Kind o microscopes: ano, ka papa kuhikuhi ano, o kēia Ka huina'ine microscope mea okoa mai ka malamalama?

Ka manawa "microscope" i Greek kumu ae. Ua he o nā hua'ōlelo i o ia hoʻi, "ka poe liilii," a me ka "nānā." Ka papa kūlana o ka microscope mea i loko o kona palapala noi, i ka wa e noonoo pono uuku loa mea. Eia hoʻi, i kēia mea e leie aku oe, e hooholo i ka nui a me ke kinona, me nā hale a me nāʻanoʻike makaʻole i ka maka kapa ole, loko aku.

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

Pololei 'ike e pili ana i ka mea i ka inventor o ka microscope,ʻaʻole mōʻaukala. E like me ia i kekahi 'ike, ka mea i kūkulu i ka 1590, a me ka makua kāne ke keiki Janssen, haku no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie wahi. Kekahi contender no ka inoa o ka inventor o ka microscope - Galileo Galilei. I ka 1609, ua hōʻike mai iā ia i kēia mau kānakaʻepekema i ka mea hana a me na nā aniani kaulona concave a convex ma lehulehu make i loko o ka Accademia Dei- Lincei.

Over na makahiki o ka'ōnaehana no ka noonoo ana i microscopic mea ulu a me ka hou. A nui mua i loko o kona mōʻaukala i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka poe noonoo ole achromatic lole hoʻomaʻa i ka noonoo o kanaka. Au wahahee keia'ōnaehana Dutchman Kristian Gyuygens ma ka hopena o 1600s. Eyepieces o ka inventor i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo i keia la. Lākou wale nō drawback o ka nele o ka laula o ke kahua o ka Hawaii. Eia hou, ua like kā i ka nakeke o kēia mea Huygens eyepieces i ka kekahi kaʻao ka wahi no na maka.

Special na makana i ka mōʻaukala o ka microscope i ka Hookah o ia manaʻo, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 GG.). Ua i aku la ia, me ka unuhi i ka noonoo ana o ka biologists a hiki i keia pa alima. Leeuwenhoek i ka hana uuku-nui nā huahana, i hoʻolako pono me ka hoʻokahi, akā, loa ikaika maka aniani. Hoʻohana ana i ia mau manaʻo i Ua koikoi, akā, e ka mea, i pāpālua kiʻi mā i a pau i loko o ka hui microscope. Ka hemahema i keia deficiency, ua hiki na inventors i wale 150 makahiki hope. Together me ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana'ōnohi ke kiʻi e like ai o ka ahupapa manaʻo.

Ka hoʻomaikaʻi microscopes nei a hiki i kēia lā. Pela, i ka 2006 o ka Kelemāniaʻepekema hana ma ka Institute no Biophysical kemika, Mariano Bossi a me Stefan Hella hope'ōnohi microscope? Ac?. No ka mea, no ka hiki i ka malama mea me Ana o 10 HI a me ke kiʻekiʻe-kbps ekolu-dimensional 3D-kiʻi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe i kapa nanoscopy.

Mea Maluna microscopes

Currently, ma laila nō keʻano o nā mea i ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i ka poe liilii,-nui mea. Lākou Hoʻohui 'ia ua hana ka nānā' ana ma luna o nā mea kiko'î. Kēia paha ia i ka hookohu o ka microscope a maliu aoao o ke kau iho, ke 'ole hoʻohana' ia no ka'ōnohi kaapuni, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Akā, me ka rula, e hoʻolahaʻia ka nui o na microparticles pela, i hiki ke ike i ke kōkua o kēia'ōnaehana i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o microscopes. E like me ia i kēia mahele, microscopes i:
-'ōnohi (malamalama);
- uila;
- X-Ray;
- kaʻimiʻanaʻimi.

