Lockheed M.-71 Blackbird: holo hana

Lockheed M.-71 - kekahi o ka loa kaulana kiu Kekoa a me ka poʻe i kekahi o ka loa IKE OLE IA. "Blackbird" o ka brainchild o kaulana mokulele poʻe akamai Clarence Johnson, ke poo o ka Oihana o ke kuanaʻike? Acaeoey (ADP) poe Lockheed. Mea i loko o ka hopena o '50s, "Blackbird" a me kēia lā nānā futuristic, a me keia hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka mea, ua i hana me ke kōkua o ke kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki kamepiula' ē aʻe, e like me ia ma kaʻike mau unuhi papa.

mea i manao ai

M.-71 Blackbird kūkulu ma luna o ka "tailless" me ka triangular elua-keel'ēheu a me ka huelo. I ka manao o ka mea kahiko - me stringers, mōlina a 'aloʻahia ili. Pono "palu iho la i" 'ano apau loa e ole wale aerodynamics. "Stealth mokulele", i hanaʻia e Stealth enehana ua manaoia e ia i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka hopeʻumi makahiki, akā, i ka 'ike loea Ua pili kēia "Blackbird" ua hookomo ia ma ka manao. Ua hoʻokōʻia contours a laumania penei kekahi surfaces hana mokulele emi conspicuous i ka Radar.

Kākou mau supersonic kiu i kokoke i palahalaha surfaces. Ka hoʻokoe '- he' ano nui keels, akā, ka mea, i ka lń i loko, a ho'ēmi i kā lākou ka hoʻokō dissipation wahi. Eia kekahi, ma o ka 'ole o ka mua a me ka trailing palena noi Radio-Komo' o ia mea i loko o ka palapala o ka triangular inserts ke kelepona hele ea? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia. Kēia palapala o inserts Radio ale lewa i loko o ka triangle, e ho ok ÷ attenuation. Ma luna o ka hana radios paha ka nānaina i ka lewa neaiae mai o ka mokulele, kikeke ana pioloke Radar ana pale.

Hooloihiia holo ana ma supersonic ka wikiwiki, ka mokulele ua hoolilo ia kaumaha a me ka hoʻolōʻihiʻia paio hahana maoli nō. Nolaila, ke hana "Blackbird" aneane 93% ninoieo o "Hoʻokolohua-B 120 'wela-hoʻopale, a kiʻekiʻe-ikaika titanium oka a pau.

fuselage

Ua haawiia i ka mämä holo o ka'ēheuʻili Panel malimali maʻawe loloa a me ka pehu ma ka paio hahana maoli nō, i kēia mau kumu mua i i corrugated. Lonikū Groove ole wale hana me ka ikaika o kona iwiʻaoʻao, akā, i hoʻonui i ka wela dissipation āpana, kokoke me ka māhuahua kauo.

He nui kēia 'Amelika warplanes i nodules ma ke kumu o ka eheu, akā, "Blackbird" ka mea, kūlana' i ka holoʻokoʻa loa o ka fuselage, i mea no ke aha la kona pauku o ka puni huli i loko o aneane he daimana-hoʻokino. Mau nodules e pāʻani ana i ke kūlana pālua: e hana i ka nui loa ke eaʻe, a ho'ēmi i kā ma ka hapalua o na anuenue nui ma luna o ka lōʻihi fuselage, a hoi hookauwa aku e lawa wahie a me ka lako a pan. Eia hou, ka mea hana ma luna o nā aerodynamics, hoemi kauo.

Ka luina ke aupuni 'i mai la, "ma ka tandem" me kanaka keena, oaka ae hoʻi kukui. Glazing eaaei Ke Ana Hoʻohālike Lockheed M.-71 ua i ka kūikawā aniani, uaua impervious ultraviolet pāhawewe ma kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena. Keena i lewa-hoʻoponopono, ka moku lele i loko o ka manaʻo koikoi hoopii.

