Natural kinoea: haʻilula. Nine haʻilula kinoea. All ano o maoli kinoea

I kēia manawa, ua ike i ka laulāʻano o ke kinoea. Kekahi o kēia mau kanaka i loaa keʻena hoʻokolohua ki ina hana like o Nine Inch, kekahi hana ana ia lakou iho me ka hopena o reactions like ma-huahana. A me ka kinoea i hua mai la i ke ano maoli? I ka papa kuhikuhiE ia kinoea maoli, ma kona ano maoli me Kinohi mea eha:

• maoli kinoea, nona ka haʻilula o Ch _4;
• Naikokene, N _2;
• hydrogen, H _2;
• i carbon dioxide, HI _2.

O ka holo ana, aia nō kekahi'ē aʻe - oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, inert kinoea, kalapona monoxide. Naʻe, ka mea ma luna o nāʻano nui nui no na kanaka, a hana ia no kekahi hana, a me me ka wahie.

He aha ka maoli kinoea?

Natural kinoea ua ike like ia, a ano e hāʻawi mai iā mākou. Ia mea, i ka maʻiʻo o ka i loko o ka Kalaiaina o ka Honua He nui kiekie ae, a oi aku i ka huina i ua loaa i loko o ka hana me ka hopena o Nine Inch reactions.

Mau ike like maoli kinoea, methane, akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio. Inā 'oe e nānā i ka haku mele' ana o ke kinoea hapa, ua hiki ke ike i kona aʻe ke keʻena haku mele:

• methane (96%);
• ethane;
• propane;
• butane;
• hydrogen;
• o carbon dioxide;
• naikokene;
• hydrogen sulfide (liʻiliʻi, kumumea dala).

Penei, eia kahi mea akaka i ka aoao maoli kinoea - He Aloha o kekahi mau maoli ai 'ia kinoea.

Natural kinoea: haʻilula

Mai ka Nine Inch wahi o ka Hawaii maoli kinoea mea i ka läÿau, o ka laina hydrocarbons poe noonoo ole 'ole - methane, ethane, propane a me ka butane. Eia naʻe, mai ka buke nui o nā mea a pau i ka methane, ka maliu mau haʻilula maoli kinoea pono ka hoike haʻilula methane. Pela, e huli mai i ka Nine Inch haʻilula o maoli kinoea methane Ch _4.

Ke koe eiiiiiaiou i na kēia mau empirical haʻilula ma ka kemika:

• ethane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• i carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• naikokene - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

A hui ana o na waiwai mea maoli kinoea. Kona papa kuhikuhiE haʻilula methane hui Hōʻike i ka o carbon maʻiʻo ona mea uuku loa. Kēia e loli ai kona physical waiwai, e like me ka hiki, e puhi i ka colorless, loa ka uahi wahi. I ka lālā 'ē aʻe o kona homologous moʻo (moʻo paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons a alkanes) i'ā e liloʻeleʻele smoky lapalapa.

I ma ke ano maoli

Ma ke ano maoli, ua kinoea ua loaʻa hohonu lola honua, i ke ao a me ka anuanu papa o sedimentary pōhaku. Aia i mau papa kuhikuhiE theories o ke kumu o maoli kinoea i loko o maoli.