I ka loa i lohe nui i hoʻohana 'ano o ka malamalama microscopes. Kā lākou waiwai koho i loaʻa i loko o'ōnohi hale kūʻai. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau mea i ke hoʻoponopono i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ke ao o ka mea. A pau nā 'ano o nā microscopes nā hana kūikawā. Lākou hoʻohana ua i, e like me ka rula, i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mauʻano o nā mea i kona subspecies, a i hoʻohana ma o ka ua wahi. Eia hou, i keia la, he mea ka manawa e kuai i kekahi kula microscope ( 'ole aʻo), a mea he komo-ʻilikai nenoaiu. Ua kaumaha nā mea kūʻai mai a me ka 'oihana nā mīkini home.

palapala noi

No ke aha la oe i pono ai i ka microscope? Ke kanaka maka, i he hana'ōnohi nenoaiie o liluwelo type mai i kekahi pae o ka olelo hooholo. Ma na olelo e ae, aia no he palena iki mamao ma waena o ka nānāʻana aku i mea ia e hiki nō keʻike. I ka mea maʻamau maka e like me ka palapala i loko o 0,176 mm o. Akā, no ka nui loa o na mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena, microorganisms, aniani microstructure oka a pau, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia m. P. nui i emi ma mua o kēia nui o. Pehea, laila, e aʻo, a malama i na mea? Here e kōkua hele mai kanaka a me kekahi mauʻano o microscopes. No ka laʻana,'ōnohi type maalea ae, e hoomaopopo i ka 'ole, ma o ka mamao ma waena o nā kumu mua o ka palena iki o ke 0,20 microns.

Pehea o ka microscope?

Kekahi mea i ma a na kanaka maka i loaʻa ka ninaninau ana i microscopic mea, ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE oihana mua elua. Ka mea, i ka maka aniani a me ka eyepiece. ʻIkepili paa ma ka hoʻoneʻe hapa o ka microscope şarkı, i kahi ma luna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kumu. He loaʻa, a me ka kahua.

Hoikehonua, ano o microscopes i ana i hoʻolako pono me ka ho'ā nā kahua. Keia, ma 'ana, ka condenser me na iris. Obligatory piha 'ia paha o ke kiʻiona mea, he anakahi iki a me makrovinty, i hookauwa aku e hoʻomaʻa i ka oi. I ka manao o ka microscope ua hoakaka ia, a me ka loaʻa nui o ka'ōnaehana i ka mana i ke kulana o ka condenser.

I ka hana kūikawā, oi Ka Uluwehi O Ke microscopes mea pinepine hoʻohana a me ka 'ē aʻe nā nenoai a me na manao ona.

nā aniani kaulona

Omaka i kekahi hōʻike o ka microscope makemake me ka moʻolelo e pili ana i kekahi o kona papa kuhikuhiE māhele, oa ka maka aniani. Ka mea, i ka luna ''ōnohi'ōnaehana, maoli i ka nui o ke kumuhana i loko o ke kiʻi pelane. maka aniani manao Desha i ka holoʻokoʻa'ōnaehana,ʻaʻole wale nō hoʻokahi, akā, i palapala hoopaa ma na apana o nā aniani kaulona elua a ekolu paha.

Ke ka manaʻo pohihihi o ia he opto-me mechanical manao hilinaʻi nui ma ka laulā o ka hana e pono e e hoʻonā 'ia i loko o kekahi mea. No ka laʻana, ka mea, uaʻike ia he umikumamaha, nā aniani kaulona ma ka hui microscope.

Na maka aniani i kekahi hapa o ka frontal hapa, a, mahope i kona kahua. He aha ka ke kumu no ke kūkuluʻana i ka makemake kiʻi quality, e like me ka hana ana kūlana? Keia mua maka aniani 'ole kahua. E hahai i ka maka aniani e pono e i ka makemake magnification, mea nui loa, a kiʻi e like ai. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo o kēia mau mana wale nō i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka mua maka aniani. Ua pono e olelo mai la ia i ka manao o ka mea hope ia ma luna o ka lōʻihi o ka Tube a me ke kiekie o ka maka aniani pa alima.

eyepieces

ho i kēia hapa o ka microscope'ōnohi'ōnaehana ke hoʻololi e kūkulu i ka makemake microscopic kiʻi ma luna o ka retina o ke kilo maka ili honua. mau maka aniani pūʻulu i kekahi hapa o ka eyepiece. Hea ka mea me ka maka ua kapaia ka maka e noiʻi, a me ka loa - kula (me ke kōkua o ka maka aniani kūkulu i ke kiʻi o ka mea aʻo).

ho'ā nā'ōnaehana

Ke microscope eaaaony luna '? Ieoaeunoai o diaphragms, aniani keleawe a me nā aniani kaulona. Me ka mea i hoakaka iaʻaʻahu hoʻomālamalama o ka mea ma lalo o? Anoee. Ma ka microscopes loa mua, i lawe mai i kēia kuleana pili maoli malamalama kumu. E like me ka puana a ka'ōnohi manaʻo ua lilo noi initially i lalo, a laila, concave aniani.