'ēheu

Ka'ēheu i ka Kai o mawaho hooluolu mai, ho'ēmi i kā ke anuenue a me ka kihi loa minute ma luna o laila. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ho i loko o ka makani tunnel hoike mai i ka pono no ka puapua paha slats ole - nui'ēheu ma luna pae hana o ka ikaika ea cushion, ina he nui loa palupalu pae, kokoke me ka piʻiʻana o ke kahu moku. Hoʻomano kaulike nacelle akahele o Keʻei, a i ma luna o ke waho ma ka hookui ana me ke alakai maka o ka eheu appreciable sagging.

huelo

Vertical huelo i tselnopovorotnym. Mau keels 2,5 manawa oi mana ma mua oʻike mau hooponopono surfaces, a koi liʻiliʻi deflection pana pua, a ho'ēmi i kā e kū'ē'ē mai. I kā mākou deflection haloʻole "Blackbird" huina i ka mämä holo i ka Mach 0.5 He 20 °, i ka mämä holo kiekie ae ua 'akomi hoemi i ka 10 °. Keely hāliu mai i ko naau ma 15 °, a i ka maikaʻi ia ma luna o ke kumupaʻa a me ka controllability. No ka laʻana, M.-71 supersonic mokulele mea i makau i crosswinds i ka 18 m / s. Na trailing kae o ka'ēheu ua loa ku ma ka hui ailerons a me elevators.

Hawaii

"Blackbird" i mau loa ikaika engine type TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20B (kekahi inoa - J58), hookomo iho la o 144,56 kn. I ia i ka malu nunui huahelu "Blackbird": 3 ma ka mämä holo o Mach Hawaii e huliʻano nui i loko o ke kākoʻo '-ʻikena: 58% o ka ikehu, oia ka lewaʻai ana, 25% - a me ka kīʻamo o 17 wale% - ka maoli engine. Air muliwai o ka mokulele "ʻeleʻele manu" Ua papahana no laila, e like me ia i ka nui loa o ka huina hou. Ka pele i i hoʻoneʻe e hoopaa i ka hawewe i loko o ka lewaʻai ana.

Kūkulu engine J58, hoʻomalu mai Pratt & Whitney pilikia nui pilikia: ea muliwai mahana i 380 ° C, i loko o ka wahie injector - 160 ° C, ma ka afterburner - 280 ° C, a me ka engine aila - 485 ° C. No ia mea, J58 e kukulu, aole hoi i heluia titanium, ua loaʻa noi pakahi aku la ia nikala superalloys Hastelloy-X, a me Rene-41. Manawa a hiki i kēia thermal stress? Eia kiko'ī kela 200 hola o ka hana, ua piha disassembly a me ka nana.

kaʻa

Kaʻa "Blackbird" tricycle me ka ihu huila. Nasal kākoʻo a me nā huila retracted aku, i ka papa kuhikuhiE - a hiki i ke kikowaena. Kaʻa ua holoiʻia koke ma hope o ka waiho ana i ka honua, no ka Lockheed M.-71 koke hōʻeleu i kā mākou ana heʻe mämä holo me ka pae kapa (555 km / h). Key kākoʻo i ekolu huila ma ka ia paepae komo huila, e emi ka puʻe ma ka honua, a ma ka mea ia manawa, koe wale no ka na ka leo o ka fuselage.

Papale hainaka,ʻaʻole i ka laholio, a no ka kūikawā wela-hoʻopale mea, a me ka mea e malama i kekahi mau puʻe i nā mea a pau, lele 'ole, a me ka mea i piha me ka lewa, e pale aku'okesaside a me ka naikokene. Ka mea, i ka malimali hehi, a uhi ia me ke kālā HW e ho'ēmi i wela. Wells kaʻa hoʻopuni ma ka wahie poʻina nalu - wahie hana me ka coolant.

ke peleki pāʻana'ōnaehana

Reconnaissance mokulele ua hoolako ia me ka hookahi ke peleki pāʻana parachute anawaena o ka 12 m, ua hanaʻia ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka meaʻoki koke ma hope o touchdown māmā holo ma 280-330 km / h. Ke parachute ua i ka kūikawā wela-hoʻopale mea, a hei i ole ia e kaha māmā holo poo. Ua ihi aku oiai hoemi i ka mokulele mämä holo i 110 km / h ia i hookahuli ai i loko o tether keels.

lako a

US Air Max hoʻohana i ka loa holomua nenoai a me telemetry e hooponopono. "Blackbird" ewalu-Kanal'ōnaehana ua hoolako ia me ka resilience (STCs), compensating "kūkulu-ma" Instability o ka mokulele (a ua kauoha ia e ka haoʻa hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o cruising mahuka ana). Ka'ōnaehana hana ma luna o nā mea a pau ekolu koʻi lipi, a,ʻekolu hahauʻana, e nānā me.

