Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā'ano kūmole i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona

'O ka Aromorphosis he ho'ololi kūloli i nā meaola ola e hāpai i ka wā o ka loiloi, he'ano like'ole ia a ua ho'oholo'ia e ho'onui i ka ho'olālā, kahi e ho'onui ai i ka waiwai.

'O ke'ano nui o nā'āpana

Ka muli aromorphoses meaʻano nui i loko o ka paio no ka manawa. 'O nā meaola ola, kahi e ho'ololi ai kēia mau loli, e ho'ololi hou'ia i nā kūlana o ka'ōlohelohe waho a hiki ke kūkulu i kahi noho hou. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona o ka aromorphosis kekahi ho'ololi ho'olālā e pili ana i ka'ike'ana o nā'āpana hou o nā meaola.

'O ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā'āpana he mea lō'ihi lō'ihi a pili pū'ia me ka ho'okae like'ole. Eia kekahi,'o ka nui o ka'ike'ana o nā mea hou o nā mea ola e loa'a ke koho kūlohelohe, i ka manawa e ola ai nā mea i'oi aku ka maika'i. Loa'a iā lākou nā mana'oihana no ka hakakā no ko lākou ola'ana a hā'awi i nā hua me nā waiwai maika'i i hā'awi'ia i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Hiki ke'ōlelo'ia, he'ano waiwai nui ka aromorphosis. Ke alaka'i nei ia i ka puka'ana mai o nā mea'oihana pa'akikī, i emi'ole ka pili'ana i nā kūlana o ka nohona.

Nā Aromorphoses i nā mea kanu

'O nā loli holomua ka'ano o nā mea kanu. 'A'ole lākou e manaha i ka maika'i o nā hi'ohi'ona morphological, pinepine ma mua o ka hua'ōlelo "aromorphosis" i ho'ohana'ia ka hua'ōlelo "axigenesis", ma ka unuhi'ana'o ia ho'i "kumu".

'O ke'ano o nā'ano algae like'ole e pili ana i kahi'oko'a like'ole o nā'ano o ka morphological a me ka hiki no ke ki'i'ana, akā, nele lākou i nā'i'o maoli, a no laila ua kapa'ia lākou he mau mea ola honua ('a'ole ho'ololi i ka loli).

Inā 'oe ke koho' examples aromorphosis, i ka mea nui i ke kapa differentiation o nā'aʻaʻa, a alakai ai i ka muli o ke ano honua kahi kiekie mea kanu. 'O ka mea mua loa o kēia mau mea he mosses, no ka mea, ma kēia mau mea kanu ka ho'oka'awale'ana o nā pūnaewele i nāwaliwali, ua hala ke a'a, a ua'ike'ia nā pihi e kekahi'ano mua.

'O ke'ano o nā mea kūpono ma hope aku,'o ia ka mahele o ke kino o ka mea kanu e pana ai ke kumu. Ma hope mai, ua'ike'ia nā mea kanu momona, kahi e komo ai nā pūpū, nā li'ili'i a me nā mīkeke, akā'a'ole lākou i nā'ano'ano, a me ka sporophyte e ulu ana mai ka'ōpiopio, a he'ano li'ili'i loa ia. No ka mea e pono ai ka wai no ka ulu'ana,'o kēia ka mea e ho'opau i ka ho'olaha nui'ana o nā mea kanu.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o ka aromonapona ma nā mea kanu

Inā mākou e kama'ilio e pili ana i nā loli weliweli i ka hanana a me ke'ano o nā mea kanu, pono mākou e ho'omana'o i ka Ke'ena o ka Gymnosperms, nona nā lālā i loa'a he mau'ano'āpono:

• He mau'ōpū ko lākou, kahi e ulu ai ka hopena (female gametophyte);
• Aia nā'ōle'a pollen e ulu ana i ka poli; Ho'opumu'ia he male male; 'A'ole koi ka wai'ana;
• 'O kēia mau mea kanu i nā'ano'ano e pili ana i ka'ōpiopio i ho'oka'awale'ia, a me endosperm, he kumu ia o nā mea'ai no ka ulu'ana o ke'ōpiopio.

'O nā kumulā'au ulu nō ho'i nā Angiosperms. Ua ala lākou i ka manawa Jurassic. Eia nā'ano like'ole o nā'ano kūlana o kēia'oihana kanu:

• He puka kāpili wale kā lākou me ka hua (pestle).
• Aia kekahi "baits" kūikawā - nectar a perianth, nā mea e ho'olako i ka entomophily - pollination me ke kōkua o nā'ōpū, i'ike'ia ma ka pololei o ke ka'ina hana i loko o kekahi'ano a hiki i ka noho'ana i nā mea kanu like'ole;
• angiosperms wehewehe aku embryo sac me ka 'ole i leie aku i ka hooholo ia ana o papalua fertilization.

Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia he'ano 250 mau'ano o kēia huila lā'au a aia ma ke ala o ka holomua o ke ola. No laila, ua'ike'ia nā'ano angiosperms e nā'ano like'ole ('o ia nā kumu lā'au, nā lā'au, nā lianas, nā mau'u, nā mea wai), e ho'omaika'i mau'ia ana e pili ana i ka hale a me nā hana o kēlā me kēia wahi.