1. I ka kumumanaʻo o ka una honua neʻe 'ana o pōhākau. Proponents o kēia kumumanaʻo manaoio i na hydrocarbons na i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua, a ua mau hoalaia mai i ka hopena o ka una honua neʻe, aʻoki mai. Ma ka luna o ka manaʻo koikoi kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela loli e ia me ka hopena o Nine Inch reactions i loko o ka maoli nā minelala haoʻelua - kaʻaila a me ka kinoea.
2. Biogenic kumumanaʻo paipai i kekahi papa hana ma i maoli kinoea ua hana. Ka haʻilula Hōʻike 'ia kona qualitative haku mele' ana - kalapona a me hydrogen, i paipai i kona ho okumu i noho aloha, he poe nona na kino i hele ka hapanui kūkuluʻia mai o kēia mau kumu, e like nā mea a pau e noho ana ma luna o kēia kŘhele mea nei a hiki i kēia lā. Over manawa, i ka iho o ka make mea kanu a me nā holoholona ihola ma lalo o ka papakü, ma laila uaʻaʻole i oxygen, aole hoi koʻohune ke decompose a recycle i ka ke aloha ia mea. E like me ka hopena o anaerobic hoʻopöʻino 'ia o biomass ua ana, a me ka luna o miliona o ka makahiki, he kumu no elua nā minelala hao - kaʻaila a me ka kinoea. Penei muli o nā ana o ka ia - ia hydrocarbons a me kekahi o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha waiwai. Ke Nine Inch haʻilula o ke kinoea a me kaʻaila proves ia. Naʻe, ka wā paku ole ia i kekahi mau olelo a me kekahi mau huahana i hana: he manaʻo koikoi kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela - kinoea, me ka haʻahaʻa -ʻaila.

I keia la, i ka papa kuhikuhiE mahinaai, a ma kona ano maoli kinoea me ke koe i na aukanaka a pau e like me Rusia, USA, Canada, Iran, Norway, a me ka Netherlands.

E like me kona moku'āina o aggregation o maoli kinoea hiki ole mau e kakauiaʻi maluna wale i loko o ke kinoea moku'āina. Aia i kekahi mau koho no ka condensation:

1. Ke kinoea mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka aila nā lātoma.
2. Kinoea mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai nā lātoma.
3. Kinoea hydrates i hana i ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa.
4. Ma lalo o maʻamau kumu - gaseous hui.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau Hawaii i kona kahua iho, a me ka mea nui waiwai i kānaka.

Noho ana ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana

Ma waho aʻeo ia maoli kinoea? Iecaianoaaiiuo wahi, ma laila nō i ka helu o ka aoao, e lawe ia i loko o ke Keʻena. Kēia mau kiʻina hana, nae, e oiaio no e hoʻohana liʻiliʻi batches o huahana wale no, mahope mai o ka mea maoli kinoea kāki e hoʻokō i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻololi kemikala mea,ʻaʻole ia e pono.

Keʻena hoʻokolohua ki ina hana:

1. Hydrolysis haʻahaʻa hakakino i huiʻia - Aluminum carbide: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ O = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (OH) _3.
2. Paʻakai'ākeka ma ke alo o ka mekala 'åkilikai: Ch ₃ COOH + NaOH = Ch ₄ + Na ₂ CO _3.
3. Mai syngas: CO + 3H ₂ = Ch ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Mai na mea waiwai - kalapona a me ka hydrogen - ma ke kiekie ana wela a me ka puʻe.

Ke Nine Inch haʻilula o maoli kinoea methane haʻilula lewa, no laila, ua pau reactions ano o alkanes, wehewehe aku no ka haawiia mai kinoea.

Ke hana i na methane pōʻalo mai maoli hoʻokomo kālā a me ka hou aaioee o ka mahele. Nō hoʻi, i ka huina hoonui kinoea ua koi 'ia e pono ai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ma hope o maoli kinoea methane haʻilula hōʻike wale i kekahi hapa o ka eiiiiiaiou e ia iloko ona. No ka hale hoʻohana nele maemae kinoea i loaʻa i waiwai'ē aʻe ma mua o methane. Detachable ethane, propane, butane a me nā kinoea i kekahi hoʻomano i hoʻohana.

physical waiwai

kinoea helu kaulike haawi i ka manaʻo o ka mea physical ano oia pono noho. i ke ano o nā 'ano noonoo.

1. Colorless paa, odorless.
2. He kokekau wale nuʻa loli aʻe ma waena o 0,7-1 kg / ka m ^3.
3. Ke'ā mahana o ka 650 ⁰ C.
4. Ua aneane elua manawa māmā ma mua o ka ea.
5. Ka wela hookuu ma ke'ā o kekahi cubic mika o ke kinoea, like me 46 miliona joules.
6. At kiekie nā hoʻohui like (ma 15%) i loko o ka lewa kinoea ka loa pahū.
7. Wā hoʻohana like me ka wahie i ho'āʻoʻia octane helu like me 130.