I ka mämä holo o Mach 3, a mai nui ikaika hana hoeuli e alakai i ka abrupt loli ana o ka mokulele o ka oihana i ka makahiki, a hiki alakai ai i kona luku. Ma ka kekahi lima, ma luna o ka mea kiʻekiʻe, ma luna a me ka M.-71 Blackbird, i ka pa apŘ ea mea emi o 2% o kona pa apŘ ma ka 'ilikai, e noi nui hoeuli deflection.

Ua hoʻokumu SPU e Honeywell, a ua kekahi o ka loa ike loea i loko o ka pelane holoʻokoʻa: MTBF iā ia ma kahi o 130 000 hola. Inā ka'ōnaehana ua nō wāwahiʻia, hiki ole i ka mana i ka mokulele i loko o cruising, akā, hiki.

Honeywell poe i kekahi ulu i ke kamepiula no ka aaioee mahukaʻikepili, ka ho'āʻana i? Iaea no ei i kupu mai ma ka holo ma supersonic māmā holo. No ka mea, o ka mea ikaika io puʻe lewa ma kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻenaʻike mau manao maalea me ka manaʻo kōkua mai HDPE paipu, he unreliable. Ke mau waiwai o ka vertical māmā holo, kiʻekiʻena a me ka mämä holo o Mach helu ia e hōʻike mai i ke kamepiula a hiki i ekolu kikohoʻe 'ia i loko o ka cockpit.

wahie'ōnaehana

Ka ikaika loa a me ka lōʻihi paio hahana maoli nō pelane Lockheed M.-71 i ka cruising lele koi 'ia o ka hooulu ana o ka hou lubricants, sealants, slurries,'īpale mea, a me ka e like, D. Penei, o ka wahie i hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka "Blackbird" momoku ahi JP-7, ua like me ke kiʻekiʻe wela outbreak mea i i ke ahi i kona kūikawā mea kemikala - triethylborane (TEB). No ka mea, no keia mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka coolant no anuanu maila i ka moku kāpena, a me ka loa ikepili koʻikoʻi i overheating o nā aka wahi, i loko o ua kaʻa. Akā, e like me ka wahie i? Iecaianoaaiiie hoomaka haoʻa hahana maoli nō kēia o ka fuselage, ma o na la deformation o kona sag.

Ma kekahi kūikawā pahu i loko o ka pelane he mea he hapahā o ka triethylborane e hoʻomaka i ka engine i loko o ka lewa, a huli ma afterburner. Kākou mau manao i hoakaka ia eono wahie poʻina nalu i pihaʻi me 46.000 nā lika o ka wahie. Poʻina nalu integral luna, a malalo pa o plating ano, a mamuli e? Anoe? A me ka contraction o kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana airframe i paio hahana maoli nō me ka huʻihuʻiʻana, ka mea,'oāwa. Ma hope o kēlā 200 hola o ka holo iho la lakou, ua hoailonaia he akā nō e kahe ana? Ieee, a ma lalo o-e ku ana ma luna o ka mokulele i? Iaie? Loaa holoʻokoʻa wahie aiaiaiia. No JP-7, he pili-e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wahie, kūpono kou i ke ahi p ÷ ino, akā, ma ka cruising holo pahu pa, ua wela i ka 280 ° C, no laila, ua hiki i ka wahie JP-7 mai kona kiʻekiʻe flashpoint hiki haawi aku i ka Naita. No laila, i loko o ka lele poʻina nalu piha me ka naikokene.

oaoieei-ano

Model M.-71 i na kēia mau hoakaka:

• Lōʻihi - 32,7 m.
• Wingspan: 16,9 m.
• Kiekie - 5,6 m.
• E-aku ke kaupaonaʻana - i ke 78 tona.
• Holo huahelu - 4800-5200 ei.
• I kā mākou mämä holo - 2125 km / h ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 9000 m + a me ka 3220 km / h ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 24.000 mika.