'O nā loli ho'ololi i ke'ano o nā holoholona

'O nā'ano'eleukukokeka, kahi i'ike'ia e ka'ano heterotrophic o ka'ai, ho'onui'ia i nā ha'iki a me nā holoholona. 'O ka mea mua o kēia mau mea he lā'au kino'ole ka mea i'ole he kino. Ma ka Proterozoic au ikea multicellular invertebrate mea. 'O ka mea mua loa, he mau holoholona ākea'elua, no ka mea,'o ka Intestinal. Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā'ano kūmole i loko o nā holoholona o kēia hui he'ōpiopio'elua i ho'opa'a'ia a he kino i loa'a i'elua'ao'ao o ka ectoderm a me ke endoderm.

Ke kakahiaka nui hana o ka 'ole i ka muli o ka wati waena germ, ahu iho - ka mesoderm, i hoʻonāukiuki'aʻaʻa differentiation a me ka muli o ka hui, nenoai (i lalo, a puni na ilo). 'O ke'ano o ka aromorphosis e like me ke'ano o kahi coelom - kahi lua o ka lua, mahalo'ia i ka ho'oka'awale'ana o ke kino holoholona i nā mahele.

Me ka protostomes primitive (e laʻa me, Annelida), i mua i parapodia (primitive lala) a me ka homonomous Hoʻohana kino. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona o ka aromorphosis, i'ike'ia ma hope aku, ke'ano o ka ho'ohālike heteronomic o ke kino a me nā lālā i ho'oka'awale'ia (ua ala mai nā'āpana). I ka ho'omaka'ana o ka Devonian, ua kū mai kahi'āina āpau a me nā mea'oko'a ma ka'āina, kahi i mālama'ia ai kahi ukorphosis ko'iko'i-ka puka'ana mai o nā membrane embryonic.

Ka papa hana o ka hana hou

'O ke'ano o ka mīkini, ke'ano o ka'ōpū, ka aorta abdominal, a laila ka pu'uwai ka hopena i ka ho'okumu'ana i nā'ano hou. Ma hope, ua ulu ka visceral a me ke ko'i axial i ka i'a. No laila, ua loa'a iā lākou kekahi pahu lolo a me ka'āpana o ka po'o.

Ma pokou iʻa i hala i ka helu o ka nui aromorphoses (pulmonary ka hanu nā ikea a me kēia mau mea o ka papa) e haawi ala i ka amphibians.

Ho'onui hou i nā amniotes, a'ekolu mau membrane i ho'ohui'ia. 'O ka mua o ko lākou mau'elele he mau mea ho'opailua. Ua ka'awale lākou i ka wai, akā, no ka nele o ka holo'ana o ke koko,'a'ole hiki iā lākou ke ho'omalu i ka mahana mau o ke kino, a ua lilo i ka pau'ana i ka hopena o Mesozoic.

'O nā hi'ohi'ona'ē a'e o aromorphosis ke'ano o septum piha i ka na'au ma waena o ventricles. 'O kēia ka mea i hiki ai iā mākou ke māhele i nā'ōpili o ke kahe'ana o ke koko, a i ka'ike'ia'ana o nā holoholona wela'ula, i loa'a i ka manawa i hiki ai ke lele. No laila ua'ike'ia ka papa o Bird.

'O ke aromorphosis, kahi i hele ai i ka nānā'ana i nā mammals

I loko o nā mea kolo o nā manu'āhiu, ua ho'onui'ia ka hemispheres o ka mua i ka manawa, ua ulu ka palekana, a ua hō'ea mai ka pu'u kālā'ehā, a ua ho'ēmi'ia ke kuamoo. Eia kekahi, ua ala a'e nā māmā ma muli o ke'ano o nā hua'ōlelo o ka loiloi, ka uhi huluhulu a me ka momama gland, ka'oko'a'ana o nā niho o ka alveoli. 'O ke'ano ma lalo o nā'ano aromorphosis i nā mammals ke'ano o ka placenta a me ka hānau'ana.

No laila,'o ka hānai'ana i nā keiki i ka waiū, ka ulu'ana o nā mumū, ka lolo, ka loloula, a me nā'ano'ano like'ole - he mea nui ka ho'onui'ia o ka hui holoholona a me ka ulu'ana o nā mea'oi a'e.

Hiki ke kapa'ia ka aromona hope loa loa he ulu i ka lolo i nā kūpuna kanaka (epimorphosis). I kēia lā, ua ho'onui nā Manua'auao i nā'āpana kūpono o ka honua, i ho'onāukiuki i ke'ano o ka noosphere. I ka manawa ho'okahi, ua komo ka honua honua i kekahi au hou - he ma'ema'e.

Ma ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana, pono e'ōlelo'ia, he nui nā'ano aromorphoses i ka hopu'ana i nā wahi hou a me ka puka'ana o nā meaola hou me nā hi'ohi'ona kūikawā e ho'okumu i ke kuleana ma ke'ano ho'okolohua.