'O ka hui mua'o Arctic ma ka mō'aukala

Kēia makahiki Kahiamoe ka kanahiku-kumamalima makahiki a hiki i ka lā, i ka wa i hoomaka ai i ke koa e komo Murmansk moku haawiia ma Amerika a me Beritania, e kaua aku i na enemi - Nazi Germany. Kā lākou e hānau ai ka loa hana nui, akā, ka mea iʻino pono maka, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka mea, i ka mua Arctic convoy, hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo ma lalo o ka inoa "Dervish".

Hou ninau mai la i ka hana o ka hala kenekulia

Artic convoys o ke Kaua Honua II i ka hoomau ana o ka moolelo, a i hoʻoili ma ka Spaniards i kakahiaka nui me ka XVI kenekulia. I ka poe bygone manawa, ka mea, convoyed galleons kaʻi aku ma ka 'Akelanika' tona o ke gula a me ke kala,ʻaihue maʻAmelika Hema. I hahai mai ai me ia i ka ukana ka mea, ua he pilikia nui moku hoakoakoa ae la ma na alanui o Havana, a ua ma lalo o ka uhi o ka Sepania pū, hele aku la ia ma ka aouli noho ai ma English pirates.

A no laila,, Stalin ka kōkua ka wā i loko o July 1941, Moscow a me Ladana i pūlima i ka 'aelike i ae hana i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i Kelemania, a Churchill i'ōlelo mai ai i loko o na mea a pau i loko o kona mana, hoomanao iho i ka Pelekania i ka hana, i eha makahiki aku nei, kai nā moku halihali mokulele kokua aku e lākouʻano pākīkē compatriots.

Ua hoao aku au ia ia e loa maikaʻi kēia, no ka mea, e mau pule ka Soviet Union kakauinoa i 'aelike me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ma luna koa lako, ai ka Ahaolelo Lahui i aponoia i ka polokalamu moku'āina o ka Ally koa o ka lako o ka ammunition, pono, ai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, i ikeia ma ka mōʻaukala ma lalo o ka inoa o ka haawi lilo ole-Pili. Ma keia manao, i ka piha nīnau ku ae la - pehea e hoopakele wahie, allies ma Soviet awa.

Aoao, e ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia

Aia i ekolu pāʻoihana a hiki i kēia pilikia. Hoʻokahi ala hele ua ma ka moana Pakifika, akā, no ka mea, o ka mea a pau i ka Soviet Hōʻole akula Hawaiian awa o Vladivostok i ua hoʻopili wale ma ka hoino aku a me ka mea mua-laina mau mea. Kona allies berths mau hekau moku, a, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka māhū-Siberian alahao ua kŘpa a haʻahaʻa bandwidth i ke kaua ma luna o ka mea i hāʻawiʻia 47% o koa ukana. Akā, i ka pilikia ua i keia ala hele ka loa manawa ia e hoopau ana.

Elua, a me ka hapanui o ka makau ole ala holo ma ka Peresia awawa a me Iran. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka oaoieei-pilikia, ua hiki ke hoʻohana wale nō ma ka hapalua like-1942 ka mea, oiai o ka i koi 'kōkua i ke alo koke iho. No ia mea, akau Artic convoys o ke kolu o kaʻano o ka haawi ana o ka waiwai i hana Ally kauoha i kekahi mau pono ma luna o ka mea'ē aʻeʻelua.

Mua, ka mea, koi kŘpa iki manawa. Artic convoy ke haawi aku i ka waiwai ma ka pono he umi - umikumamalua lā, a me ka lua, Arkhangelsk a me Murmansk, kahi unload, pili nui a hiki i ka wahi o hostilities, a hiki i ka waenakonu o ka aina.

