Medicine ma Rusia: History, Development, pilikia a

I kēia lā, he nui nā kupa o ko mākou aupuni manaoio ana, e hele i ke kauka maikai - ia mea he pomaikai nui, akin i ka lanakila i ka lottery. Au pono aku nei au i ka lapaau ana ma Rusia manawa i hoole mai oia, no laila ka hooikaika a me ka nui palapala hōʻoia no na kumu, he nui loa nā mea maʻi hiki wale moe ai. A pau loa hoikeia i ka mahele ma waena o waiwai a me ka poe ilihune,ʻaʻole e hōʻike 'ē aʻe, ao ke ano o ke ola ana o ke kanaka, he pono ole. Ma keia manao, a pilikino nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau a kaumaha aku i kekahi mea e like ai hana i ka hoʻomanawanui i loko o ka palapala o ka lōʻihi-makahiki hoʻohana a me ka mākaʻikaʻi ana o ka helu o PalekanaEND_LINK ke kaʻina hana, e lilo ana i increasingly mahalo.

Mōʻaukala o ka lapaau ana ma Rusia i kākau i ka hihia i ka wa a kekahi kahuna lapaau kaulana o ka 19th kenekulia halawai ma ka paepae puka o ka hoomanawanui a me na olelo: "Hello, i ka hoʻomanawanui me ka mitral naau maʻi." O ka holo ana, i kēia mau kauka - mea he rarity.

Ua mea no hoi,ʻaʻole me ka manaʻo nui kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' o ka wā e hiki mai kauka. Introduction e pili ana i nooaai? Kauka o mau hana i pono hoʻokahi makahiki,ʻaʻole wale nō me ka nui loa emi i ka mea e like ai o ka lapaau i mau, akā, i ke hoonui i ka make ana, i waena o ka heluna kanaka. No ka laʻana, e lilo i kauka i loko o ka 18th kenekulia ka mea, ua pono, e aʻo mai 7 a hiki i 11 makahiki.

XVIII kenekulia. hanauna

No ka mea manawa mua i ke kau "lapaau" i loko o ko mākou'āina i ka hoʻohana 'ia ma lalo o Peter I. Ka Emperor iho i pili nui keia i ke kauka i ka hihia, wehe i ka 1707 i ka haukapila kula, a ma 1764 - ka'āuna kumu o Medicine ma ke Kulanui o Moscow. Medicine ma Rusia o ia mau manawa i hoopahaohao mai ka poʻe ma ka 'epekema. Inā mua conditional aʻo i kaupalena 'wale i kaʻoki kino, ka wā Peter I loko o ke kula i hoomaka ai e ao aku i ka kēia sciences:

• pharmacology;
• neurology;
• dentistry;
• maxillo-lehalehu tʻoki kino;
• physiology a me ka'anatomia;
• forensics.

ua hele He nui akamai, a aponoia i ka ike o na kauka wale aku no. Ke Auguseto ihoʻano paa komo i loko o ke ao o ka 'inikua pāʻoihana a ana hoʻokō kahua niho ke kaʻina hana a me nā ana, e like me ka na kanaka a me nā aliʻi.

XVIII kenekulia. ulu ana

? Ac? O ke lapaau i loko o Rusia i ka piha kowali. Ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia, mau Ho 'Oponopono, haukapila, a psychiatric? Aaieou wehe mua. Ua ua me ka Hekikai o ka hope, a hoʻomaka i ka hanau ana o ke psychiatry like me ka 'epekema. I ka Ia manawa, ua lilo muli o ka autopsy o ka hoʻomanawanui ma hope o kona make ana.

I loko nō o ka frantic hana, i ka helu wehewehe pilikia ua loaa ole ia ma muli o ia i ka maʻi'ōkuʻu o ka puʻupuʻu a me ka ahulau. Lapaʻau o luna i ka manawa, no ka laʻana SG Zybelin, pili laha maʻi, a kiʻekiʻe ke keiki make nei mai i ka nele o ka pono i kou niho i loko o ke kaiaulu.

