Mea hao hoopaa: ka ho okumuʻano papa hana. Metal Nine palapala:

All Ke ike Nine Inch nā kumumea i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina e māheleʻia ana i loko o nā pūʻulu: i eliiaʻi a me ka 'ole-ke hooheheeia. I mea e lilo ole wale oihana mua a me ka hui, Nine Inch hiki ke pane koke me kekahi i kekahi, ka mea e ola ana i loko o ka palapala o ka poe noonoo ole a me ka luna 'i huiʻia.

'O kēia ke kumu i kekahi mau electrons e ho'āʻo ana e apono i, a me ka mea' ē aʻe - e haawi aku. A hoʻopiha nō ia kekahi i kekahi, no laila, e like me ka hana i na oihana mua a me Nine Inch nā lātoma. Akā, i apono 'ia e e paa pu? No ke aha lā i loaʻa ia i kekahi mea o ka ikaika, e luku i ka eiiiaiee i na mea paahana a loa hoʻoponopono? A me na mea e ae, conversely, e lukuia lakou e ka mea iki hopena. A pau keia mea aie a hiki i ke kahua o ka acee? Iuo oeiia o Nine Inch paa ana ma waena o nā'ātoma i loko o nā lātoma ho okumu i kekahi aniani puka olu oia i 'ole.

Kind o Nine Inch paa ana i ka hui

Total ke hoomaopopo eha ka papa kuhikuhi ano o Nine Inch paa.

1. Covalent nonpolar. I hanaʻia ma waena o nā'ālike nonmetals ma muli o ke kaʻana like 'ia o nā electrons, ho okumu i, he pono ole huina'ine hui. Ma ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka mea, ua hele unpaired valence (particles). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: halogens, oxygen, hydrogen, naikokene, luaipele, phosphorus.
2. Polar covalent. I hanaʻia ma waena o nāʻokoʻa ole-i eliiaʻi a ma waena o loa nāwaliwali ma luna o ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetal nawaliwali ma ka electronegativity. Nń ku a mau huina'ine hui a me ka huki ia lakou ia ia i ka'Ātoma, nona ka huina'ineʻo Solomona ma luna. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: NH _{3, ili,} P ₂ O ₅ a me ka 'ē aʻe.
3. Hydrogen hoopaa. Ka loa lolelua ka a me ka nawaliwali, ua hanaʻia ma waena o ka lahui electronegative'Ātoma o kekahi lātoma, a me ka'ē aʻe maikaʻi. Keia ia lŘlŘ loa pinepine ia mea hoʻoheheʻe 'ona i loko o ka wai (ka waiʻona, ammonia, a no laila, ma luna). Mamuli no ia o ka pili i noho macromolecule nā polokina, nukelea nāʻakika, eiiieaena carbohydrates, a pela aku.
4. Ionic hoopaa. I hanaʻia ma muli o ke electrostatic uʻi koa raznozaryazhennyh metala Ion a me ka 'ole-ke hooheheeia. Ua oi aku ke koena unuhi i loko o kēia 'inideka, ka oi haʻi o ka ionic ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui: aeaie paʻakai, luna 'hui - mekala' åkilikai.
5. Mea hao hoopaa, a i keʻano papa hana o ke kahua a me ka waiwai i e e kūkā mai no hoi ia. I hanaʻia i loko o ke hooheheeia, kā lākou oka a pau o nāʻano likeʻole.

Aia mea ia i kekahi mea e like me ka hoʻohui o ka Nine Inch hoopaa. Ua pololei mai nei i ka mea mea hiki ole i ka noonoo i kēlā me kēia mea paa benchmark. Ka mea, e pau pono ka pa alima hōʻailona. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ke kumu o nā hana kūleʻa mea he hookahi rula - elektronnostaticheskoe AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Nolaila, ionic, mea hao, covalent ka ponaʻana a me ka hydrogen i ka hookahi Nine Inch ano, a eia wale borderline hihia i kekahi i kekahi.

I eliiaʻi a me kā lākou physical waiwai

Ke hooheheeia i loaʻa i loko o ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o nā mea a pau Nine Inch hehee wale. O ke kumu ho i kā lākou kūikawā waiwai. A nui loa o i i loaa mai ma ke kanaka ma ka nukelea reactions i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ka mea i radioactive me ka pōkole hapa-ola.

