Kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai: ho'ākāka 'ana, ke ano,' ike

Mākou 'ōlelo ua mau noho hou ma mua o 600 laha' o ikeia microorganisms, akā, ua loaʻa nui wale eʻohi i ka maʻiʻaʻai i ka lehulehu amo. He aha ka ke kumu o ka infectious maʻi? Pehea i keʻano papa hana o ka maʻiʻaʻai?

pathogen

Infecting pathogens ua kapaia maʻiʻaʻai. I ka manawa iʻikeʻia i loko o 1546 i ke aloha a hiki i Girolamo Fracastoro. Ma keia 'epekema ike ma kahi o 1400 anakahi iki-meaola, ka mea, i nā mea a pau a puni mākou, akā, mai hoʻomōhala i loko o mākou kēlā manawa kēia manawa o ka maʻiʻaʻai.

No ke aha? I ka mea i pau meaola i mahele ia i loko o pathogenic, opportunistic a me ka 'ole-pathogenic. Ka mea mua i pinepine parasites, a koi i ka "puali" no kona ulu ana. Ka mea, e hiki ku i ola a me ka hoʻopale kino.

Opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia coli, Candida fungus) 'aʻole i i ke ola i ke kanaka i kekahi reactions. Ka mea, ke noho i loko o ka papa, e kekahi hapa o ka microflora o ke kino. Akā, ma lalo o kekahi rula, e like me ka palupalu'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana, e lilo ia i mea pathogenic, i mea nā palapala.

Ka manawa " 'ole-pathogenic" komo ai i pilikia o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me kēia mau meaola, eia nae ka mea hiki ke komo i loko o ke kanaka kino a me ka pono maʻiʻaʻai. Palena ma waena o pathogenic a nonpathogenic microflora ma ka microbiology hōʻike ''āina blurry.

Ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai

An infectious maʻi hiki ke kena ae la ma ka anal i loko o ke kino o ka pathogenic fungi, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, protozoa, koʻohune, prions. Ke kumu o pathogens o ke kaiapuni, i ka poʻea pau i kā lākou ulu. Kēia meakino pinepine hana me ke kanaka a me ka holoholona.

Noho ana ma 'ano kūpono, koʻohune' Imi proliferate, a laila haʻalele i ke kumu, loaʻa iā lākou iho i loko o ka mawaho kaiapuni. Aia pathogens IeAUPIIe, IAa IO mai i paʻi. Lākou helu i nā emi a ka piha nalowale, a me kela adverse aʻe hōʻeleu i wale nō i kēia kaʻina.

Reactivate i ka nui hana o microorganisms ua loaa ka mea loaʻa ka wā i hou "haku" - he kūlana kanaka a me ka holoholona nona ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia. Ka pōʻaiapuni hiki ke hai hou noke a ka iho mailoko o parasites e hohola i ola meaola.

'Ia e like me ka lēkio leo

He nui no ka maopopo i ka mea i hoʻolilo 'ia - ia mea i ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai. Ua mau hana i intermediary no ka EYI o ke anakahi iki-meaola. Lawa humidity, nele o ka mahuaola a me ka 'ole Ambient wela kūlana i noho lakou malaila no lākou ulu.

Air, hale 'ikamu, ka wai, lepo iho mua i iho mailoko o, a wale laila kaʻi aku i ka parasite i loko o ka poʻe koa kino. Inā e loaʻa koʻohune i loko o kēia mau hana kūpono kona lōʻihi, ka mea make. Oiai kekahi i kekahi kūikawā ia'ku, a hiki ke malamaia a hiki ma adverse ana no na makahiki.

Ikaika e kū'ē'ē mai i anthrax. Ma ka lepo, ka mea, ua waiho no kekahi mau makahiki, akā, wale i ka hora hope pepehiʻia e nā kapuahi. He hoi loa indifferent i disinfecting konohiki. Ke causative Agena o ka cholera, El Tor hiki ke ola i loko o ka lepo, one, nā huahana a me feces, a me ka paio hahana maoli nō? Aieeeua 17 degere e ae i ka laau, e hoonui.

Sources o ka maʻiʻaʻai. Kind

Nā mea palahēhē i maheleia i mau hoailona ia mea, e like me ka mea i loko o i ka mea hoonui a me ka meaola i hiki ke hoolilo. Ma muli o kēia mauʻikepili, līkaia anthroponoses, zooantroponozy a me zoonoses.

Zooantronozy anthropozoonosis a kumu mai i loko i ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai mea he kanaka paha holoholona. Ma kānaka, maʻiʻaʻai loa pinepine ia lŘlŘ ma na holoholona, o ka oi aku rodents ma. Ma zoonotic nā mea palahēhē pili rabies, glanders, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, brucellosis, trypanosomiasis.

Anthroponotic mai i loko o ka hihia ma ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai - kanaka, a me ka mea hiki wale ke hoolilo i na mea e ae. Kēia nā ka hoʻi, typhus a me typhoid wela, moa pox, gonorrhea, maʻi palū, syphilis, whooping cough, cholera,ʻo Waimānalo a me ka polio.

Zoonoses kapa infectious maʻi no a ka maikaʻi 'ia mea he holoholona kino. Ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, i ka maʻi hiki ke pū i hiki i kānaka, akā, mai kanaka i ke kanaka - ole. Ke koe o ka ino, a me ka melemele wela, e hiki ke kūhōhō iwaena o na kanaka.