Naʻe, i kēia ala ua fraught me ka pilikia i stemming, mai ka mea i ka moku i haʻakoi e neʻe ma ke kapakai o Norewai, noho ia e na kēia kanaka Kelemānia. A nui loa o ke ala a lakou i e lanakila ma ka wahi koke o Airfield a me mokukaua kumu o kaʻenemi. Eia naʻe, ma muli naʻe o na mea a pau, ua ala ua paʻa mau, a me'Ālika Ally convoys o 1941-1945 i ka nui na makana i ka pio ana o ka enemi. No ka nui o ko lākou kūlana ua i loko o ka makahiki mua o ke kaua.

pilina hana o ka amo na moku

E noonoo i ka hiki ho'āhewa wale o kaʻenemi, i? Ac? Ally kauoha nā kaʻa mokulele, mahalo no i ka Arctic convoy ke hoopaa i ka ukana i hiki. Ua kūkulu 'ohua' i he hookahi mamo, a me ka pōkole Wake kolamu, neʻe maila i ke alo ma ka nui kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi, a me ka pinepine hoʻololi papa. Kēia,ʻaʻole wale e leie aku no ka oi efficient e hooponopono ia, akā, hana hou ka manaʻo pohihihi o ke Kelemānia mokuluu.

E hakakā mokuluu papahana wahi moku ukali, oia o minesweepers, ol 'a me ka luku aku. Ka mea, ua ma kekahi mamao mai ka moku alakaʻiʻia e ia. Ma waho o lakou, i ka hakakā nuʻukia lawe mai nui moku, e hele mai ana kokoke i ke kai, a ua manaoia e noonoo i kaʻenemi 'ilikai koa, a me ka maunakea.

Ma ke alanui i ke Bear Island, Aia ma ka aoao komohana hapa o ka Barents kai, i ka'ākau Arctic convoys ma lalo o ka malu o ka Pelekania moku a me ka air max. Ma ke kahua hope loa, ua hana iho la ma ka Soviet luina a me airmen.

Artic Ally convoys 1941-1945, i hana, a me ka mea, i loko o kā lākou waiwai paa i loko o ka Hawaiian awa, aia ma ke kai kūʻono o Loch U. Eia, kā lākou alanui e moe ana i loko o Reykjavik, ma na moku holo i ka wahie poʻina nalu, a laila, ma muli o ia i ka mākaʻikaʻi. Ma nānaina o ka hau kūlana, ka hahaiʻana i ka papa i waiho like ka nui me hiki i ke kūkulu'ākau. Kēia i hanaʻia e hoʻonui loa i ka mamao mai ke kahakai, e ku e ka enemi.

Elua kekahi mau mea nui o ke nānaina

He hana hoihoi, e hoailona oukou i kekahi au mamuli mea i loko o kēlā mau makahiki, he kumu o kekahi tensions ma waena o ka Soviet luna a me kā lākou Beritania counterparts. E like me na kuhikuhi i hoopuka ia e ka Admiralty i ke aliiwahine hanohano, a me ka pili ana i nā moku kaua,ʻaʻole like ka mea, he hapa o ka Arctic convoys, amo, poino a nalowale i loko o ka hakakā'ōnaehana, moa hoolilo i kekahi pā hale, a imi iho la laua torpedoes, a mākou i hele ai i ka lalo.

Kēia i hanaʻia no ka mea, ua hoonohoia ka mea ola o na luina loa ma luna o tangible waiwai, a me kekahi ho'āʻoʻana, e ho'ōla i ka make moku oia ia lakou i ka make kamepiula. A hiki mai kaʻaoʻao mea hiki, o ka Pelekania manaoio ana, e hoomakaukau i ka mua-papa moku, ia mea nui oi paʻakikī ma mua, e kūkulu i ka moku. Kēia kokoke loa i ike i kaʻaoʻao Soviet, a me ka pinepine i ke kumu e hoopii aku ai i allies i loko o ka ho'āʻo pono e haawi aku i ka awa o ka mākaʻikaʻi o ka waiwai like iki me hiki.

