Nukelea Fission: ke kaʻina hana o ka nukelea fission. nukelea reactions

Ka 'atikala i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea a kekahi nukelea fission like ke kaʻina hana i uaʻikeʻia a me ka hoakakaia. Hōʻike kona hoʻohana like me ka kumu o ka ikaika a me ka nukelea mea kaua.

"Indivisible"'Ātoma

He iwakalua-mua kenekulia mea replete me na, ka 'aoʻao like "'ātoma ikehu", "enehana nukelea", "radioactive neoneo". Kela a me keia manawa, a laila, na headlines uwila papa hoike e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o ka lepo, o ka moana, ka Ant- hau. Eia naʻe, ano o kanaka, ua pinepine ole loa aho paha o ka mea i ka wahi o ka 'epekema, a pehea e kōkua ma ka maʻamau o ke ola. Oe E hoʻomaka, paha, a me nā moʻolelo. Mai ka ninau loa mua, a noi i ka luawai-hanai a ola-ia i hoʻoponopono i ke kanaka,ʻo ia makemake ana i ke ao nei hana, e ike. Pehea ka maka ike, i ka pepeiao lohe ke kumu ma mua o ka wai i kekahi, mai ka pohaku - e ka mea na sages mai ka manawa mau loa aku malama. ʻO ka wa kahiko India a me Greece, ua? Aaei kekahi ninau naau i ka mea, he palena iki huna (ka mea, ua i kapaia "indivisible"), a me ka waiwai o ka mea. Medieval chemists hookupaa iho la ia koho naauao, a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia ho'ākāka 'ana'Ātoma nā ka'Ātoma - ka uuku huna o kekahi waiwai a mea he lawe ana o ka waiwai.

'Ātoma wahi

Eia naʻe, no ka hooulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou (e like, kiʻi) alakai aku ai i ka'Ātoma oki ia ia i ka mea uuku e hiki huna waiwai. ʻOiai ua lawe kaawale'Ātoma ka uila'ākilikai, nä känaka 'epekema hoʻomaopopo koke ihola nō: ka mea, he a mau loa a me kekahi mau mea. I ka helu o ka ikaika i hoopiiia huahelu i ka helu o ka hopena maikaʻi compensates pela koe'ākilikai'Ātoma. Akā, ua i unambiguous kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma. No ka mea, ma ia manawa no Kīwala'ō ma ka panina ke kālaikūlohea, i heʻokoʻa nā mea mahuʻi.

ho o ka'Ātoma

Initially, ke kumu hoʻohālike o "ka berena keʻokeʻo me ka waina maloʻo" i manaoia. Ka mea maikaʻi i kauoha e like me ka mea hoopiha i ka holoʻokoʻa makahiki o ka'Ātoma a me ka ia, e like waina maloʻo ma ka bun, io 'āhewa' ana i haawi mai. Ke kaulana hoʻokolohua o Rutherford hōʻike 'ia kēia: ua i ka loa kaumaha loa hehee ai me ka maikaʻi' āhewa 'ana (ka nucleus), a ua hoopuniia oukou me na mea māmā electrons ma ka waena konu o ka'Ātoma. Kernel Weight haneri o ka manawa kaumaha ia ma mua o ka huina o ka a pau na electrons (i mea 99,9 pakeneka ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka huina nā'ātoma). Pela i hanau i ka planetary ho o ka'Ātoma Bohr. Naʻe, i kekahi o kona oihana mua hoole aku paha i maliu mai i ka manawa o ka panina ke kālaikūlohea. No laila, ka mea hou quantum mechanics? Ac?. A me kona helehelena i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nonclassical 'epekema.