Me ke kōkua o ka poe noonoo ole lāliʻi na kukuna o ka la a ke kukui i kauoha ia i ka mea o ka mahele. Ma kēia microscopes ho'ā nā'ōnaehana hou hemolele. Ua ninoieo o ka condenser, a me ka ÿauhau.

ke kahua me

Microscopic hoomakaukau i kauoha ao, e kauʻia ma luna o ka palahalaha ili. 'O kēia ke kahua. Mai Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'ano o nā microscopes i e haawiia' ilikai? Ieoaeunoai no laila, i ka mea o ke ao, e e ke ka ao ka i loko o ke kula o ka Hawaii o ke kilo horizontally, hoʻopapakū paha ma ka kekahi huina.

rula o ka hana

Ma ka mea mua'ōnohi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe maka aniani'ōnaehana i aʻe kiʻi o microscopic mea. Ua ae mai, e ike i ka 'ole o ka mea a me ka mea uuku lāliʻi, i ka poe malalo no o ka mahele. I ka rula o ka hana o ka malamalama microscope kēia mea i 'ano like me ka hana i hāpai i ka refractory telescope. Ma keia mea, ua refracted i ka malamalama ka wā maalo ae la oia ma ke aniani hapa.

Pehea e hoomahuahua i ka holomua malamalama microscopes? Ma hope o ko lakou komo ana i ka laau o ka malamalama kukuna mea hāpai mīkini o kā lākou hou 'i loko o ka laua kahawai. Wale laila, o ka refraction o ka malamalama ma ka eyepiece, a hiki maoli i ke kiʻi o microscopic mea. Eia, ua 'ike hele ai i ka pono no ka kilo ma ke ano o kona pilikia makapō mea kālailai.

Subspecies o ka malamalama microscopes

Hoikehonua, 'ōnohi mea hana i hoʻolaha.

1. E like me ka ka manaʻo pohihihi papa noiʻi, ka hana a me ke kula microscope.
2. Ma ka noi i keʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau, liluwelo a me ka oaoieei.
3. Ma keia ano microscopy lewa, a ho'īli-malamalama nā mīkini home, i ka paeʻia, a me nā kukui hāweo polarization.
4. Ma ka olelo o ka malamalama koko ma luna o ka Kuapo a me ka pololei.

huina'ine microscopes

Over manawa, o ka mea no ka ninaninau ana i microscopic mea e lilo ana i oi Uluwehi O. Aia i na ano o microscopes, i i hoʻohana okoa, kuokoa o ka pae'ōnaehana rula o ka malamalama refraction. Ma hoʻohana o ka polokalamu ano āpau i komo i mīkini uila no. Oia nenoai e ka mea e hiki ai e ike i na wahi uuku o ka waiwai i ka mea wale kahe a puni i ka malamalama kukuna.

No ke aha la oe i pono ai ka microscope uila type? Me ia, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka hakakino 'ole o ke keena, a subcellular pae. No hoi, e hoʻohana i na manao maalea no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe huina'ine microscopes

He aha ke moe ma ke kumu o ka polokalamu manao maalea no ka ninaninau ana i microscopic mea? Ka huina'ine microscope mea okoa mai ka malamalama? He aia kekahi mawaena o lakou kekahi mea like?

Na ke hoʻohana rula o ka huina'ine microscope ua ma muli o ka waiwai i i ka pila a me kaʻume mākenēki kihapai. Lākou rotational symmetry mea hiki ia i ka hoʻomālama ia ma luna o ka huina'ine kedera. Ma keia kumu, he mea hiki ke pane i ka nīnau: "Ka huina'ine microscope mea okoa mai ka malamalama?" I mea, e like me ka'ōnohi ka manaʻo,ʻaʻole nō he maka aniani. Ko lākou kūlana pono papahanaʻume mākenēki a me ka pila nui kihapai. Ua hanaia lakouʻanuʻu o coils ma iʻikena kahe. Eia hou, i kēia mau mahinaʻai hana e like me ka converging maka aniani. Ma ka hoʻoulu 'ole ka hōʻemiʻanaʻikena mana pa alima EUIAaIN ka mea nui mamao.