Naʻe, i ka hapanui - i nā kumumea kūlohelohe mea nāna i hana i ka pau pōhaku a me na mea e hooheheeia, i kekahi o ka mea nui i huiʻia. He no ka mea, no kēia mau poʻe i aʻoʻia, e hoolei oka a pau, a paka i ka hailona o ka maikai a me ka mea nui huahana. Kēia mea e like me ke keleawe, hao, Aluminum, i ke kala, i ke gula, chrome, manganese, nikala, kiniki, alakai a me na mea e ae.

No nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi ke kuhikuhi, he pono ole physical waiwai i wehewehe kiʻikuhi mea hao hoopaa ho okumu. He aha nō kēia mau 'ano?

1. Malleability a me ka ductility. Ua ua ike i na mea he nui i eliiaʻi hiki ke hookunia i a hiki i ka lae o ka pepa kini (gula, Aluminum). O ka mea 'ē aʻe e hookipa i ka uea, metala'ōlewa a lahilahi,' atikala hiki hoi ino ma physical hopena, akā, alaila loaa mai kona hoopau wale. Mau mea na ano o ke hooheheeia, a ua kapaʻia malleability a me ka ductility. Ke kumu no keia hiʻona - he mea hiki ke hooheheeia loulou type. Nā Ion a electrons i loko o ke aniani kiʻiaka pili i kekahi i kekahi me ka uhai ana, e leie aku e malama i ka pono o ka 'ole holoʻokoʻa.
2. Mea hao alohilohi. Kēia kekahi wehewehe i ka mea hao hoopaa, ke kahuaʻano papa hana o kona 'ano a me nā hiʻona. Penei,ʻaʻole e hiki ke ka hoʻokemu a noonoo malamalama ale o like lōʻihi a pau (particles). Nā'ātoma loa ke hooheheeia, a noonoo pokole-nalu kukuna lilo kūpono kouʻaʻahu silvery kala like 'ole, keʻokeʻo, pale bluish hue. 'Ia i ke keleawe a me ke gula, kā lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu Ua ike nae-melemele a me kaʻulaʻula, kekahi me kekahi. e hiki ke noonoo hou-ke kōā pāhawewe lakou.
3. Thermal a me ka uila conductivity. i wehewehe i kēia mau waiwai ke aniani puka olu oia i 'ole, a ma ka mea ua hoʻomaopopo kona ho okumu mea hao type paa. Aie i ka "huina'ine kinoea" neʻe maila i loko o ke aniani, koke a kōā kaulike haawi uilaʻikena a me ka wela i waena o nā mea a pau o nā nā'ātoma a me ka Ion, a mālama 'ia ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.
4. Ke paa hoʻopiha moku'āina ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Eia, ka mea wale nō a koe ka Mercury. A pau nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia - Ua pono ka ikaika, paa i pili ai, e like me kā lākou mau oka a pau. Ua mea no hoi i ka hopena o ka mea i loko o ke alo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia metala hoopaa. Keʻano papa hana o ka ho okumu ana o kēia 'ano o ka huna paa waiwai loa hookupaa iho la ia.

Ua hoʻokumu paʻa physical ano no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a wehewehe a me ka hoʻoholo e like kiʻikuhi mea hao hoopaa ho okumu. Pili i huiʻia ia iaoia mea i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā'ātoma a hehee wale, kā lākou oka a pau. I mea no ka ia i paa, a me ka wai a me ka moku'āina.

Mea haoʻano o Nine Inch hoopaa

He aha ka kona hiʻona? Ka mea ka mea ua hana ole ia i ka pilina ma ka raznozaryazhennyh Ion, a electrostatic attraction, aʻaʻole ma muli o ia i ke koena unuhi i loko o electronegativity a me ka loaʻa nui o noa huina'ine hui. Ie ionic, mea hao, covalent hoopaa i kekahi mau 'okoʻa ano a me ka kiʻiona hiʻona o kuhikuhi ana (particles).

A pau ke hooheheeia i hoʻomaopop 'ana i ano e like me:

• he uuku ka nui o electrons i loko o ka pā ikehu 'ilikai (koe wale no kekahi mau' ia, no ka mea, a hiki mai i e 6,7 a me 8);
• nui'ātoma kahahńnai;
• haʻahaʻa ionization ikehu.