Ke'Ātoma a me ka radioactivity

Mai ka a pau ma luna o ka mea i ike i ka Kernel - ia mea he kaumaha, olelo ikaika mai ia hapa o ka'Ātoma, i kūpono ai ka bulk o ia. A hiki i ka quantization o ka ikaika , a me ka oihana o ka huina'ine orbiting ka'Ātoma ua ua pono? Anoee, ia ka manawa e maopopo i ke 'ano o ka'ātoma nucleus. Ua hiki i ke kōkua o ka maikaʻi loa a me ka unexpected loaʻa o ka radioactivity. Ka mea, ua kōkua e hoike aku i ka pā o ke kaumaha kikowaena'Ātoma, e like me ka mea radioactive kumu - nukelea fission. Ma ka huli ana o ka umikumamaiwa a me ka iwakalua kenekulia, i ka puka, hina iho la kekahi ma hope o ka 'ē aʻe. ʻimi naʻauao pāʻoihana o kekahi pilikia ma o na la o ka pono, e kau aku hou inā pilikia ka haumāna. Ka mana hualoaʻa i ala i theories a me hypotheses mea i pono, e hōʻoia a me ka hōʻoleʻia kāna. Pinepine, i ka nui loa discoveriesʻikeʻia, wale no ka mea, ma keia aoao o ka haʻilula mea pono no ka Me (e like me quantum Max Planck). I ka hoʻomaka o ke au o ka For the, nä känaka 'epekema ike ia uranium paʻakai malamalama-hoola iho la oia i ka malamalama-ikepili koʻikoʻi film, akā,ʻaʻole lākou iʻike i ke kumu o keia kŰia nukelea fission. No laila, i? Anoee ka radioactivity ma ka mea e maopopo i ke 'ano o nukelea ka palaho. Ka mea, ua maopopo i ke ea puka quantum nā mahele i ua loaʻa, akā, ka mea i ole loa i ia mea. Chet Curie extracted maemae radium a me ka polonium, aaioee uranium haoʻaneʻane hana lima, e kiʻi i ka pane ana i keia mea.

kauoha pāhawewe

Rutherford i hana i ka hailona no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i'ātoma' ole, a me ka pilina i ke ao ana o ana i ka māhele o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma. Nä känaka 'epekema i ka pāhawewe kinoea ma kekahi radioactive hehee ai i loko o kaʻume mākenēki kula, a loaa ka hopena nui. Ua huli mai i ka pāhawewe ninoieo o ekolu eiiiiiaiou: kekahi ua'ākilikai, a me ka'ē aʻeʻelua - ikaika a negatively kauoha. hoomaka fission like me ka 'ike o kona eiiiiiaiou. Ua Ua ua maopopo i ka 'ōlelo hiki ke maheleia, e haawi aku i kauwahi o kona maikaʻi uku ole.

Ka 'ole o ka nucleus

Ua hope i waho i ka'ātoma nucleus ua haku ole wale a ikaika ia (particles) o protons, akā, i ka'ākilikai neutron (particles). Together ka mea, i kapaʻia nucleons (mai English «nucleus», ke Kernel). Eia naʻe,ʻepekema ua pilikia hou i ka pilikia: ka hū o ka nucleus ( 'o ia hoʻi i ka helu ana o nucleons) i ole mau hoʻopili like me kona kauoha. Y hydrogen nucleus i ke kauoha o +1, a me ka nuipa a i e ekolu, elua, a me kekahi. Ma kēia mau mea i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina helium kauoha kāna mau 'ōlelo 2, a me kona nucleus he 4 i 6 nucleons. More eiiieaena oihana mua hiki i ka nui nui helu o okoa nā paʻi hua a me ka ia malama. Oia likeʻole o nā'ātoma kapa isotopes. A me kekahi, he mau loa ai i ka pilina paʻa isotopes, kekahi koke disintegrated, no ka mea, no ia mea i wehewehe aku e nukelea fission. He aha kumu pahuhopu nei me ka helu o nā nucleons kumupaʻa o nuclei? No ke aha la ka hou o ka hoʻokahi wale neutron i ke kaumaha a me ka loa i ka pilina paʻa nucleus alakai i kona mahae, e kuu ana i radioactivity? Oddly lawa, ka pane a hiki i keia ninau nui iʻaʻole naʻe, ua loaʻa. Empirically, ka mea i loaʻa mai i ka kekahi helu o protons a me neutrons hoʻopili like i ka pilina paʻa kŰia ke kau o nuclei. Inā ka Kora naʻEsau 2, 4, 8, 50 neutrons a / a protons, ka Kernel e uniquely hale lio. Mau helu i hiki haawiia i like ke kilokilo (a kapa ia lakou e like me nā mākua, nä känaka 'epekema, nukelea ke kālaikūlohea). Penei, nukelea fission hilinaʻi nui ma luna o lākou nuipa a, i mea, i ka helu o ko lākou constituent nucleons.