Ma na 90s o ka 18th kenekulia Moscow University, a ma ka manawa i lilo ai i ka nui loa konu o ka a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'epekema, ka mea i' ae 'e kuka i ka degere o Kauka o Medicine. Mua au loaa keia honorary inoa FI Barsuk-Moiseyev. Medicine i loko o Rusia i na mea me ka palapala hōʻoia no nā limahana.

Mihi o ka lapaau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia

Ma ka 18th kenekulia, ka mea, ua hana fundamentally hou hoʻokokoke i ka hoʻolālā o ka mālama ', e ao ana a me ka pākōlea mea kaʻawili lāʻau hihia. Created mea kaʻawili lāʻau kauoha, i ka papa kuhikuhiE hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau Office, Lapaʻau Office, e like me ka hali mai nā mea hoʻololi i ka aʻo 'ana a me ke kahua o ka' inikua kulanui. No laila, i ka 1753 PZ Kondoidi hoʻokumu i ka hou kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, i loko o nā haumāna i mālama' hala i ka i koi 'me kŰia ma ke kulanui 7 makahiki, a ma ka hopena.

XIX kenekulia. e hoomaka ana

Medicine i loko o Rusia ma ke kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala i ka wikiwiki uuku ae. I mea e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina Medicine, e koi i na mea moʻokalaleo. Ua hoomaka ae la e hoolaha periodicals, a me ka mea mua Manual ma ka'anatomia, a ua kākoʻo 'ia e ka' inikua malamalama o ka manawa I. V. Buyalsky a me E. O. Muhin.

Pono? Anoee obstetrics a me gynecology. Ka hopena o ka noiʻi a me ka hoao ana ua lilo ia i Hopu i loko o ka Kāohiʻana a me ka hana o ka maʻi o ka wahine reproductive nā loko. Ho okolohua i mālama 'ia ma ka manao o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, a haawi mai la i ka wehewehe ana o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau i hana i loko o ke kino.

Noiʻi i loko o kēia kahua (IE Dyadkovsky, E. O. Muhin, KV Lebedev a me na mea e ae) i ua kālaiʻia, a hoʻomohala i ke kulana o ka reflex kumumanaʻo.

M. Ya. Mudrov hoʻokumu i ke ano o keʻano o ia me ka hoomanawanui, a 'ae hou i nīnau mai ke kahua, e kuhikuhi i ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka maʻi a me kona etiology. I ka wā e hiki mai, i kēia hana hou HI Zakharʻin.

XIX kenekulia. ulu ana

? Ac? O ke lapaau i loko o Rusia i koho ma ka pau 'ana o ka papa inoa o PalekanaEND_LINK ana. Ma kekahi, GI Sokolsky anao? Aou percussion hana i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā maʻi o ka pahu. Ma keia manao, he nä känaka 'epekema paʻi i ka hana "Ma ka' inikua examinations me ke kōkua o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo, ka oi aku ma ka mea o ka stethoscope," a i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 1835.

I ke kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia e hoʻopale Institute i hana mai i ka ino, puʻupuʻu, a me ka pilikia maʻi ma vaccination. He nui Kumu, e pili ana i ka mea, noonoo iho la ia i ko lakou mau pono, e hoao ia mai no oe ia oe iho. Ma pili ana me keia'ōlohe wiwo make ana o kekahi o Lūkini kauka M. Ya. Mudrov, o kona make ua i ka poho nui ma Rusia.

I ka 1835, me ka manao paa o ka pā o ke ao ana, ua paa ka censorship loea ma ka 'inikua kulanui, a i hoemi ia i kanaka kilokilo ano. Kokoke, i kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ke lapaau i loko o Rusia i manao e hoopau i keia wahi. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomau kauka kā lākou mau haʻawina a loaʻa kamahaʻo hopena.