Ka loaʻaʻana o ka maʻiʻaʻai

An iho mailoko o kanaka a me ka holoholona hiki i ke ākea laha ana o ka maʻi i loko o kekahi o kekahi mau noho, a me kekahi manawa mau'āina. Hoʻopōʻino mai a me kā lākou haawi aku mahele epidemiologists.

Ma ka loaʻaʻana o ke ahiahi, he hookahi hihia o ka maʻiʻaʻai, kauka loaʻa mai i nā lāliʻi o ka maʻiʻaʻai. E kuhikuhi i ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai i, i ka ho'ākāka 'ana o kona' ano a me ka haawi aku ki ina hana like. E hana i kēia loa mau hoʻohana epidemiological mōʻaukala, i mea e kino i ka hoʻomanawanui e pili ana i nā hana, hui 'ana me ka poʻe a me ka holoholona, i ka lā o ka hoouka kaua ana o symptoms.

Piha 'ike e pili ana mailoko ka'āina maikaʻi kēia. Me ka mea i hiki ke loaʻa mai i keʻano o ka EYI, i ka hiki kumu, e like me ka Loaʻaʻia me ka unahiʻole (ina paha he nui he hookahi hanana a me ka nuipa a).

Ka mua kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai mea,ʻaʻole manawa oluolu i ka hōʻike, ma laila i e kekahi mau. He oi loa paʻakikī, e hana me ka zoonotic maʻi. Ma kēia hihia, na ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka epidemiology mea e kuhikuhi i nā mea a pau Loaʻaʻia kumu a me nāʻaoʻao o ka EYI.

'Ole o ka EYI

Aia i kekahi mau EYI maomeka. Fecal-moʻolelo ano o nā mea a pau intestinal ka maʻi. Malicious microbes mea nui i loko o ka noho a me ka luaʻi i loko o ke ola i ke meaola ka mea, hāʻule me ka wai a me ka hui '-hale ala. Kēia ka hana i ka wa a ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai (ka maʻi kanaka) ilihune holoi lākou mau lima ma hope o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka' Ia.

Naehana hanu a airborne hana i ka mea hoʻomaʻi nā mea palahēhē e iho mailoko o ka naehana'āpana. Aoaao o microorganisms ia lŘlŘ ma kiheʻana a me ka puʻu uninfected ma kahi o nä mea.

Transmissible komo ai i ka EYI o ka maʻiʻaʻai ma ke koko. Kēia ke hiki i ka wa a ke nahu lawe, IAOEIAaOʻuku lele, ticks, malaria mosquito, na uku hoi kekahi. Neʻe ma ka hui 'pathogens mea i aia ma luna o kaʻili a me mucous membranes. Lakou komo i ke kino ma eha ma ke kino a ma ka hui 'ana me ka hoʻomanawanui.

Nā kiʻie hōʻikeʻike pū i hiki venereal maʻiʻano nui IeAUPIIe, IAa IO 'ana i moe ihe. Vertical EYIʻano papa hana o ka maʻiʻaʻai o ka fetus ma ka makuahine, i hāpai keiki.

Specificity o EYI

No kēlā me kēiaʻano o ka microorganisms wehewehe aku ma kekahiʻano papa hana ana i nā mea hoʻomaʻi paha koʻohune komo i loko o ka püÿali meaola. Nō kāu, kekahi mau ia maomeka, a me kekahi? Aneie aʻe e hoʻonui i ka EYI i kekahi manawa parasites.

I ka Ia manawa i ke ala e küpono kekahi microbes, ia mea,ʻaʻole conducive i ka hoolilo ana o kekahi poe. No kekahi laʻana, na konohiki o ka ÷ naehana hanu nā mea palahēhē mea e pāpā ikaika powerless i loko o ka gastric wai. Noho ma ka gastrointestinal'āpana, ka mea make a me ka mai ole i maʻi.

Kekahi o na maomeka o nā palapala microbes komo i ke kino e, ma ka mea ku ole, hōʻeleu i ke kūpono 'ana o ka maʻi. Penei, ingress causative Agena o syphilis i loko o ke koko ma ke kumu o ua hoʻohaumiaʻia 'inikua paipu ke kumu complications. Ka maʻi ia lŘlŘ oi intensively.

ka hopena

Maʻiʻaʻai mea he huihui 'ana o liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana' ia i loko o ke kino a me ka ulu i ka hoike i loko o ka mea, o ka pathogenic meaola. I ka maʻi e loli i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. I ka papa kuhikuhiE EYIʻano papa hana o ke kui, ke keka, airborne, faecal-ku una, vertical ala.

Ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai - he 'ia' ano no ka? Aneii, a me ka laha ana o germs. Kupono olelo pinepine noho kānaka a me nā holoholona. Ke kaiapuni, e like me ka rula, hana me ka intermediary.

Ua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO 'aʻole e lilo na rula no ke ola o pathogenic a conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Hooloihiia noho i loko o ka 'ia conducive i kā lākou ia'na. Ma kekahi mau hihia, na microorganisms ke hoomau anei oukou ma ka lepo, ka wai, ke one, mai ka lalo mai i kekahi mau makahiki.