Kulu, uhi, aniani

Hooholo i ka ololi i mea kuleana, ka mea he mea hiki ole i ka manawa no ke kumupaʻa o ka nucleus. Ua nui theories o'ātoma 'ole ana hoʻohālike. Akula nā meaʻekolu o ka loa kaulana, a ulu pinepine ma paʻewa me kekahi i kekahi i loko o kekahi mea. I ka mua o ia ka 'ōlelo - he kulu o kūikawā nukelea wai. Like no ka wai, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ka fluidity, ili honua hoʻopilikia, kuʻi nukeliu a me ka palaho. Ma ka iwi ho i loko o ka Kernel pū, ma laila nō kekahi ikehu pae, a i piha i nucleons. Ke kolu o Hawaii i ka kāna mau 'ōlelo - he meakino i mea hiki ke refract kekahi kōā (Mai de Broglie), ai ka refractive inideka - o ka Loaʻaʻia ikehu. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻohe kükohu i laila, a hiki ole e hoopau ai i ke hōʻike ke kumu ma ka kekahi pilikia nui o keia mau Nine Inch hehee ai, i ka splitting o ka nucleus huli no.

He aha ka hana i ka palaho

Ke radioactivity, e like me ka olelo maluna, i loaʻa ma ka 'ona i ke loaʻa ma ka' ano hiki: uranium, polonium, radium. No ka laʻana, ka lānai hou hua mai, he gula uranium mea radioactive. splitting kaʻina hana ma keia hihia, e e noho'na makaainana i ulu. Me kekahi mawaho ole kekahi dala o ka uranium nā'ātoma hoʻokuʻu akula, alpha (particles) spontaneously iho i loko o thorium. He he anakahi, a ua kapaia ka hapa-ola. Ua hōʻike, no ka mea, e ia e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka manawa o ka manawa, mai ka loiloi mua hapa helu. Kēlā me radioactive hehee ai hapa-ola o kona iho - mai ka hapa iki o ka lua i California i ka haneri o nā tausani o ka makahiki no ka uranium a me ka cesium. Akā, he mea i ka poe ikaika no lakou hope. Inā ka'ātoma nuclei bombarding protons ole, alpha (particles) (helium nuclei) me kiʻekiʻe kinetic ikehu, ka mea hiki e "mahae". huli anaʻano papa hana, o ka holo ana, okoa mai ana i ka makuahine o ka punahele, mai hemo mai he vase. Eia naʻe, he kekahi analogy hiki ke Hahai I.

'ātoma ikehu

No laila, hiki mākou i ole ia i ka mea hiki ninau: kahi e hana ana i ka ikehu i ka nukelea fission. No ka hoʻomaka ka mea, ua pono i ka möakäka hou ia iloko o ke kahua o ka nucleus e kūikawā nukelea ikaika, i kapaʻia ka ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Mai ka kāna mau 'ōlelo ninoieo o ka lākou o ka' oluʻolu protons, i ka ninau i koe, pehea e pili pu, no ka mea, ka mea electrostatic koa i ikaika lawa e repel ia mai kekahi i kekahi. Ka pane i nā mea, a ma laila:ʻo kāna mau 'ōlelo ua mālama i ka lilo o ka loa kokololio launa like ma waena o nucleons kūikawā (particles) - pions. Kēia loulou ola ka incredibly uuku. Once 'ōlelo i ka wehe ana o me ko mesons, o ka Kora naʻEsau disintegrates. e like me ka mea pono ua ike ia ka nuipa a o ka nucleus mea emi mai o ka huina o ka a pau o kona constituent nucleons. O kŰia ua kapaia ka nui kina. I mea, o ka nalo nuipa - o ka ikehu i ka lilo i ka malama ana i ka pono o ka Kernel. Once kaawale mai ka'ātoma nucleus kekahi wahi o keia ikehu ua hua mai la i ka nukelea mana kanu, a hoohuliia mai i loko o ka wela. Ia mea, no ka ikaika o nukelea fission - mea he maopopo ÷ o Einstein ka kaulana haʻilula. Hoole, o ka haʻilula heluhelu like: ikehu a me ka nuipa a hiki ke hoohuliia mai i loko o kekahi i kekahi, (E = mc ^2).