Hopena o ka XIX kenekulia

Ma ka 19th kenekulia waiho i ke kumu o nā mea a pau kēia akeakamai nā kūlana hana ma ka oihana lapaau, a me dermatology, histology, a hiki balneology. Ma ka hooulu ana o nā kānakaʻepekema loa kaulana o ka manawa i hoomaka ai e hana anesthesia, resuscitation 'ana i kūpono a me ka physiotherapy. Ua Ua hana na sciences me microbiology a me ka virology, a hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala wale hope.

Ka moku'āina o ka lapaau ana ma Rusia ma ka 20th kenekulia

E hoʻomaka ana mai ka 1900, i ka booming orthopedics, ophthalmology, oncology. Ka loa nui huahelu o ka 'inikua kaiāulu i alakaʻi nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau, institutes a me nā kula - G. I. Turner, RRVREDEN, EV Adamyuk a me na mea e ae.

A nui ka anu u aku i loko o ke kula o obstetrics a me gynecology, ka oi aku ma ka hana o V. F. Snegireva noa i ka ' "Uterine kahe ana ke koko." NF Filatov hana ka mua pediatric kula, paʻi lapaʻau lula a me ka hana ma luna o nā maʻi a me ka Kāohi keiki ka.

Nui no hoi na wahi o ka lapaau ia no hoi,ʻaʻole e ku malie oukou. Ma ka 20th kenekulia ka mea i i ka loaʻaʻano nui o ka aaiaoe kivila, a e ae kānakaʻepekema, e makaikai i ka piha omńkalakala o ke kanaka kino me ka kiʻekiʻe pololei.

kahua hoʻololi

Ka mihi o ka lapaau i loko o Rusia a me na aina e ke lawe mai i noke aku, no ka mea, 'epekema' aʻole ole e ku malie oukou, a me ka hopena i loaʻa i hou ai ', ki ina hana like o ka noiʻi a me ka lapaau. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea e pono ke lawe mai i ka luna 'o ana nona ma ka hōʻoia i ka holoʻokoʻa heluna kanaka, palapala hōʻoia no mālama', i keia la, Eia naʻe, i nā mea a pau Lūkini hiki ke helu ia.

Mai ka hoʻomaka o ka 21st kenekulia ka mihi o ka lapaau ana ma Rusia ua kūkākūkā e alakai akamai. Ua Ua ea ae ia i ka 2015 i ka kaʻoihana kālā o ke ola malama kulanui e hoʻololi. Uku nā limahana e ia ma ke ahonui, a me ka ole no kahi moe. A pau nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau e i ka hookahi kumukuai papa inoa, he nui loa, e e hoolilo ia ma ka ehiku-lā e hana ana i ka hebedoma. No hoi, ka haukapilaʻo moʻokāki e e hoʻohana no ka lokomaikai aku nā haʻawina, a ianoiyuaa a ua he 'Aʻohe koena. Ua Ua manaoia i ka hoike o ka hou mau hae, e kōkua waiwai lehulehu, e loaa i ka kiʻekiʻe nui o ka hana, ma ka mokuna o ka Russian Hui.

manaʻo

Eia naʻe, kēia lapaau ma Rusia hiki ole i kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi o ka hana, a ua nui na poe akamai i manaoio i ka loli pono e hoʻomaka me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana. kauka i ike i ka mihi, e olokaa hoʻi i kahiko hana'ōnaehana, i komo ai i ke kaawale ana ma ka haukapila no ka poe ilihune, a me ka waiwai.

'inikua pilikia ma Rusia e ole wale lawa ponoʻole hoʻolako' ia o ola kino malama kulanui, akā, i loko o ka piha palaka o kekahi mau kauka i nā mea maʻi. E hoopono ana ma ka mōʻaukala o ka 'inikua hana, ua waiho na mea he nui na kumu ao ola i ke ao a me ka hooulu ana o ka hou ano o ka noiʻi a me ke kino o kona noho pakele o nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā maʻi. Eia naʻe, kēia lapaʻau mea he au ma ka monetization o ke ola.