Ke kinoea maemae ua loaa wale ma hope o hele ia ma ka kūikawā lapaʻau kanu (kanu), a i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka paena o wāwahie pōʻalo.

palapala noi

Aia i kekahi mau papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka i mai o maoli kinoea. Ma hope o kekahi hoʻi, i kona papa ke keʻena, ke kinoea i haʻilula Ch ₄ hoʻohana a pau'ē aʻe eiiiiiaiou o ka läÿau,.

1. Consumer poepoe o ke ola. Eia ka mea pili i ke kinoea imu, paio hahana maoli nō o ka noho hale, wahie no ieoaeunoai, a pela aku. Ke kinoea hoʻohana no ka imu, hui kuikawa waiwai no a hiki i ka pae ana o mercaptans. Keia ua hana e hōʻoia i loko o ka wā o ke kulu o ke kinoea na ohe a me nā hala i kanaka ke honi ia, a lawe hana. Wahi lulu kinoea läÿau, (i mea i ka läÿau, o ka propane a me ka butane) mea like pahū i kiekie nā hoʻohui like. Mercaptans no hoi e kekahi, a kaʻawaʻawa loa ala o maoli kinoea. I ka haʻilula maupaʻa o ka oihana mua e like me ka luaipele a me ka phosphorus, a haawi mai ia i ka specificity.

2. Nine? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ma keia wahi, kekahi o na kumu nui ho pono no na mea he nui nui reactions ka hana i huiʻia mea maoli kinoea, ka haʻilula i hōʻikeʻike syntheses ma i ka mea hiki ke komo.

• kumu i loko o ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ka lula ea, a nō ka loa, he pono ole ke kālā no nā mea kokoke pau mau mea o ka hana;
• maka mea i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ethynyl, hydrogen cyanide a me ka ammonia. Sami i kēia mau huahana ma ka wā e hiki mai e hele i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea he nui kemikala olona, a me fabrics, fertilizers a me'īpale ma ka kukulu;
• laholio, metanola, ke aloha nāʻakika - i hana mai methane a me nā waiwai. E hoʻohana 'ia i loko oʻaneʻane a pau mau mea o ke kanaka ola;
• polyethylene a ua nui no hoi na hui kemikala ano loaa e aloha aku ana methane.

3. E like me ka wahie. No hoi, no ka mea, i kekahi 'ano o ke kanaka haʻawina, HEN, mai hoopiha ana i ke' ano kūpono o ka papaʻaina kukui, a me thermal mana mea kanu. Kēiaʻano o ka wahie ua manaoia e e ecologically pololei a me ka pono a hiki i ka kāʻei kua o nā mea a pau 'ano like ki ina hana like. Naʻe, ke'ā o ka methane, e lilo i carbon dioxide i kekahi'ē aʻe ke aloha mea. I mai la uaʻikeʻia e ia i ke kumu o ko ka Honua ka hoʻomehana honua. No laila, i ke kanaka e imi i ka hana eʻoi aʻe ka maʻemaʻe a me ka kiʻekiʻe-ka pono kumu o thermal ikehu.

A pau ke kumu o kumu e hoʻohana maoli kinoea. Haʻilula ia ia, ina e lawe i ka luna 'eiiiiiaiou, hōʻike i ia mea kokoke i ka pāhana puke, ka mea wale nō manawa e pono e hana loa nui. Ko kakou aupuni a me ke koe nō o maoli kinoea i loa laki, no ka nui o ia mau kumu waiwai, e mau no ka haneri o ka makahiki, Rusia ole wale akā, he nui nā aina ma mea hoʻolilo.

naikokene

He hapa o ka mea maoli aila a me ka kinoea hoʻokomo kālā. Eia hou, ke kinoea ninoaaeyao he nui loa o ka buke i ka lewa (78%), a ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka palapala o ka maoli i huiʻia i loko o ka lithosphere nitrate.