A pau i kēia ka poʻea pau i oluolu kaawale o unpaired electrons ma ka'koi honua. Ma keia hihia, no ka noa orbitals o ka'Ātoma koe loa nui. Noaia o ka mea hao ka ponaʻana pono, e hōʻike mau overlapping keena o okoa orbital nā'ātoma ma waena o lakou iho, i ka hopena ma ka intracrystalline a me ka hana i maa pokole. Ua lawelawe 'ana electrons mai kēlā me kēia'Ātoma e hoʻomaka ka' elele i hele hewa ma luna o nā wahi likeʻole o ka puka olu oia i. Kekahi manawa, kela mea keia mea o ka i ua pili i ka ion i loko o ke aniani mokuna, a pio ia i ka'Ātoma, laila kaʻawale hou, ho okumu i ion.

Ke'ī mai, i ka mea hao hoopaa - o ka mea paa ma waena o nā'ātoma, Ion, a noa electrons i loko o ka huina metala aniani. Ka huina'ine ao, neʻe ke alalai ole i loko o ka 'ole, haawiia keia i like "huina'ine kinoea". Ua Ua wehewehe ia ia, ka hapanui o ka physical waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me ko lakou oka.

Pehea ua hōʻike hewa mea lapaʻau i ka mea hao Nine Inch hoopaa? Ano he kumu hoʻohālike iʻokoʻa. E ka noonoo i kekahi'āpana o ke likiuma. ʻO ina e lawe ia i ka nui o ka pea, haule ana na tausani o nā'ātoma. No laila, e mākou manao wale i kela mea keia mea o kēia mau tausani o nā'ātoma i hāʻawi mai i ka valence huina'ine i loko o ka hookahi na mea pōaka ka lewa. I ka Ia manawa, e ike ana i ka lolouila 'ole o ka hehee ai, e hiki ke ike i ka helu o ka hakahaka orbitals. Ma kā lākou likiuma He 3 (i ka lua o ka P-orbital ikehu pae). Ekolu kēlā me kēia'Ātoma o na umi o na tausani - keia mea he pono wa i loko o ke aniani, kahi o ka "lolouila kinoea" höʻike ka uku ole ia.

Waiwai manawa ikaika mea hao hoopaa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka huina'ine kinoea, aole ia e ae i ke aniani i haule, akā, wale hoʻololi ai i nā papa, a laila, ua ho'ōla mai kēlā. Ua glitters i ka kekahi nuʻa (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kiʻekiʻe), fusibility, malleability a me ka ductility.

Where'ē aʻe hoʻomaopopo mea hao hoopaa? Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka waiwai:

• mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me na mea kanu'ōiwi;
• a pau metala oka a me kekahi i kekahi;
• a pau i eliiaʻi a me kā lākou mau oka a ma ka wai a me ka paa moku'āina.

I Kekahi Mau examples mea wale he hiki ole dala, no ka mea, o ka metala i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, oi aku mamua o 80!

Mea hao hoopaa: ke kahuaʻano papa hana

Inā mākou e noonoo ia i mau hua'ōlelo, nā manaʻo nui a mākou i ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ma luna. Loaʻa nui o'ātoma orbitals a me electrons maʻalahi kaʻawale mai ka nucleus no ka mea, o ka mea haʻahaʻa ionization ikehu - i ka papa kuhikuhiE rula no ka ho okumu ana o kēia 'ano o ka' ōlelo. Penei, eia kahi mea akaka i ka mea, ua hoʻokō ma waena o nā kēia (particles):

• nā'ātoma i loko o ke aniani puka olu oia i;
• noa electrons, ka poe i noho ma ka valence o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• Ion i loko o ke aniani puka olu oia.

I ka hopena - he mea hao hoopaa. Keʻano papa hana o ka ho okumu nui hoikeia ma ka penei e komo ai: Me ^{0 -} e - ↔ Me ^{N +.} Mai ke kiʻikuhi waihoia, i kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia (particles) e noho i loko o ke aniani.

Nā pōaka lakou ia lakou iho e i kekahi mau kinona. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea me a mākou i Hana.

Ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā pōaka

Kēia 'ole o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ai kona oka a pau i ka loa anuanu hāʻawe o (particles). Ua hoʻolako Ion ma ke aniani ioauoa. Ma o lakou iho, i ka puka olu oia i hiki e i okoa geometric kinona i loko o ka lewa.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya cubic puka olu oia i - mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia.
2. Hexagonal olelo hoopomaikai 'ole - a pau kona'ākilikai, koe no ka barium.
3. Granetsentricheskaya cubic - Aluminum, keleawe, kiniki, he nui hoʻololi i eliiaʻi.
4. Rhombohedral 'ole - o ka Mercury.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

Ke kaumaha ke hooheheeia , a me ka malalo ka mea, ua aia i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, ka paʻakikī i ia mea'ōpala a me ka māhele hui o ke aniani. A pau keia kila Nine Inch paa, hiki ke hoemiia examples o ka i no kēlā me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea kuleana i loko o ka hana o ke aniani. Oka a i He nui loa nā hui ma ka makahiki, e koe kekahi o lakou i keia manawa maopopo hoomaopopo.

Palapala hoakaka: nondirectionality

Covalent a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoopaa mai i ka loa hai kiʻiona hiʻona. E like me ka mea mua, ka mea hao hoopaa ua i kuhikuhi. He aha aʻole ia ke ano o? Ia mea, ka huina'ine ao i loko o ke aniani höʻike hala loa o ka 'elele i loko o ia i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao, kela mea keia mea o ka huina'ine mea hiki ke hui loa kekahi ion i loko o ka' ole o nā aka wahi. Ia mea, ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua lawe mai i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao. Nolaila, ka mea e olelo aku i ka mea hao paʻa - 'ole-directional.

Keʻano papa hana o ka covalent hoopaa komo ai i ke kahua o ka i kaʻana like huina'ine hui, oa ao o nā'ātoma ano. A ia ia lŘlŘ pololei ma luna o kekahi o kekahi laina e lākou mau-oaio? A. Nolaila, kamailio e pili ana i ka olelo o ia ka pili.

saturability

Keia ano Hōʻike 'i ka hiki ana o na nā'ātoma no ke kaupalena' ole kona palena AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka 'ē aʻe. No ka laʻana, covalent a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paa ma keia anakahi hou e ku pono ana.

Ua piha ka mua. Nā'ātoma komo i loko o kona ho okumu i ka paʻa helu o mawaho valence electrons pili 'ole i loko o ke kahua o ka hui. More ma mua o kaʻaiʻana,ʻaʻole ia e ia i ka electrons. No laila, i ka helu ana o na mea paa hana i kaupalena 'valence. Nolaila saturation manawa. Manawa a hiki i keia ano o ka hapa nui o na i huiʻia ia i ka ikaika Nine Inch haku mele 'ana.

Metal a me hydrogen paa ana, ma ka kekahi lima, ole-kūhohonu loa. O ke kumu ho i ka nui noa electrons a me orbitals loko o ke aniani. O ka hana hoʻokani ma ka Ion i loko o ke aniani puka olu oia i kahua, kela mea keia mea o ka a i e ka'Ātoma a me ka ion hou i kekahi manawa.

Kekahi ano o ka mea hao hoopaa - delocalization maloko huina'ine ao. Ua Ua hoikeia mai ma ka hiki ana o ka uuku nui o electrons kaʻana kuhikihi ana i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ke hooheheeia o'ātoma nuclei. Ia mea, no ka paʻapū o delocalized me ka mea ua haawi kōā ma waena o nā huahelu o ke aniani.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka ho okumu i ka mea paʻa ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia

E noonoo oe i kekahi mau kekahi nā kinolau, i kahaki ii, like me ka mea hao hoopaa ua hana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike ka kēia waiwai:

• kiniki;
• Aluminum;
• potasiuma;
• chrome.