Pōmaikaʻi iāʻoe, e hele pu me ia e "Dervish"

Ka mua Artic convoy, kuhi-inoa "Dervish", haʻalele i ke awa o Reykjavik, 21 August 1941. Ua oia o eono Pelekāne amo na moku a me kekahi Soviet. Lākou ola ua lako pono ehiku minesweepers a me nā poʻe luku aku. Maluhia a hiki i luna'ānela, August 31, 'ohua' unloaded uka o umikumamalima "makani pāhili" ikaika, ma kahi o eha tausani hohonu 'āhewa' ana, kekahi mau kakini ia i kona kalaka, e like me na tona o ka laholio, ka hulu hipa a me nāʻano o nāʻaʻahu aliʻi.

Artic Ally convoys o 1941-1945. hoike, ua ma ke kauoha a kuhi inoa hoʻomaka palapala PQ. Ka mea, ua ka mua palapala o ka inoa o ka Beritania Admiralty luna Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), mea kuleana no e hoʻolālā i ka maluhia o ke amo na moku. Ma hope o ka palapala, hele i ke kaʻina helu o ka aʻe convoy. Huakaʻi, e hele mai ana ma ke ku pono ana i kuhikuhi, denoted QP, a hoi i ka kaʻina helu.

Ka mua Artic convoy, hele aku la ia ma ka mōʻaukala me ka PQ-0, i Arkhangelsk me ka pilikiaʻano nui, no ka mea Kelemānia kauoha, hoʻomōhala ma "blitzkrieg" - ka uila kaua, manaʻo, e hoʻokō 'ia i ka hikina mai kai eʻe a hiki mua o ka hoouka kaua ana o ka hooilo, a i ole uku lawa hoolohe i i ka hana ma loko o ka Arctic. Naʻe, ka wā e lilo'ē aʻe i ke kaua e ia i ka paio lōʻihi me ka Arctic convoys kuai he kupaianaha manaʻo nui.

I ka lehulehu o ka enemi kaua i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Ally convoys

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana ma hope o May 1941 o ka moku lawe hae Pelekāne i piholo ma ka German Moana battleship "Bismarck", Hitler banned na kanaka a pau o ka' ilikai moku, e komo i loko o ka hamama kaua me ka Pelekania. Ke kumu o ua loa na mea - ka mea, makau haawi hookahi hou i ka enemi kumu no ka Ahaaina palala. Ano, ua loli ke kiʻi.

I ke kakahiaka nui hooilo o 1942 i loko o ka wahi o ka hiki helehelena o na convoys Pelekāne i koke ua kauohaʻia ekolu kaumaha cruisers a kekahi malamalama. Eia hou, ka mea, ua i kākoʻo 'elima i pepehi, a me mokuluu umikumamalima. Ma ia laua i keia, i ka nānā 'ana i ka helu o ka mokulele ma Airfield ma Norway, ua mahuahua no ka elima haneri huahelu, i aeia, ma April o ka ia makahiki, e hoʻomaka ka pololei, ea kaua ma Murmansk.

Oia ana mea e, e hookoia no, a me ka mālie i loko o ke kulana home 'ole a i kā lākou mua hoʻololi convoys, i auou caiaiai e ka makana hakakä kulana. Allies, waiho wale aku i ka poho mua i loko o Ianuali 1942, i ka wa a na kēia kanaka Kelemānia he hapa o ka convoy PQ-7 Ua piholo ma ka Beritania amo moku "Waziristan".

Loss o allies a me kā lākou pane

Kukulu i ka pomaikai, ke kauoha Kelemānia i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka maoli i hoʻohālua no ka mea e hiki mai ana convoy PQ-8. Ma kona interception hele battleship "Tirpitz", o ka mea koe poho mua "Bismarck" a me ka mea i'ānai ai ekolu a me kekahi mau mokuluu. Eia naʻe, manaʻo huhū nā hoʻoikaikaʻana, ka mea 'eleu ka loaʻaʻana o ka Arctic convoy ka mea nele, a me wale i kekahi, akā, loa pōʻino no mākou i ka i luahi na ua he Soviet amo moku "Izhora", no ka oaoieei-kumu, na stragglers, mai ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu.