E like me ka mea waiwai kokoke hoʻohana 'ia e ola meaola naikokene. Ke haʻilula mea o ka palapala ₂ N, a, ma ka hua'ōlelo o Nine Inch paa, N≡N. Ke alo aku o ka ia i ka pilina ikaika Hōʻike he kiʻekiʻe kumupaʻa a me ka Nine Inch inertness o nā lātoma ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Kēia ka mea wehewehe i ka manawa kūpono o ka ola o ka nui nui o keia kinoea i loko o ka noa palapala i loko o ka lewa.

I ka mea waiwai hiki o ka paa naikokene mau meaola - rhizobia. Ka mea, i laila, hoʻokō 'ia ma ka nui kupono kinona no ka kinoea mea kanu, a pela e lawe aku i ka mea pōhaku kino o ka mea kanu kumu nenoai.

Aia nō kekahi mau kumu i huiʻia, ma ka palapala i koe ma ka ano naikokene. Ke haʻilula o ke kēia:

• oxides - NO _2, N ₂ O, N ₂ O _5;
• ʻakika - nitrous a me ka nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (hua mai la ka uila hookuuia mai oxides ma ka lewa);
• nitrate - KNO _3, NaNO _3, a no laila, ma luna o.

Man naikokene ua hoʻohana 'ole wale me he kinoea, akā, i loko o ke kinowai moku'āina. Ka mea, i ka hiki i ka lilo i ke kinowai ai i mahana ma lalo -170 ⁰ C, i hana ia e pono no ke kūpaleʻana nō hoʻi a me ka holoholona nā'aʻaʻa, he nui mea. Ia mea ke kumu o ka laha ana o ka wai a naikokene mea i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

I naikokene mea he kumu no ka loaa ana i kekahi o kona papa kuhikuhi pili 'o Randy - ammonia. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo na tona o ka waiwai, e like me ka mea ua hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka hale a me ka hana (makaukau rubbers, make, Ka lula ea Ke, kemikala olona, ke aloha nāʻakika, HW? Iecaianoaaiiuo, pōkā pahū a no laila, ma luna).

o carbon dioxide

He aha ka ka haʻilula o ka waiwai? O carbon dioxide Ua palapala like CO _2. Covalent hoopaa i loko o ka lātoma weakly Polar, pālua paa Nine Inch koa ma waena o ka kalapona a me ka oxygen. Kēia Hōʻike i ke kumupaʻa a me inertness o ka lātoma ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Keia mea ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ke ola ana o ka noa i carbon dioxide i loko o ka lewa.

Kēia mea o ka ke keʻena o maoli kinoea a me ka aila, a me accumulates ma ka hoaka o ka lewa o ka Honua, e kauoha ana i ka ai-kapaia hoʻomehana honua.

Ka nui nui o ke kalapona'okikene lua i hanaʻia i ke'ā o kekahi ano o ke aloha wahie. Ina lanahu, ka laau, kinoea a me ka wahie, piha'ā kūpono ana ma ke kahua wai, a me ka waiwai.

Nolaila, e huli mai i kona hoʻomāhuahua i loko o ka lewa mea inevitable. No laila, nui ka hana ana o ke kālā no ke kaiāulu o ka huli no i kekahi makemake, a minimizes wahie hoʻomehana honua.

hydrogen

Kekahi pii ana i huiia 'ia i loko o ka haku mele' ana o maoli nā minelala hao - ka hydrogen. Kinoea kona haʻilula - H _2. Ka easiest o nā mea a pau i ike ia mea i keia la.

