Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Soviet mathematician: Kawaihae, 'epekema' oihana

I ka hopena o keia makemakika ua i ka pilikia a me ka loa hana hoihoi. I ka makahiki o ka 13 makahiki, i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i nalowale i kona ike ana aku. Kēia i hiki ole ia ia ke hana i kekahi mau nui discoveries ma ka makemakika. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin i i hookoia ka State lua o ka USSR, e like me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe Ka hoʻolilo' ia. Kona piʻi like i ike nā hualoaʻa a.

me Kinohi Pontrjagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) Ua hānauʻia ma luna o August 21, 1908 ma Moscow, ma ka ohana o ka limahana, he Buke Helu ma ka oihana. I ka 1916, hoomaka ae la i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema, e loaa haumāna hoʻonaʻauao. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin hoomaka ae la e ike i ke kumu o ke o Sciences lohi ma muli o ia i ka mea i kona ohana ua ilihune. Ua ua i hiki ke uku no ka aʻo i loko o ka gymnasium Leo (kona makua kāne i mobilized i loko o ka na koa i loko o ka poe koa).

Education i loko o ke kula, lilo o ka hihiʻo

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin i ka 1917 hoʻoneʻe i ka eiwa-makahiki kiʻekiʻe kula, oiai o ka huina no a pau. Ma kēlā mau makahiki, i ka i waeia o kaʻoihana ua i pili. Wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema hōʻike i kūikawā aptitude no ka makemakika. I kona ua 13, i loko o kona hale, ua ka Naita o ka kerosene kapuahi. E like me ka hopena o ka ulia loa hoʻi i kona mau maka Lev Semenovich Pontryagin. Kona wā kamaliʻi, paha, ua i maʻalahi ma hope o ka hoʻok & ucirckû. Kona makuwahine, Tatiana Andreevna (mea, hana like me ka seamstress), maoli lilo kakauolelo o kana keiki no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin i ka iwa o ka papa, i hoihoi i ka makemakika. E like me ke kumu o ka 'ike, ua hoʻohana' atikala mai ka encyclopedic puke wehewehe. Ua i laila, i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoholo e kiʻi i ka loa ma ka makemakika. I loko nō o ka pilikia pili i ka lilo o ka hihiʻo, oia ua hiki ke hoʻokō i kona manao.

Hoʻonaʻauao ma ke kula nui o

Pontryagin komo i ka Moscow State University, ka ke kālaikūlohea a me Balanced'āuna kumu (hana kūikawā - "maemae makemakika"). Puka 'o ia i ka 1929. A laila, Lev Semenovich hoomau i kona mau haʻawina ma ka puka kula, kākau inoa 'oe i loko o ho'āʻo o ma Moscow State University Institute o Balanced a me Mechanics. Puka kula, ua puka 'o ia mai i ka 1931. Kumu Vygotsky lilo P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin nui na makahiki i lalo o kona kino kaʻume nui.

ʻepekema 'oihana

Lev Semenovich i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1930 a hiki i 1932 ka mea, ua Hope Kumu o ka hōʻailona helu, e like me ka limahana o ka Institute o Balanced a me Mechanics. I 1932-1933. ka mea, ua i ka lala, a piha iho ma MSU oscillations keʻena hoʻokolohua (pili i ka Institute o ke kālaikūlohea). Mathematician mai makahiki 1934 a hiki i ka pau ana o kona ola ka mea, ao mai la ia ma Moscow State University. I ka makahiki 1934,ʻo ia i hana Kumu, a ma 1935-1938 - Kumu o Mechanics a me Balanced'āuna kumu. Ma 1970-1988 GG. Pontryagin ua ma ka malama ana i kekahi o na Oihana o ka'Āuna Kumu o Computational Balanced a me ka Cybernetics. I ka makahiki 1935, me ke pale i ka ia hoʻi,ʻo ia i kumu kāki i ke degere o Kauka o ka Helu a me ka makemakika Sciences. I ka hookahi makahiki, Pontryagin loaa ka inoa o ke Kumu.

Mai ka makahiki 1934 a hiki i kona make ana Lev Semenovich hana ma ka Steklov makemakika Institute. I ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1934 a hiki i 1939 ka mea, ua i ka papa kiʻekiʻe noiʻi kanaka 'aneʻi. He iwakālua nā makahiki (1939-1959 GG.) Pontryagin i mālama ai i ke poo o ka oihana o ka anahonua, a topology. Mai ka makahiki 1972, i ka mathematician, a hana ma VINITI, ma ka helu o ka papa kiʻekiʻe kanaka noiʻi a hiki i 1988. Lev Semenovich ua he lâlâ 'o "Balanced" o ka Hoʻoponopono papa mai ka 1974 a hiki i ka makahiki 1980.