Like no me ka manaʻo, a laila, i ka huina'ine microscope mea i 'ano like me ke ano o ka malamalama pa alima. Ke koena unuhi waiho wale i loko o ia ka'ōnohi hehee wale i auou caiaiaiʻia e like me ka pou.

Ke mahuahua ma ka huina'ine microscopes mea ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka refraction o ka malamalama nana i ulana kaʻina hana, maalo ae la oia ma ka mea ma lalo o? Anoee. Ma kekahi mau pana pua na kukuna komo i ka Pahuhopu maka aniani pelane, a me kahi mea he mua magnification o ka hāpana. Eia, na electrons e hele ala a hiki i ka palapala maka aniani. Ua hoʻololi smoothly hoʻonui i ka nui o ke kiʻi. I ka hope loa kiʻi o ka mea i hāʻawi mai i ka wānana maka aniani. Mai kona kiʻi e kau mai ma luna o ke kukui hāweo pale.

Ano o ka huina'ine microscopes

Hoikehonua, ano o kiʻiona maalea nā:

1. TEM a EYI huina'ine microscope. Ma keia i hoʻomākaukauʻia i kiʻi o ka loa wiwi, a hiki i 0,1 microns manoanoa, ua hanaʻia no ka mea i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka huina'ine mea nana i ulana i ka pale waiwai, a me ka mahope ulu i loko o konaʻume mākenēki nā aniani kaulona aia i loko o ka maka aniani.
2. Sema, a me kaʻimiʻana huina'ine microscope. Kēia mea e leie aku, e loaa i ke kiʻi o ka mea ili me ka kiʻekiʻe olelo hooholo i ka mea o kekahi mau nanometers. I ka hoʻohana 'ana i ia mau ano microscope nā mea hōʻike aku' ike e kōkua hooholo i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o kaʻili kai papa.
3. Ka tunnel kaʻimiʻana huina'ine microscope, a STM. Me keia mea ana i ke kokua o ka lawelawe surfaces me kiʻekiʻe māhele olelo hooholo. I ana, ke STM me kaʻoi metala kuikele ua lako i ka mea ma lalo o? Anoee. I ka Ia manawa malama ka loihi o ka wale i kekahi mau angstroms. Next, ua malama aku i ke kui kele ma he uuku nona iho, no laila, he mea he tunnelingʻikena. Ma keia hihia, ke kilo hookipa mai i ka ekolu-dimensional kiʻi o ka mea ma lalo o? Anoee.

Microscopes "Leeuwenhoek"

I ka 2002, ma Amerika, he hou anaina hoolaa i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'ōnohi manaʻo. Ke assortment papa inoa o kona huahana i microscopes, telescopes a me binoculars. A pau kēia mau manao maalea a pau o kbps kiʻi.

Ke poo oihana a me ka oihana kūpono 'ana o ka poʻe e aia i loko o ka Hawaii, ma Frimonde (Kaleponi). Akā, e like me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie nona iho, ka mea, i loko o Kina. A pau i kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka poʻe e pau ai ke kuai me ka holomua a me ka kiʻekiʻe kona mea e like me nā huahana ma ka affordable kumukuai.

Oe Pono He microscope? Levenhuk kaumaha i ka koi koho. I ka laulā o ka'ōnohi? Ieaoa poe i kikohoʻe, a liluwelo manao maalea, e hoʻonui i ka mea i aʻo. Eia hou, i ka Customer kaumaha a me ka manao ana hoʻohālike, i loko o nā waihoʻoluʻu.

Microscope Levenhuk he nui functionality. No ka laʻana, e komo aku ai kaʻilikai aʻo mea hiki e pili ana i ke kamepiula, a me ia mea hiki ke hana i nā haʻawina videotaping. Ma keia palapala ka mea, ua lako pono me ka loiloi Levenhuk D2L.

Ka poe e kaumaha ana liluwelo microscopes ma ia wahi pae. He He mea kükohu, a me ka hou 'ikamu i e hoopii' Oihana.