weaponry

O na koho ekolu, "Blackbird" Ua hookama wale supersonic mokulele hēkī interceptor, ina e-12A. Ua oia o ka eha Kao lele lako kaua "ea-i-ea» Hughes Gar-9 (AIM-47A) Super-manu lele, e poloʻai pule ma ka pale umauma hoʻokahi hoʻohana i ka Radar HE / ASG-18A. Reconnaissance nā kinolau i na mea kaua i eia nae elaborated ma luna o mea hoʻonoho hōʻoia i ka M.-71 me ka disposable ipu nukelea hopeʻia, ma ke ano bomber Convair B-58 Hustlen.

elusive

Airplanes koa maunakea Radio nui i kūlana ma ke kālā no kaua hoʻolālā. I loko nō o ka kilakila pūʻulu ka hoʻokoloʻana ukali o ka nui mana, maunakea mea no nui i reconnaissance poe mikanele. Paha ka mea, o ka loa kaʻao Blackbird reconnaissance mokulele.

Me ka a pau i ka "wela mau kiko" o ko ke ao nei, M.-71 i ole ua kuʻi ia. I ka makahiki 1972, ua kākau i nā i ka olelo a kahiko Air Max Makai o ka poe i hana i loko o ka National ae mālama 'oihana i loko o ka Ramparts koa puke pai: "E pana aku ia i ka M.-71 mea,ʻaʻole e hiki." Makai o kākau i nā manawa ma ka Pākē i ho'āʻo ana e hana ai, akā, no ka interceptor pailota "MiG-21" hoala mai ai i ka pū waikaua hiki wale kahaha no kahi o ka hewa i evaporated. E like me ia ia ia, "Blackbird" a lele ma luna o Soviet ?? eoi? Ee, a me ka NSA lohe koa ma na palena o ka USSR i kākau i ka naoh o ka Soviet ea pale. A, o ka mua Makai o mai la oia i ka US lolouila-akamai 'ana i kūpono' ae 'ia e hahai i ka holo ana o aneane pau Soviet koa mokulele, a hiki hooholo i ua a ianoiyuaa a Pilot ma kekahi mīkini. A i loko o kēia kānaka apau i mākaukau nui "kanahiku-mua."

Over 70 'Amelika Kekoa lele ma luna o North Korea, China, Cuba, ma na palena o ka USSR. Ma keia hihia, he mau halawai me ka mämä holo i ka manawa o ka Soviet interceptor - MiG-25P, a hele mai la lakou a hiki i ka hopena, e like me ka Americans, i ole ma ka lokomaikaʻiʻia mai o ka hope. Ua ua i ho'āʻo e hoʻokuʻikahi, e kiʻi i ka elusive "malihini" i ka manawa o ka hope Anati-mokulele Kao lele lako kaua.

Lockheed A-12

me ka KUMUMANAʻO NUI scout M.-71 i ka inoa "Blackbird" pinepine pili. Eia naʻe, ma hope o keia inoa, he mau 'ē aʻe emi loa-ike kaʻa: A-12, a, ina-12A.

Ka moʻolelo o kēia mau designations he 'ike. Ua ua ike ia ka US air max Kekoa i ka maopopo Mea Maluna. Ailona ina mea i kinai papa, ma ka mea, ina-12A ua i kekahi mana kinai. Ka huapalapala mua A (hoouka) appropriated hoʻopio, akā, me ka A-12 mea pono,ʻaʻole like me ka hoouka. Keia ua hana e hookahuli ai i Soviet manao ma hope o ka manaʻo nui kūwaho hoʻi nä Temepela pana ma Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) i lalo, he 'Amelika kiu pelane. A laila, Peresidena Eisenhower i'ōlelo mai ai Khrushchev ole e hoʻohana reconnaissance mokulele i loko o ka hanini ma ka Soviet Union, akā, Lockheed pāhana e ua hoʻomōhala ma luna o kēia mau hana. Formally,ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo i ka "kanawai", e like me ka CIA pili - i koa hui.

