He aha ka oxygen? 'O nā pūpū o oxygen

'O ka oxygen (O) he mea makika keu ia o ka hui 16 (VIa) o ka papa manawa. He He colorless, tasteless a me ka odorless kinoea koi 'ia no ka noho ana meaola - holoholona i hoohuli ia i loko o ke kalapona'okikene lua, a me nā mea kanu e hanaʻia CO ₂ me ke kalapona kahi, a ua hoi aku la i ka lewa O _2. Ho'ohālike nā mea like'ole o ka oxygen me kekahi mau mea'ē a'e, a ke ho'oka'awale nei ho'i i nā mea'oko'a mai ka ho'opa'a'ana i kekahi i kekahi. I nā kumu he nui, ua pili kēia mau hana me ka ho'oku'u'ana i ka mahana a me ka mālamalama. 'O ka puna nui oxygen ka wai.

Ka mo'olelo o ka'ike

I ka 1772, i ka Kuekene chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele mua i hōʻikeʻike i ka oxygen ma ka loaa ana ia ia ma ka paio hahana maoli nō nitrate potasiuma'okesaside, o Hereme, e like me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe' ona. 'A'ole paha'o ia i ka makahiki 1774, ua'ike'ia ka pilikino Pelekānia'o Joseph Priestley i kēia māmā ma muli o ka hana'ia o ka mercury oxide a ho'opuka i kāna mau'ike i ka makahiki ho'okahi,'ekolu mau makahiki ma mua o ka ho'opuka'ia'ana o Scheele. I ka makahiki 1775-1780, ua ho'ohālikelike ka pelekāne Farani Antoine Lavoisier i ke'ano o ka oxygen i ka hanu'ana a me ke ahi, me ka hō'ole'ana i ka mana'o o phlogiston, i'ae'ia i kēlā manawa. Ua'ike'o ia i kona kūpono e hana i nā mea'aila inā hui'ia me nā mea like'ole a kapa'ia'o ia ka'enehana oxygenene, ma ka'ōlelo Helene i kapa'ia "ka hānau'ana i ka wai".

'O ke kuhikuhina

He aha ka oxygen? Ke hana nei i 46% o ka nui o ka lepo o ka honua,'o ia ka mea ma'amau o ia honua. 'O ka nui o ka oxygen i ka lewa he 21% ka nui, a ma ke kaumaha i ka wai kai he 89%.

Ma nā pōhaku,'o nā hui me nā metala a me nā mea'ole i ke'ano o ka waiū, he'alokalo (e like me ka sulfur, carbon, aluminium a me ka phosphorus), a me ke kumu (calcium, magnesium a me ka mea hao), a ma ke'ano he pūmakai e hiki ke mana'o'ia e like me ke'ano A me nā'ano kaulike kaulike, e like me sulfates, carbonates, silicates, aluminates a me phosphates. ʻOiai ka mea, he lehulehu, akā, i kēia mau puaʻa hiwa hiki ole ke malama like o oxygen kumu, e like me ka mea paʻa cleavage me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hehee ai nā'ātoma ka ikehu hokii no hoi.

Nā'ike

Inā'o ka mahana o ka oxygen he lalo-183 ° C, a laila lilo ia i wai polū pale, a ma -218 ° C he pa'akikī. Pure O ₂ o 1.1 manawa kaumaha ia ma mua o ka ea.

I ka hanu'ana, nā holoholona a me kekahi huapalapala e ho'opau i ka oxygen mai ka lewa a ho'iho'i mai i ke kalapona'okikene lua, i ka hana'ana o nā hua'ōma'oma'o'ōma'oma'o e ho'opiha i ka carbon dioxide i mua o ka lā a ho'oku'u'ia ka oxygen li'ili'i. Kokoke i ka pau O ₂ i loko o ka lewa ua hua mai ma kāʻamaʻai.