Metal hoopaa ho okumu ma waena o kiniki nā'ātoma: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. kiniki'Ātoma he eha ikehu pae. Free orbitals ka nānā 'ana ma ka lolouila' ole, ka mea, he 15 - 3 P orbitals, 4 n 5 a me ka 7 ma 4f. Electronic 'ole nā: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ¹⁰ 4d 4p ^{0 0 0} 4f, wale 30 electrons'Ātoma. Oia hoi, e hiki ke neʻe i loko o ka 15 akea, aʻaʻole noho orbitals mau noa valence io (particles). A no laila, kēlā me kēia'Ātoma. I ka hopena - he nui nohona ma pokole oia hoi o ka nele orbitals, a he uuku nui o electrons e kuhikuhi ana i ka pau 'ole a pau.

Ka mea hao hoopaa ma waena o Aluminum nā'ātoma: AL ^{0 -} e - ↔ AL ^3+. Heʻumikumamākolu nā electrons Aluminum nā'ātoma ke aupuni 'ma ekolu ikehu pae, ka mea e maopopo nele i ka nui loa. Electronic 'ole: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{1 2 0} 3d. Free orbitals - 7 apana. ʻae nō hoʻi, no ka huina'ine ao e e uuku hoohalikeia me ka huina maloko noa ka lewa i loko o ke aniani.

Ka mea hao hoopaa chromium. Kēia mau hehee ai o ko lākou uila 'ole. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, no ka stabilizing ka'ōnaehana hoʻokō 'ole' ia lŘlŘ me ka huina'ine 4s e 3D orbital: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4s 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3d 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. Wale 24 huina'ine valence o i mea eono. Ka mea, e hele ana i ka pono lolouila kahua ma luna o ke kahua o ka Nine Inch hoopaa. Free orbitals 15, i mea no kaʻoi aku ma mua i koi 'ia e hoʻopiha. Nolaila, chromium - like me ka typical mamuli o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia me ka AYEIE hoopaa i loko o ka lātoma.

Kekahi o ka K'lauea ke hooheheeia e pane koke hiki me ka ano o ka wai, e ke ahi, ka potasiuma. He aha buke no na waiwai? Hou, ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i - mea hao 'ano o ka hoopaa. Electrons ma ka hehee ai 19 wale, akā, ka mea, e aia like ka nui me 4 ikehu pae. I ka 30 okoa orbitals sublevels. Electronic 'ole: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4s 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3d 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. Wale mau valence electrons me ka loa haʻahaʻa ionization ikehu. Free e hele aku, a hele aku i ka mea, he pono ole uila a puni. Orbitals e hoʻoneʻe i kekahi'Ātoma'āpana 22, a laila i ka loa nui ka lewa no ka "huina'ine kinoea".

Mea like a me nä mea a me nā 'ano o ka paa ana

I mau, ke kahe i mua, ua kūkā mai ma luna. Kekahi hiki wale generalize, a huki i ka hopena. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kiʻiona mai a pau'ē aʻe ano o ka 'ōlelo hiʻona o ka metala nā pōaka i:

• kekahi mau 'ano o ka (particles) e komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka paa (nā'ātoma, Ion a me nā'ātoma, Ion, electrons);
• kekahi mau māhele geometric 'ole o nā pōaka.

Me ka hydrogen a ionic metala hiehie satiation a me undirected. Me ka covalent Polar - ikaika electrostatic attraction ma waena o (particles). Kaawale, ion - 'ano (particles) i loko o ka mea pōaka puka olu oia i helu (Ion). Me ka covalent nonpolar - nā'ātoma i loko o ke aniani ioauoa.

Ano o ka paa ana i loko o ke hooheheeia o kekahi hoʻopiha moku'āina

E like me mākou i kaulana ma luna, mea hao Nine Inch hoopaa, examples o i i haawi mai ai i loko o ka 'atikala, ua hanaʻia i loko o nā Huipuia, elua o aggregation o ke hooheheeia a me kā lākou oka a: paa a me ka wai.

Ke ninau nei: ka ano o ka pili ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mahu? A: Covalent Polar a me ka nonpolar. E like me nā mea a pau i huiʻia noho i loko o ke kinoea. I ua i haehaeia, a me ka aniani 'ole ua hoopaa iho la o ka wa hooloihi ae i hahana maoli nō kēia o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a hoolilo ia mai ÷ haku i ka wai a ka mākau hoʻokaʻaʻike. Naʻe, ka wā e hele mai ai i hoolilo wai a hiki i ka mahu moku'āina, ke aniani ua luku a me ka mea hao hoopaa ua huli mai i ka covalent.