Kumumanaʻo o ka hana

Ano, e hai mai ana i ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia hoʻokahi wale nōʻimi naʻauao loaʻa i loko o koʻu ola no gigawatts o ka uila. Mua, ka mea e e kaulana ia i loko o kekahi lāʻau 'reactionsʻonou fission ua hoʻohana' ia. Loa pinepine ia ka uranium paha polonium, i ua bombarded e hoʻokēʻai neutrons. Ka lua, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i nukelea fission ua pu ma ka hanaiia'na mai o hou neutrons. E like me ka hopena, Ua hiki e ulu loa koke i ka helu ana o neutrons i loko o ka naoh ciia. Kēlā me kēia neutron collides me ka hou, oi a pauʻanoʻano,ʻaʻole, mahae ia, i hiki aku ai i ka hoomahuahua i ka wela hanauna. He He kaula naoh o nukelea fission. Kipi dala o ka neutron mahuahua i loko o ka mīkini'ātoma hiki ke alakai i ka Naita. Ia ka leo o ka mea hiki i ka makahiki 1986, ma ka Chernobyl nukelea mana loa. No laila, i loko o ka naoh ciia mea mau i ka waiwai i absorbs oi neutrons e ole ka catastrophe. Kēia graphite i loko o ka palapala o ka lōʻihi mau laau la. fission kōmi hiki ke kāne i kāohi ma ka bapetizoia i ka laau ma ka naoh ciia. Helu kaulike nukelea naoh ua i ua hōʻike hewa no kēlāʻeleu waiwai a me ka radioactive bombarding kona (particles) (electrons, protons, alpha (particles)). Naʻe, ka mea hope loa ikehu ia auoiaea pōpilikia e like me ke kānāwai o ka mālama: E1 + E2 + E3 = E4. Ia mea, pono e like me ka ikaika o ka kūpono kāna mau 'ōlelo a me ka noa ikehu kuu i loko o ka palapala o ke (E3 + E4) ka ikehu huina o ka loiloi mua Kora naʻEsau huna, a (E1 + E2). Ka helu kaulike i hōʻike he nukelea naoh, he waiwai loaa mai ma ka decomposition. No ka laʻana, uranium U = TH + He, U = PB + Ne, U = Hg + mg. Ua ua i haawiia isotopes o ka Nine Inch hehee wale, akā, i kēia mea nui. No ka laʻana, ma laila nō ekolu nā papaha uranium fission, a paka okoa kēpau isotopes, a me ka Neon. Aneane hoʻokahi haneri pakeneka o ka fission naoh produces radioactive isotopes. ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka uranium loaa radioactive thorium. Thorium, protactinium mea hiki ke disintegrate, e - e actinium, a no laila, ma luna o. Radioactive i loko o kēia moʻo hiki e, a me ka bismuth, a me ka titanium. O hydrogen he nucleus mau protons (ma ka uku ana o kekahi proton), ole kapaia - deuterium. Wai i hanaʻia me ka hydrogen kapaia kaumaha, a hoopiha i ka mua kaapuni i loko o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma.