I ka 20 ° C, kahi e 3 mau hapa i ka nui o ka oxygen e ho'ohehe'e'ia i 100 mau wahi o ka wai maoli, i emi iho ka li'ili'i i ke kai. He mea pono kēia no ka hanu'ana i nā i'a a me nā mea ola'ē a'e.

Natural oxygen ma o ka läÿau, a ekolu i ka pilina paʻa isotopes ¹⁶ O (99,759%), ¹⁷ O ^(0,037%), a me ka ¹⁸ O (0,204%). Ua'ike'ia kekahi o nā isotopes radioactive. Ka hapa nui o ia e lōʻihi-ola ka ¹⁵ O (hapa-ola 124) a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka këia ha ana ma mammals.

'O'Alolopi

A clearer manaʻo o ka oxygen, ae e loaa kona mau allotropic ano, diatomic (O ₂₎ a me ka triatomic (O _3,'okikene kolu). Hō'ike nā mea o ka diatomic i nā'eono electrons e nakinaki ana i nā māmā a'elua e noho'ole'ia, e hana ana i ka paramagnetism o ka oxygen. 'Ekolu kūkeke i loko o ka mole o ka ozone ma kahi laina pololei.

'okikene kolu hiki ke hua mai i kulike ai me ka helu kaulike: 3O ₂ → 2O _3.

'O ka hopena hopena (koi'ia ka ho'olālā ho'okele); Ho'ololi'ia ka ho'ohuli'ana o ka'elele i ka diatomic oxygen i ka hiki'ana o nā metena ho'oili a me ko lākou mau lā'au kau. Ua ho'ololi'ia ka'ōmole oxygen i ka ozone ma lalo o ka hopena o ka ho'ohehe'e'ana i ka ho'ohehe'e'ana o ka ho'okele. Ho'opa'a'ia ka hopena i ka ho'omohu'ana o ka ultraviolet me kahi nalu lō'ihi e pili ana i 250 nm. 'O ka puka'ana o kēia ka'ina ma nā'anu'u o luna o ka lewa e ho'opau i ka lili'ana e hiki ai ke hō'ino i ka ola ma luna o ka Honua. Aia ke'ala o ozone i loko o nā wahi i ho'opa'a'ia me nā mea uila uila, e like me nā mea hana. 'O kēia kinoea he polū'ōma'oma'o. 'O kona kaulike he 1.658 mau manawa o ka lewa, a he pākaukau kohua'o -112 ° C ma ka pā'ani honua.

'okikene kolu - ikaika oxidant hiki ke hoʻololi ' sulfur dioxide i, trioxide, sulfide e sulufahate, iodide, iodine (mākau hana no ka hoʻolako' kona auhau ana) e like me na mea he nui i oxygen-i loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia nā mea loaʻa e like me aldehydes a me nāʻakika. 'O ka ho'ololi o ka'Ozone o nā kalapona mai ka ho'ohemo ka'a i kēia mau mea wai a me aldehydes ka kumu o ka smog. I loko o ka'oihana, ho'ohana'ia ka ozone ma ke'ano he mea ho'ohemehe, ho'okae, no ka mālama'ana i ka wai holoi, ka wai a me ka holoi'ana o nā mea kino.

Ke'ano o ka loa'a'ana

'O ke ala e hana'ia ai ka oxygen i ka nui o ke kālā e pono ai. 'O nā'ano papahana huli kēia:

1. ka hana'ana o kekahi mau pa'akai, e like me ka potassium potassium a me ka pāhare pāpona:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3O _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + O _2.

Ho'opili'ia ka hana'ana o ka mea kanu pākino chlorate e nā'āpana uila ho'oili. No keia pinepine hoʻohana manganese'okikene lua (pyrolusite, MnO _2). Ho'oiho ka mea ho'omehana i ka mahana e pono ai e ho'oku'u i ka oxygen mai 400 a 250 ° C.

2. Ka hana'ana i nā mea kau keleawe ma lalo o ka hopena o ka mahana:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O2.
• 2Ag ₂ O → 4Ag + O _2.