Eia naʻe, i hoakaka ia Ally poho mahuahua me ka nui loa. E like me nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka lā, i loko o Maraki 1942, na kēia kanaka Kelemānia e hoʻokele ana e poho iho elima o Beritania 'ohua, a me kekahi malama ae, i hui ka mea, ma kekahi moku eiwa he hapa o na convoys eha e paa ana no ka Murmansk.

Naʻe, i ka papa kuhikuhiE koa setback Pelekāne April 30 ka wā i ka torpedo kī mai ka German mokuluu i piholo ma ka cruiser "Edinburgh", hoi mai ana i na kapakai o Pelekāne. A me ia i hele aku i ka lalo, e noho ana i loko o kāna mea kaua hale ahu elima a me ka hapalua tons o ke gula loko mai o ka Soviet ke aupuni ma ka hoʻi no koa lako i ua ole gratuitous no mākou.

A laila, ua hoala mai ke gula i loko o ka papa o ka hoʻopakeleʻana hana, a i wahi i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1961 a hiki i 1968. I kulike ai me ka kakauinoaia aelike mua, a pau o ka mea i puunaueiaʻi kona aina iwaena o ka Soviet Union, Pelekane, a me ka onipaa no i lawe mai i ka papa anuʻu loa kai hana.

I ka Ia manawa i ka 1942 manawa e complicate i ke kulana, i laweʻia ka Allies ka manaʻo ana. 'Amelika'auwaʻa hoouna aku, e kiai i ka convoys loa ai kilakila squadron, iloko olaila a mau battleships, elua cruisers a me ka poʻe luku aku eono. Mai Mai noho aʻe, a me ka Soviet kauoha. Inā ma mua o ka Northern'auwaʻa lawe mai i nā kīʻaha pilina amo wale pela i koho ia no keia mea moku, ano ka mea, ua hoouna aku la ia mea a pau, me ka koe nae, ka mea i loaʻa koa.

Ka mama o ka moku ana o ka "Old Bolsheviks"

ʻO i loko o ka 'āina kahi e komo i loko o kēlā me kēia holo koi' ia i nā luina o ka ikaika a me ka heroism, he mau wahi, i hiki ai i kēia mau ano i maopopo pono. Lakou i mea hoike o ke ola o Soviet luina kaa "Old Bolshevik" moku, i i hookuu mai Reykjavik, a me ka convoy PQ-16. I 27, 1942 ka mea i pepehiʻia e Kelemānia Kekoa a me ka hopeʻia like me ka hopena, i ke ahi pii luna o ka moku LIKE.

I loko nō o ka mea i luna o ka moku, he ōlaʻi i o na tona o ka pōkā pahū, na luina hoole, e kaumaha aku i kā lākou mau English counterparts, e hele aku ma luna o kekahi o ko lakou mau moku, a me ka poʻe a pau i kaua aku ai i ke ahi. Ewalu hola ma hope, i ke ahi, mau hooweliweli e o poha, i pio, a me ka "Old Bolshevik" ana loaa i ke koena o ka Aha, i hele aku ma kona aoao a hiki i Murmansk.

Hewa Artic convoy PQ-17

I ka hopena o keia convoy, i i hookuu mai Hvalfjörður June 27, 1942, lilo iho la ka nui pōʻino no ka mea holoʻokoʻa wā o ka haawi ana o Ally ukana ma luna o ka Arctic ala. Ua hang nei e like me ka mea i a laila ua hoʻoholo like kaulana koa akamai, n? Aie i ka hewa o ka Beritania Admiralty, Adimarala paona.

Ua pau ka hoʻomaka 'ana me ka mea i eha lā ma hope, i ike i ka convoy ma Kelemānia Kekoa, i hana mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka wai kahi o ka Norewai kai. He koke Ua hoouna e intercept i ka nuiʻoihana moku a me ka lewa kaua, i ka hoouka i ke Pelekania 'ike ma luna o nā lāʻekolu, losing ekolu amo moku. He hiki i ke koena o ka pā hale, a makemake iho la makou i ka mākaʻikaʻi, akā, ma luna o Iulai 4, ia la ia mea i hoʻoneʻe aku, mai ka quay a hookokoke ana aku ia i ka nui i ia manawa, ai ka moku o ka German Moana - "Tirpitz" battleship.