Pontryagin e piʻi like

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka noiʻi hoihoi i Pontryagin ka topological hōʻailona helu a me ka topology, hooponopono kumumanaʻo a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka palena pau nā helu kaulike. I ka 1932, Lev Semenovich? Ac? Aaioea i manaoia e Alexander duality kānāwai, ua hoao aku au ia i ke kānāwai i loko o Euclidean makahiki hoʻohuiʻia hui Betty paa hou mai la ka paa, kauʻia me ka ākeʻakeʻa kumu paa hou mai la Betty pūʻulu mea manuahi huapalapala. Pontryagin Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i ka pilikia o ka helu ana i ka Betti pūʻulu.

Lev Semenovich o ka mea nāna i hana o ka topological hōʻailona helu. Kona papa e piʻi like i nā Tuamotu olelo hoopomaikai, a commutative olelo hoopomaikai pūʻulu. ʻepekema Ua aʻo lākou me nā hale, a no hoi e paa ana ia i ka harmonic Ka Ikepili. Ka poʻe me ka noiʻi ma topological duality a me ka pähola 'ana o huapalapala Pontryagin lawe mai nā moʻo o ka hana - ma homotopy kumumanaʻo, a me ka pähola' ana o Ana. ʻepekema, ua hōʻike (irrespective Nöbeling, German mathematician a me ka poʻe me) ike theorem i kekahi N-dimensional olelo hoopomaikai me ka pili ana i ka ahaaina, i moe i loko o ka Euclidean (2n + 1) -dimensional kau mea homeomorphic.

Mai ka makahiki 1935 a hiki i 1940, ke nä känaka 'epekema, palapala iho la i ka moʻo o na pepa ma luna o ka pähola' ana o skew huahana a me homotopy kumumanaʻo. Pontryagin loaa i ka loulou ma waena o hana laʻa e malimali nui loa, a me ka homotopy pilikia. He 'ike akula' ano papa L. S. Pontryagina, i nā invariants o ka malimali nui loa.

Ua hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka palena pau nā helu kaulike a me ka lealea

Lev Semenovich mai ke kakahiaka nui 1950s, lilo hoihoi i loko o ka pähola 'o ka palena pau nā helu kaulike. He hana mau pōʻaiapuni o ka hana i loko o kēia wahi. I ka mua o ia - he singular perturbations, a me ka lua o ka ua e pili ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka e pono ai keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o makemakika. I Lev Semenovich noʻonoʻo i ka mea nāna i hana o ke kumumanaʻo. Ua Ua nānā ma luna o ka mea i kā mākou loina hooponopono L. S. Pontryagina. Kona loaʻa i ka loa nui hopena o ke ao a pau e pono ai keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Mākou e hoihoi i loko o ke nä känaka 'epekema loaa nā paepae i nā hualoaʻa ma ka wahi, e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka palena pau nā pāʻani. Ka mea, ua i kekahi makana nui i ka kumumanaʻo o ka e pono ai e hooponopono.

iaia

I huina, kakau iho la oia i ke nä känaka 'epekema ma kahi o ekolu haneriʻepekema pepa. Me ke kōkua o ke kumumanaʻo, i i hanaia e Lev Semenovich, nä känaka 'epekema imi i ka loa waiwai uila kaapuni, ho oholo i ka loa efficient wahie hokii polokalamu, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Lev Semenovich hana maikai la hiki ole ke nīnau. Ka mea, Ua ike Rusia ole wale akā, i ke ao nei scientific kaiāulu. KU¯ kono e komo i loko o 'ihiʻihi e hālāwai kūkā ai,ʻo ia i hōʻike mai iā ia me nā hoʻolilo' ia ', a me ka USSR State uku, a me ka nui hoʻolilo' ia 'kiʻekiʻe. No kekahi manawa Pontryagin i kekahi o na luna o ka International makemakika Union, nui kaʻoi loa, kona hope-pelekikena.

foxmike hana

It E e kaulana ia mau iini nui ana Lev Semenovich e komo i loko o ke ola lehulehu. He ua he mathematician, i makapo, no laila ia i hiki oluolu kona palekana mai ka nohona hana. Ma kekahi, i ka wa e lilo unsafe. Eia naʻe, Lev Semenovich ike ana. He pinepine ua kūkākūkāʻia, a hōʻike aku i ka mea, manao iho la ia ua pono. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia mea i ko waho o nā inoa a me nā kaua. Lev Semenovich mau koi piha openness a me mōakaaka i loko o ka pilina ma waena o nā hoapili. Ma kona 'oihana,ʻo ia ma hope o nā dictates o ka lunamanaʻo, pinepine malama ole i ka manaʻo wahahee o ka subordination a me ka luna kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka me kēia honua, e like me hui kālepa pono. Ke nä känaka 'epekema, noonoo iho la ia i kana hana, e intervene ma socially nui hanana i loko o ka moku'āina, mai ka mihi ana o ke kula ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka pau ana i ka papahana huli muliwai ma Siberia.

