Kypchak Khanate: ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala

Kypchak medieval khanate - conglomerate Polovtsian ohana i waiwai nui hehi mau mea o Eurasia. Ko lakou aina i'ōʻia, mai ka waha mai o ke Danube ma ke komohana i ka Irtysh River a hiki i ka hikina, a ma ke Kama muliwai ma ka akau a hiki i kaʻaoʻao hema o ka aeuneii? Kai. Iloko o ke ola ana Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII kenekulia.

prehistory

Polovtsi (nā inoa: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) ua Turkic kanaka me panina hehi nomadic ala o ke ola. Ma ka VIII kenekulia, e kukulu ai lakou ia lakou iho i loko o ka mokuna o kēia aneea oneiaey. Lākou poʻe hoalauna a pau i nā Khazars a me Oghuz. Polovtsian sires kūpuna noʻonoʻo i nāki ma na steppes o ka hikina Tien Betesana mai, a Mongolia. Ia mea ke kumu o ka mua palapala hoike e pili ana i na kanaka - ka Pākē.

I 744, ka Cumans hele mai ma lalo o ka rula Kimaks, a no ka lōʻihi manawa e noho ana i loko o Kimek Khanate. Ma ka IX kenekulia i ke kulana i nana e hoole. Polovtsi loaʻa hegemony no Kimaks. No laila, ma laila Kypchak Khanate. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XI kenekulia, ka mea, ua pahu mai o ka ino i lalo o ka muliwai Syr Darya kokokeʻohana o ka Oghuz. Ma ka mokuna me Khorezm ma Polovtsian i Sygnak kulanakauhale, i kahi o ka mea, malaila i ka hooilo hoʻolulu. ¶ A i loko o kona wahi i na mea hina o ke kulanakauhale kahiko, ka hōʻike he nui hulikoehana waiwai.

lilo i ka moku'āina

By 1050 Kypchak Khanate ke kemu a pau i ka aina o kēia aneea oneiaey (koe Semirechye). Ma ka hikina, o ka palena o ke aupuni i ka Irtysh River a me kona komohana palena noho ma luna o ka Volga. Ma ka hema o Kipchak ma Talas, ma ke kūkulu'ākau - Siberian ululaau.

Ka lāhui haku mele 'ana o kēia mau nomads i hana i loko o ka hoʻokuʻi pū o ka nui no hoi na lahuikanaka. Moʻolelo kuhikuhi mau ki Kipchakʻohana: yanto mea, aia hoi. Eia hou, i ka Cumans i kāwili pūʻia me lākou lanakila hoalauna (Kauai a me Oguz). All noiʻi hoike no i ke 16 Kipchak ohana. Ua borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak a me ka 'ole. D.

Ma ka waena o ka XI kenekulia Kypchak Khanate hiki i ka piko o kona anoe? Aiey. Malihini e noho ana ma ka Black Sea, a me ka Lūkini steppes, hiki i ka palena o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau. E like me ka hopena o keia nui Polenekia ua he disintegration o ke kaiāulu Kypchaks mau conditional māhele: hikina a me ke komohana. Ka mokuna ma waena o ia ke moe ma ka Volga (Cumans kapa ia "Itil").

Public 'ole

Kipchak ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua caste a socially kaiʻewaʻewa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai, kumu hoʻomalu i ka hoʻopōmaikaʻiʻana i, i ka bipi a me ka lio. Ka mea, o ko lakou helu ana ma ka hale i manaoia he anakahi o ka ke kanaka i ka wahi i loko o ka nohona hulili. Part o ka holoholona i loko o ke kaiāulu ona. Na holoholona i kaha maha tamgas (me kūikawā kaʻaʻai kahakai). ʻai pū mea maʻa mau no a hiki i ka aristocracy.

Ka hapa nui o Kipchak oia no ano o herders a me nā lālā kaiāulu. Ka mea, i manaoia noa, akā, pinepine i hala ma lalo o ka malu o nā hoalauna hou ikaika. Me ka lilo ana o ke kanaka i nele o ka manawa e neʻe i, a lilo yatukom kā lākou holoholona - noho poʻe e noho ana. Ka loa powerless ma ka kaiāulu Polovtsian kauwa. Kypchak Khanate, nona ka hoʻokele waiwai e pili kēia nānā 'ana i hookupu, hoonuiia i ka helu o ka poe kauwa, i ka lilo o ke kaua.