Ua ho'ohana'o Scheele a me Priestley i ka hui (oxyide) o ka oxygen a me mercury (II) no ka loa'a'ana o kēia māmā.

3. ka ho'olōlā'ia'ana o nā peroxide metallic ai'ole ka hydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O2 → 2BaO2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Bao ₂ + H ₂ ¶ ₄ → H ₂ O ₂ + BaSO _4.
• 2H ₂ O ₂ → 2H ₂ O + O _2.

'O nā'ano'oihana ahupua'a mua no ka ho'oka'awale'ana i ka oxygen mai ka lewa ai'ole no ka hana'ana o ka hydrogen peroxide ma muli nō ia o ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o ka barium peroxide mai ka'ōmole.

4. Electrolysis o ka wai me ka admixtures uuku o ka paʻakai a me nāʻakika mea i conduction o ka uilaʻikena.

2H ₂ O → 2H ₂ + ₂ O

Hana hana'oihana

Inā pono ka loa'a'ana o ka nui o ka oxygen, ho'ohana'ia ka distillation mahele o ka ea wai. 'O nā kumu nui o ka ea, aia ka'oihana kohua'oi loa loa, a no laila,'a'ole i'oi aku ka maika'i ma mua o ka waiūpona a me ka argon. I ke ka'ina hana, ho'omaha'ia ke kinoea i ka ho'onui'ana. 'O nā kumu nui o ka hana'ana penei:

• Ua ho'ohui'ia'o Air e wehe i nā mea ma'i lepo;
• Ho'oka'awale'ia ka lepo a me carbon dioxide e ka absorption ma alkalis;
• Hō'awe'ia ka ea, a ho'one'e'ia ka wela o ka ho'opilikia ma nā hana ho'onanea ma'amau;
• A laila komo'o ia i loko o ka pahu i loko o ke ke'ena;
• 'O ka hapa o ka hau i ho'opa'a'ia (ma ke kaomi o 200 200 kahe) e ho'onui i loko o ke ke'ena, e ho'onuanu i ka pahu;
• Ho'oku'u'ia ke kinoea ho'onui'ia i ka compressor a hele i nā hanana o ka ho'onui'ana a me ka ho'okumu'ana, i hiki ai i ka -196 ° C ka wai;
• Ho'opiha'ia ka wai e ho'opau i nā kukui'okena laulā mua, a laila ka'aila, a me ka oxygen e koe. Ho'onui'ia ka hapa nui i kahi hua kūpono (99.5%) no nā'oihana'oihana'oihana.

E ho'ohana i ka'oihana

'O ka metallurgy ka mea kū'ai nui o ka oxygen ma'ema'e no ka hana'ana i ke kila hao ki'eki'e:'o ka ho'ohemo'ana i ke kalapona'okikene a me nā mea'ino'ē a'e o nā mea'ole nā mea helahi a ma'alahi ho'i ma mua o ka ho'ohana'ana i ka ea.

'O ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana i ka wai holoi ma o ka oxygen e ho'olaha ana no ka mālama pono'ana i nā ho'opi'i wai ma mua o nā mea hana'ē a'e. Ua Ua lilo increasingly nui ma ka paʻa wao incineration nenoai ka hoʻohana maemae O _2.

'O ka oxyidizer i kapa'ia he waihā wai. Ho'ohana'ia'o Pure O2 ma nā submarines a me nā bele lu'u.

I ka'oihana'enehana, ua ho'ololi ka oxygen i ka ea ma'amau i ka hana'ana o nā mea e like me ka acetylene, ka ethylene oxide a me ka methanol. 'O nā mea lapa'au e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i ke kinoea i nā ke'ena oxygen, nā mea ho'onāuki a me nā kapua'i keiki. 'O ke'ano o ka ma'i hehehe i loa'a i ka oxygen e hā'awi i ke ola no ke ola i ka wā o ka ma'i ma'amau. Ma waho o kēia waehana pa'a, hiki'ole ke hana'ia kekahi mau hana ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ka hao. 'O ia ke'ano o ka oxygen.