ole-maluhia'Ātoma

, Ka 'aoʻao e like me "na mea kaua lāhui", "anuanu War", "nukelea hoʻoweliweli'" i ke kālā no ke kanaka e like me ka mea mōʻaukala a me ka pili '. Akā, i kekahi manawa, i ukali ia e kūkala nūhou hōʻike aneane a pau ma luna o ka honua e pili ana i ka nui o invented nukelea mea kaua, a pehea e kaua ia i nā nūhou kala. People Ua kukulu lola honua bunkers, a i ka lāʻau i loko o ka hanana o ke nukelea hooilo. A pau nāʻohana hana ma ka hanaia'na o ka hale kamala. O maluhia ana o nukelea fission reactions e alakai i ka poino. Ua makemake mea i Chernobyl i ao mai ai na kanaka i ka pololei i loko o kēia wahi, akā, i nā kumu o ka Honua i ka ikaika: ke olai ma Japan hana ino loa waiwai nui hoʻoikaika 'ana o ka NPP "Fukushima". Ikehu nukelea naoh hoʻohana no ka luku ana o ka puu uuku. Technology pono wale i kaupalena pūʻali koa o ka Naita me ia, no laila, i ole e inadvertently luku i ka Honua holoʻokoʻa. Ka loa "humane" hopeʻia, inā ke kapa oe ia, e hoʻohaumiaʻole ai i ka wahi o ka pāhawewe. Ma mau, loa pinepine ka mea, e hoʻohana i ka kipi kaula naoh. He aha ma nukelea mana kanu hakakā ma nā mea a pau o ia hoʻi, e pale aku i ka hopeʻia e loaʻa ai i ka loa primitive ala. No kekahi maoli radioactive hehee ai, he mea kekahi pilikia nui o ka maemae waiwai i loko o a he kaulahao naoh aicieeaao iho. Uranium, no ka laʻana, mea wale kanalima kilograms. No ka uranium mea he nui paakiki, ia mea like he uuku metala mea poepoe 12-15 kenimika ma anawaena. Ka mua'ātoma hopeʻia, Nākulukulu nō ma luna o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki, i i kaʻoi loa ma keia rula: nā kaiʻewaʻewa māhele o ke gula uranium wale hui, a haawi ala i ka weli Naita. Hoikehonua, nā mea kaua, ua paha aku luna '. Eia naʻe, e pili ana i ka pilikia nui mea,ʻaʻole e pono i ka hoʻopoina i waena o nā puke liʻiliʻi o ka maemae radioactive waiwai i waho pūnaewele e e nā pale kaʻa e pale aku i nā'āpana a pau.

pāhawewe kumu

na kumu a pau o ka'ātoma nucleus me ka uku ole no 82 i radioactive. Kokoke a pau o ka māmā Nine Inch hehee wale i radioactive isotopes. Ke kaumaha i ka nucleus, ke emi mai kona wa e ola ana. Kekahi kumu mua (e like me California) hiki wale ke loaa synthetically - e hookuke kaumaha nā'ātoma me ka māmā (particles), pinepine me accelerators. No ka mea, ua nui loa ka poe, ka mea e 'ike' ia ma ka honua i ka pńpa: ke kahua o ka Honua, e amo ka mea, koke aku i loko o nā kumu mua. Waiwai me ka hou malamalama nuclei, e like me ka uranium, ka mea i hiki ke extract. Kēia kaʻina Ua lōʻihi, pono no ka uranium hoʻouku, a hiki i ka nui loa kona waiwai i eliia iloko olaila emi o kekahi pakeneka. Ke kolu o ka ala, paha, i ka 'ana i ka' ā ina hou ana nou i ke ahulau. Kēia pōʻalo o radioactive nā kumumea mai radioactive neoneo. Ma hope o ka hana wahie i loko o ka mana mea kanu, ma ka mokuluu a me ka mokulele lawe, he läÿau, o ka hoʻomakaʻia a me ka hope uranium, ka hopena o ka mahele. Ma ka manawa, ka mea, ua manaoia he'ā radioactive neoneo a me na koina kukū pukana, e like me ka mea, e hoolilo ana i loko o ia ke ala i ka mea e ole hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni. Eia naʻe, aia no he manawa kūpono i ka makaukau-i kia radioactive 'ona i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ma kahi o (no ka laʻana, polonium), e e hua mai ma keia waonahele.