Aina e me Rusia

Ma ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XI hoomaka Lūkini-Polovtsian kaua. Nomads i i ho'āʻo i ka lanakila i ka hikina Slavic na'lii, akā, i hele mai i ka aina o 'ē aʻe no ka makemake o ka waiwai pio a me ka hou kauā. Hehi i koho waiwai a me na holoholona, a devastated mahiʻai aina. Kā lākou ho'āhewa wale nō koke a me ka māmā. E like me ka rula, na nomads ua manawa e nalo loa ma mua o ka kaua i ko lākou wahi i hele mai i ke alii i ka lawe pu ana.

Loa pinepine koʻu hoomanawanui ana'ku ia aina a puni Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl a me piglets a me Siverschyna. Ua ua ma luna o kā lākou waiwai'āina a me nā kūlanakauhale pale umauma hoʻokahi lākou merciless ho'āhewa wale Kypchak Khanate. 11 - o ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 13th - i ka wā o ka maʻamau clashes me ka Lūkini hehi kauna. No ka mea, o ka pilikia ma ke kūkulu hema, kanaka ho'āʻo e neʻe kokoke i ka ulu lāʻau, a me ka nui loa hauma¯na i ka poʻe Polenekia o ka hikina mai Slavic heluna kanaka i loko o ka Vladimir na'lii.

Chronicle o kaua

A lohe o Kypchak Khanate, nona ?? eoi? Ua mahuahua me ka nui loa, i hele mai i loko o hui 'ana me Rusia, Slavic moku'āina, ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea, ua komo i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ulia, kena ae la ia e ka feudal fragmentation a me na internecine kaua. E kū'ē i ke kāʻei kua o kēia mau hanana, a mahuahua nui o ka pilikia o nomads i manawa.

Ka mua mea pio Polovtsy alai ae ia e Khan Iskaliev kena ae la o Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich i ka 1061. ʻEhiku mau makahiki ma hope, i ka poe koa e pepehi i ka Lūkini hehiʻahahui ekolu Rurik ma ka muliwai Alta. I ka 1078 ma ke kaua o Nezhatina Field make ma Kiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. A pau kēia mau pōʻino nui, hina iho la maluna o Rusia mea pili i ka hikiʻole o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'mō'ī, e ae mawaena o lakou iho no ka pono.

Rurik ka lanakila

Kypchak medieval khanate, ke kālai'āina'ōnaehana a me ko na Aina e no i e hoohalike ai i ka Classic laʻana o ka iā Goga, no ka lōʻihi manawa ana terrorized ka aina Lūkini. Aka hoi, hiki ole mau loa ke pio ana o ka hikina mai Slavs. Ke personification o ka hou a o ka paio me Polovtsy ua Vladimir Monomakh.

I ka 1096 o ka Haku i luku Kipchak ma Trubezh muliwai. Ma ke kaua pepehi i ke alakaʻi Tugorkan nomads. Interestingly, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā Kypchak Khanate, ia mea no kekahi mea i ike ole i ka moʻolelo. ʻIkepili ua poe luna la, wale ka poe i hai aku i ke kaua i kokoke mana a me ka hui pu ana me ia i loko o kalaiaina ano laulea. Tugorkan Khan i kekahi o ia mau mea.

pilikia loa kaiāulu

Mahalo i ka tenacity o Slavic kauna, i papani ai hoi i ke anoe o ka kekahi mea no ka makahiki hoomau Kypchak Khanate. Pokole, i ka Polovtsian waiwai iʻaʻole lawa no ka mea, e hoohaalulu ai i ka ea o Rusia. Rurik ho'āʻo e hana me ka unwelcome ma kekahi mea i loaʻa. Nā aliʻi hoʻonohonoho mokuna pakaua, a hoonoho ia lakou me ka maluhia noho Kauai -ʻeleʻele hoods. Ka mea, i noho ai ma ka hema o Kiev aina, a me ka nui manawa hana me ka pale kaua o Rusia.

Vladimir Monomakh mua ole wale luku Kipchak, akā, i hoao e ho'āla ai i kūpono 'i loko o ka hehi pau ole. Kona kai eʻe i ka 1111, a ua pili i nā Rurik, i hoʻonohonoho i ka manawa o ke kea, i a ke komohana naita hookapae ae kekahi poe Ierusalema Nā Poʻe Isalama. I ka wā e hiki mai ai ka hana ana i kūpono 'kaua i loko o ka wao nahele ua lilo ia i una. Ka loa kaulana Lūkini nā loina i ke kai eʻe Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, nā hanana i hana i ke kumu o ka "Lay".