Nā mea kanu a me nā ho'ohālikelike

'O nā mea nui o ka electronegativity a me ka lālā o ka oxygen e like me nā mea e hō'ike ana i nā'ano nonmetallic. 'O nā'enehana oxygen a pau kahi'ano ho'onalowale'ole. Ka wā mau huina'ine orbitals piha, i hanaʻia e ka ^2- ion. Nā peroxides (O ₂ ^2-) kuhi i kēlā me kēia'Ātoma i ke kauoha o -1. E lawe kēia pono i nā kohopili ma ka lawe a piha a pili paha a ho'oholo i ka mea hana ho'ohehe'e. Ke ho'oulu'ia kēia'ano konohiki me kahi mea hā'awi waiwai, ke emi iho nei kona'ano ho'olālā palekana. 'O ka ho'ololi (ka emi'ana) i ka moku o ka oxygen e ho'onoe'ia mai ka zero a -2 i kapa'ia he ho'ōla.

Ma lalo o nā'ano ma'amau,'o nā māmā ke kiko i nā diatomic a me nā pūpū triatomic. Eia kekahi, he mau molecene tetrahalici kūlohelohe loa. I loko o ka diatomic,'elua mau koho electrons'ole i ho'onoho'ia ma luna o ka'ahapili'ole. Hō'aia kēia i ka hana paramagnetic o ke kinoea.

'O ke'ano o ka ho'onāukiuki nui'ana o ka heiau ke ho'ākāka'ia i kekahi manawa e ka mana'o'ana o kekahi o nā mea'ekolu i loko o ka moku "atomic". Reacting keia'Ātoma ua dissociated mai o ka O _3, e waiho ana hakakino ka oxygen.

Ho'oikaika'ia ka mole O2 ma nā mahana ma'amau a me nā pilikia ma'amau. Ho'onui ka'oihana o Atomic oxygen. Ke dissociation ikehu (O ₂ → 2O) ka nui a me ka 117,2 kcal Mol.

Nā Ho'ohui

C na nonmetals me hydrogen, kalapona, luaipele, oxygen, 'ano apau loa i ka nui huahelu o covalently me ka paa, i huiʻia, a me nonmetal oxides e like me ka wai (H ₂ O), sulfur dioxide i (¶ I ₂₎ a me ka kalapona'okikene lua (CO _2); Nā pūpona pūpū e like me nā wai'ona, aldehydes a me nā mea carboxylic; na nāʻakika e like me carbonic _{(h2 CO3),} sulfuricʻakika (H ₂ ¶ ₄₎ a me ka nitric (HNO _3); a me ka AYEIE paʻakai e like me paʻakai sulufahate (Na ₂ ¶ _4), paʻakai kalepona (Na ₂ CO ₃₎ a me ka paʻakai nitrate (NaNO _3). Ka oxygen mea i loaʻa i loko o ka palapala o ka O ^2- ion i loko o ke aniani 'ole o ka paa metala oxides, e like me hui ('okesaside), oxygen, a CaO o kalipuna. Metal superoxide (Ko ₂₎ no ion O ₂ ^-, ana mea hiki ke hooheheeia peroxides (Bao ₂₎ no ion O ₂ ^2-. 'O nā'enehana o oxygen he mau'ano ho'onalohua kēia o -2.

Nā Kuleana Mea

Ma ka hope, ke helu nei mākou i nā'ano nui o ka oxygen:

• Huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• Ke helu Atomic: 8.
• Ke kaumaha o Atomic: 15,9994.
• Ka paila kohu: -183.0 ° C.
• Ka helu ho'okūkū: -218.4 ° C.
• 'O ke kikowaena (inā he'eneke oxygen he 1'akuma ma ka 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• Ho'ohālikelike ka'ōlelo: -1, -2, +2 (i loko o ka pūpū me nā fluorine).