Mahalo i kona kūikawā waiwai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana ninoaaeyao mau kulana - iwaena o mekala 'åkilikai i eliiaʻi a me halogens. He hoʻokahi huina'ine mea hiki ke hāʻawi ia me he (mea hao waiwai, ka hoihoi hou) a me kaʻae ( 'ole-mea hao waiwai,'okesaside).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi o ka i - mea he environmentally launa wahie, no ka mea, i na kanaka noiʻi ike i ka wā e hiki mai. kumu:

• kona palena helu o ka laau o keia kinoea;
• ho okumu i ka hopena o ka'ā mea wale nō ka wai.

Naʻe, i ka piha 'enehana ulu o ka hydrogen me ka ikehu kumu pono e e hou nō he nui nuances.

Nā papakuhikuhi no ka i ka ho omaulia nuipa a, paʻapū, me ka leo o ke kinoea

I ke kālaikūlohea a kemika pili i kekahi mau walaʻauʻana aoao e hoopau i ke kinoea. No ka laʻana, ina ka mea, o kekahi o ka mea nui kiko'î e like me ka mea hū o ka kinoea, no ka i ka ho omaulia haʻilula mea:

ka m = V * þ, kahi þ - o ka pa apŘ o ka waiwai a me ka V - kona leo.

No ka laʻana, ina ua pono, e hoʻomaulia i ka nui o maoli kinoea ka leo o ka 1 cubic mika ma lalo o maʻamau rula, laila mākou i lawe i ke kaulana cia o ka hae o kona pa apŘ i loko o ka olua mea. Ka mea, e like me 0,68 kg / ka m ^3. Ano, i ko kakou ike ana i ka buke a me ka pa apŘ o ke kinoea, no ka mea i ka ho omaulia ana o ka haʻilula mea nō complies me na koi. A laila:

ka m (Ch ₄₎ = 0,68 kg / m + ³ * 1 ^m3 = 0,68 kg, e like me ka hoemiia cubic mika.

Haʻilula kinoea ka leo, ma ka Akä, he o ka nuipa a me ka pa apŘ nā hoailona. Ia mea, ua hiki ka hoike i ka waiwai o ka hoʻonohonohoʻia ma luna:

V = m / þ, laila, ma maʻamau olelo o ka 2 kg nui o ka methane Ua like ia me 2 / 0,68 = 2,914 m + ^3.

Nō hoʻi, ma ka oi luna 'hihia (ka wā o nā kūlana i ole-hae) e hoʻomaulia i ka nui a me ka leo o ke kinoea i hoʻohana Mendeleyev-Clapeyron helu kaulike, i loaa ka palapala:

pa * V = m / M * R * T, kahi pa - kinoea puʻe, V - kona leo, ka m, a M - nuipa a me molar nui, niioaaonoaaiii, R - ao kinoea a eia i like i ka 8,314, T - ke ana wela i loko o Kelvin.

He kinoea ka leo haʻilula produces koho kokoke loa i ka waiwai o ka mea maikaʻi kinoea, a koe hoʻokahi wale nō mea hypothetical, a ua hoʻohana 'ia Hōʻuluʻulu manaÿo i loko o ka hoʻoponopono pilikia ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kemika. Ua mea i hiki, e hoʻomaulia i ka buke o ka helu kaulike Boyle, a i ka palapala:

V = pa _N * V _N * T / pa * T _n, kahi inideka cia N - nā Hawaiʻi ma lalo o maʻamau hae ana.

I ka i ka ho omaulia i ka loa a me ka pololei pahuhopu nei me ka ike maopopo, pela i koho ia e noʻonoʻo, e like me ka pa apŘ o ke kinoea. Ke haʻilula no ka helu ana keia aiao mea no ka moot wahi. Hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻohana i ka loa e like me ka poe noonoo ole, i mea:

þ = ka m ₀ * n, ma ka m ₀ - hakakino nuipa a (kg) N - lehulehu pa alima - 1 / m + ^3.

Naʻe, i loko o kekahi manawa ia mea pono e hoʻohana 'ē aʻe, oi eiiieaena a me ka paʻa hoʻomaulia me ka mau aiaiiuo e paka pololei, a kokoke i ka maikaʻi hopena.