Cumans a Byzantines

Rusia ua i ka wale 'Eulopa aina me a ua hoʻomaopopo Kypchak Khanate. Summary o ka hehi ana me ka Byzantine aupuni a ua ike no medieval Greekʻoihana aliʻi. I ka 1091 Cumans komo aku i loko o ka manawa pōkole kuikahi me ka Lūkini luna Vasilko Rostislavichem. Ke AIM o kaʻahahui i ka pio ana o ka mea 'ē aʻe nomads - Pechenegs. I ka XI kenekulia i kipaku mai la lakou ma ka Polovtsy steppes o ka Black Sea a me ka manawa hooweliweli i na palena o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau.

Makemake e tolerate i ke alo o ka poe a pau ma kona mokuna, i ka Helene komo i loko o oia i kuikahi me cornflowers a me Kipchak. I ka 1091 ko lakou hui koa, alai ae ma ka Emperor Aleksey I Komnin, luku aku la i ka poe kaua o Pechenegs ma ke kaua o Leburne. Eia naʻe, aloha me Polovtsy i hoʻomohala ma na Helene. Ua i ka 1092 o ka khanate kākoʻo hoʻopunipuni a me ka pretender i ka mana i loko o Constantinople Lzhediogena. Cumans kaua akula i ke aupuni a pau. Byzantines luku aku i ka uninvited hoa i ka 1095, i ukali ia e ka poe no ka lōʻihi manawa i ho'āʻo i ka hele ma o aku o ko lakou mau oiwi hehi.

Nā allies o ka Bulgarians

Inā ka Helene poe i kaua Kipchak, ka Bulgarians mahope mai o ka Balkans e kokoke mau ua hoʻopili kuikahi. No ka mea manawa mua kaua i nā lāhui kanaka elua ma kaʻaoʻao hookahi i ka 1186. Ia Bulgarians kela aoao o ke Danube, a hooki i ka Auguseto Isaac II Angelos kiola iho la oia i ke kipi ana o ko lakou mau compatriots i loko o ka Balkans. Ma ke kai eʻe Slavs 'Imi i kōkua mai i ka Polovtsian mau poʻe a pau. Ka mea, ua lākou māmā hoouka mānaʻonaʻo Helene i mea ole maʻa i ke kaua e like me ka hoa paio.

I ka 1187 - 1280 makahiki. nohoaliʻiʻana i loko o Pulakalia he Asen. Ka mea, o ko lakou pili ana me ka Kipchak he i laʻana o ka hoao ana ikaika. No ka laʻana, i ka hoʻomaka o ka XIII kenekulia Tsar Kaloyan me ka hehi e noho ana ma mua o hookahi ko lakou kupikipikio i kona wahi e noho ai hoalauna Hunakalia ke alii Imre. A laila, ua he ana nou-ana hanana - Western Naita hoopio aku Constantinople, a luku i ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a kūkulu lākou iho ma luna o nā wahi e pili ana - Lakina. Bulgarians koke lilo awaawa enemi o ka Frank. I ka 1205, ua he kaua kaulana ma Adrianople, ma ka Slavic-Polovtsian kaua luku aku i ka Latins. Crusaders waiho wale aku no i ka palaoa pio, a me kā lākou mau Emperor Baldwin i pio. A kuleana kūlana i loko o ka lanakila pâʻani maneuverable lio Kipchak.

Naʻi aupuni o ka Mongols

O na mea a successes Polovtsian huali ma ke komohana, maloo aku la lakou e ku ei ka backdrop o ka make māinoino weliweli i i hele mai ai i Europe, mai ka hikina mai. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XIII kenekulia hoomaka ae la kona mau aupuni a pau, e kūkulu i ka Mongols. Mua ka mea lanakila Kina, a laila, neʻe akula a hiki i ke komohana. Hoopuni lanakila Central Asia, hoomaka ae la ka hou lanakila no ka hoʻohāiki 'Polovtsy a me kā lākou kokoke lāhui kanaka.

Ma Europa, o ka mua, e hāʻule ma lalo o hoouka Alans. Kypchaki hoole, e kōkua iā lākou. A laila ka mea, ua lākou huli. I ka mea i maopopo i hiki ole ai ka Mongol kaua e käpae ', ka Polovtsian ali hoopii i ka Lūkini aliʻi. He nui Rurik maoli pane. I ka 1223 he ami Lūkini-Polovtsian poe koa me ka Mongols ma ke kaua o ka Kalka muliwai. Ua waiho wale aku no i ka palaoa pio. Ma hope o 15 makahiki, ka Mongols hoi, e hookupaa oia i kana auamo ma luna o HawaiianʻEulopa. I ka 1240-ies. Kypchanskoe Khanate i hope luku. Cumans me he kanaka me ka manawa hele, nalowale i waena o ka mea'ē aʻe lāhui hui o ka hehi Nui.