Ke kaua, a i 'ole Pontryagin

I e pili ana me ka luna, ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka mathematician Lev Semenovich Pontryagin i i na enemi, ka poe i lawe i ka manawa e lilo wale hoouka i ka Academician. E hooikaika ana i ka Zionist neʻeʻana, a i wahi i ka makahiki 1967, ma hope o ka ¶ʻO'Araba-ʻIseraʻela kaua, ua ke kumu koke o ka ho'āhewa wale. USSR hahai ma hope o kaʻeleu manao o ka wahi hânai holoholona. Pontryagin Ua lilo i ka papa kuhikuhiE enemi o ka Zionists, ka mea i nui ole i loko o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me nā Western'āina.

I waena o nā wahi likeʻole o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Soviet Union i ka paio ana me ka 'epekema o ka USSR, e like me ka mea uaʻike, me ka like ana o ka poe Iudaio i na manawa a pau Ua iki ma luna ma mua o ka like ana o ka' elele o ka 'ē aʻe nationalities. Ke kahua Ua worsened ma ka mea i ka Soviet aupuni hooki i ka emigration o ka hana ma ka 'epekema, ka poe i noho malu' ike. Ma ka naau o ke kaua ma waena o ka Soviet Union, a me ka Zionists i ka makahiki 1970 palaka Pontryagin.

Forgetfulness a me ka hoʻopulapula

A hiki i ka manawa i hele mai, Lev Semenovich i ka loa e pono huahelu no ke kulana o na alakai Anati-Semite i waena o mathematicians o ko mākou'āina. I ka lehulehu manao ma manawa, ua he stereotype o Anati-Semitic olelo la Pontryagin. Ua kena ae la i ka resignation o ke nä känaka 'epekema like Peresidena o ka makemakika Union. Lenin makana e uwa Ua oki, e lawe i kou kono ana mai e komo i loko o kaʻaha kūkā, a me ka inoa o kona ho'āʻo,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka manawa kūpono, e like me ka moʻolelo o kona nui e piʻi like. Ma hope o ka makahiki 1991, i ka stereotype pili me ka antisemitism academician, lilo loa, he pono ole i loko o Rusia. Wale i loko o nā makahiki, i ke aloha a hiki i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o ka helu o nā kānakaʻepekema, Lev Semenovich huahelu i rehabilitated.

Ka puke o Memories

Academician o ka USSR Academy o L. S. Pontryagin kakau iho i ka loa hana hoihoi puke o memoirs, o ka a ia mea hiki ke ike i nā mea kiko'ī o ka moolelo o ka makemakika ma ka USSR i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 20th kenekulia. Kēia puke maka i nā kiʻi o ka nui loeaʻepekema - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin a me na mea e ae. He loa he wahi lihi iki o ke aikane oe na hoike ana a me ka wehewehenaʻano huikau pilikino ola o Lev Semenovich. Eia hou, ke nä känaka 'epekema e haʻi iā ia e pili ana i kekahi o nā hiʻona o ko lākou mau' epekema manaʻo. Nä känaka 'epekema kākau e pili ana i ka hana me ka "i loko o ka naau" o ka loa pilikia hana me ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi renderer. Akā loa importantly, paha - o ia ka Memories o ke nä känaka 'epekema haawi a pau o ko mākou he kumu hoohalike o ke alahula mau vitality a me ka manaopaa, inexhaustible waiwai o ke kanaka lolo, mākou wale nō he negligible loa hoʻohana.

Ke scientific kula o Vygotsky

Hoʻopaʻi i ka hardest hoao ana i loko o ke ola Pontryagin - ia i nalowale i kona ike. Naʻe, i kēia i i pale i ke nä känaka 'epekema e alualu ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, a laila, i koʻu ola ana hana makemakika. Ma keia 'epekema, ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka pomaikai nui. A pau lākouʻike hoʻokumu Lev Semenovich ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o ka makemakika ma ka aina a puni ka honua. He mea ka hoʻokumu o ka 'epekema kula, a alakaʻi ai nui i ka hooulu ana o ka hooponopono ana a me ka kumumanaʻo calculus o likeʻole. I ka makemakika terminology, he nui na hua'ōlelo, e hali ana i ka inoa o ke nä känaka 'epekema - ke kānāwai Pontryagin Pontryaginʻilikai makahiki Pontryagin listen'ōlelo.

Lev Semenovich ua he kumu poʻokela. Nā haumānaʻike i kona mau haʻi'ōlelo loa pololei hōʻike a me ka mōakaaka. Mau ano luna o na mea he nui i nä känaka 'epekema i kana poe haumana.

Ma Moscow, May 3, 1988, make iho la o Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. Kona Kawaihae, a hiki i kēia lā me kėia na kānakaʻepekema, e like me ka mamao mai na kanaka o ka 'epekema.