By January ua makaukau no ka ho'āʻo 1962 A-12 prototype. Ma hope o ka lele mua ka mea, huli mai ia i ka hailonaʻana no mā i loko o ka 'ole. No ahulau, powerplant e noi mai ana lōʻihi, a laborious ano hoohanohano a muliwai. I loko nō o kēia, i ke A-12 i ee aku i loko o ka hopena ua - ka CIA urgently pono kiʻekiʻe-ka māmā holo reconnaissance e puku i ka OOAOAaXUEIE U-2. 14 specimens i lawe.

mea i manao ai Hiʻona

Lockheed A-12 Ua nohoʻano nui mana - ka mea, he nui wale na flaws i hiki ke eliminated wale finalizing i ka manao. Paha pookela mawaena o lakou - he nui mea kaumaha ma luna o ka ke kahu moku, a, ma ka hou ana i ka hana o ka mokulele, i loko wale i ole he oluolu hana, ua e Makuakane me ka lehulehu razvedapparaturoy.

Mawaho hoailona o A-12 Ua ikaika kuhikuhi ihu me ka pololei penei o ka mua loa o ka fuselage sags a pau pōkole o ka hope. Ka papa likeʻole, mai nā mahope ka hoʻololi 'ana o "Blackbird" ua ia mea, ua he hookahi. No ka cockpit ua razvedoborudovaniya pahu (he ai-i kapaia o Q-pahu), reconnaissance lako a neo? Aaiiai? I loko o ka mae o ka fuselage. Me ka pohihihi 'ia, i ka A-12 A noho kokoke loa unpainted -ʻeleʻele he pono i ke kakaka me ka cockpit, ka'ēheu alakai lihi, a me kaʻohana o ka lewa intakes.

Ina-12A interceptor

He ua kaua mai i ka offshoot o "Blackbird" ohana. I kaʻokoʻa mai ka kiu Kekoa:

• Ma ka ina-12A ua lele aku la ke ahi i ka mana hoʻomalu Radar Ke Ana Hoʻohālike Hughes HE / ASG-18A me ka conjugate huli'Ira lāua'ōnaehana a me ka hoʻokoloʻana o nā pale kaua.
• Armament - eha Kao lele lako kaua AIM-47A (GAR-9) Super-manu lele ". Lewa-i-ea"
• No ka cockpit kahi o Q-pahu, he lua o kahi e hanaiiaʻi, ma ka Aʻole i waiho i na mea kaua.

I ka 1964, i ke akamai Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera i hookoia "no ka poʻokela e piʻi like i loko o ka US aeronautics". Ma ka hōʻikeʻiaʻana o Lockheed, ina e-12A mokulele i poe, penaʻeleʻele. Nolaila, paha, a me ka mea hele aku i ko lakou ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa inoa - "Black Bird".

Ka pau 'ana o ka au

Ma ke kakahiaka nui eighties machines mau mea i mua ma luna o ka wane, a me ka malama ana ia lakou i ka lele ana ua lilo loa problematic. Pakahi aku la ia paʻakikī manao me kiko'ī: TRD J-58 Mamao aku, mai ka makeke i loko o ka hopena o sixties, a eia nae na 200 hola o ka hana kiko'ī i piha disassembly a me ka nana, a ma hope o kēlā 600 hora - overhaul, maoli ai, e komo mai. Hookoe māhele e kiʻi ia ua oi pilikia.

Ma ke kupulau o 1988, ka US Air Max Kuhina Edvard Oldridzh hōʻike i ke kāki o ka malama ana i ka'auwaʻa M.-71 Ua like no na lilo no ka malama ana o na eheu elua o ka kinai mokulele. Ma ka manawa o ka helu o ke kaa ma ka i hoemi ma ka hapalua - mai ka 12 a hiki i 6. I ka 1989, ka mea i hooholoia, e wehe i ka reconnaissance mokulele M.-71 me ka mea kaua. 1990 I ka luawai, i ke "he kanahiku-mua" laulau moni a pau. Ekolu hi mahuka hoao Center, NASA Dryden Ua haawiia i like lele keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i supersonic mahuka. O ka mea i koe ma ka liʻiliʻi loa eonoʻaoʻao i conserved a hiki theoretically, ina he pono, e lawe mai i loko o lele kulana.