kaʻina hana o ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā ua hua mai la i ka huina 38 ATP nā lātoma 2 i loko o ka lua o ke kahua, a 36 - ma luna o ke kolu. Adenosine triphosphate a mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu kumu, a ua hāʻawi i mitochondria o ka halepaahao.

Ka 'ole o ka mitochondria

Organelles ma i ka hanu i wahi, ma laila i ka holoholona, a me ka mea kanu a me ka fungal keena. Ka mea, e komo i ka spherical ÿano, a me ka nui o ma kahi o 1 micron.

Mitochondria like chloroplasts i mau membranes hookaawale ia e ka intermembrane makahiki. He aha ka loko o nā membranes o ka organelle, i kapaia o ka'ōpū mai. Ua loaʻa ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) a me mtRNK. Ka'ōpū mai hele glycolysis a me ka mea mua'okesaside anu u.

O ka pāʻili lahilahi pā e hanaʻia, i like loa me na kualono. Ka mea, i kapaʻia cristae. Eia ka lua o ke kahua o ke kolu o ke kahua o ke kelepona hele ka hanu. I loko o kona hana loa ATP nā lātoma.

Me Kinohi dvuhmembrannyh organelles

ʻepekema, ua hoao aku au ia i na hale a i i kāʻamaʻai a me ka hanu i nā hīnaʻi manu e symbiogenesis. Ia mea, i kekahi manawa, ka mea, ua kekahi mau meaola. Kēia wehewehe i ka mea i loko o ka mitochondria, a me chloroplasts i kā lākou mau ribosomes, DNA a me ka RNA.