Kēia kanaka nunui, i hoʻolako pono me ewalu pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi pū, hoʻokahi ua hiki ke luku ole wale a pau waiwai moku o allies, akā, pu me ia, a me ka maluhia o na moku. Ke aʻo 'ana i keia, Adimarala paona i ka fateful olelo hooholo. He kauoha moku e kiai ole i ka hoʻoili kaua moana me ka battleship, a hoʻoneʻe i ka nui loa. Ka halihali hookahi hale ma waho, he e hohola mai, a kekahi ma kekahi i hahai ma Murmansk.

E like me ka hopena, "Tirpitz", aole nae i loaa ka enemi lehulehu, hoi aku la i ka waihona ipu, a me nā 'ohua' hoʻopuehuʻia e like me ka'akimalala mau kauoha ma ke kai, ua lilo i pale umauma hoʻokahi oluolu no kaʻenemi mokulele a me mokuluu. 'Ikepili helu o kēia pōʻino mea weliweli. O ka Ally amo moku kanakolu-ʻeono, he iwakalua-ekolu i poho iho, a me ka pu me ia ma ka lalo hema, kaikaiia ana ma ko lakou paa, ekolu a me ka hapalua tausani kaa,ʻehā haneri a me kanaha poʻina nalu, elua haneri mokulele a me ka pili ana i hoʻokahi haneri tausani na tona o kekahi mau moku. Nā mokuʻelua huli aʻela hoʻi au, a he umikumamakahi wale i ke awa o ka mākaʻikaʻi. kanaka hoʻokahi haneri a me kanalima-kumamakolu i make, a ua hoʻopakele ekolu haneri ola pono i hiki manawa i ka hoʻopakele Soviet luina.

Ka hopena o ka pōʻino

Kēia pōʻino kokoke, kena ae la i ka hoopau ana o deliveries i ka Soviet Union o koa waiwai, a ma lalo o puʻe mai Moscow wale, i pio i ka Pelekania, e hoʻomau i ka mua paʻa ma. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka ia convoy nalowale ekolu moku torpedoed ma Kelemānia mokuluu, no hoi, hoouna uaʻula a hōʻea i ka hoʻomaka o ka Polar po.

Ma hope tragically nalowale convoy kauoha Pelekāne hoʻololi pöʻino, ma ko lakou manao, i ka codename ma YW PQ, a me RA. Aia ua no hoi, he mea kēia e smuggle waiwai hookahi amo ipu, akā, ka mea, i ole lawe mai no hoi i pau ai i ka makemake hopena lākou mau poho a me ka poho o ke ola.

Wale ma December 1942 koa Pelekāne pomaikai. ua hiki ke hoʻokō lossless Murmansk I elua o ka convoy i ka mahina. Aia ka hōʻike i kēia ua kūpono ma ka indescribable inaina o Hitler, a me ka waiwai e lilo aku-Luna o ka Moana o Grand Adimarala Raeder.

Kahalewai Huli ae la ia mai ka Nazis

Eia naʻe, ma ka manawa o ka kaua i hele mai i maopopo fracture. Ua hoʻoneʻe i nā wahi Most German ili moku, a ma ka wā 1943-1945 makahiki e ku e ia Ally convoys ua aneane wale nō o ka mokuluu. Lākou helu ua hoʻemi 'ana i ka hakakā poho, oiai Kelemānia ka hana hikiʻole, e hoʻopiha ia i ia manawa ua kāinoa mua.

I ka pau ana o December 1943 ka German Moku i nalowale kekahi o kona maikaʻi moku kaua - cruiser "Scharnhorst", poho ma ka Pelekania oiai ho'āʻo e hoouka aku Arctic convoy e hali ana i ka YP-55 inoa. Like kaumaha hopena Mokuahana ae la ka moku lawe hae o ka mokukaua Koa o Germany - ka battleship "Tirpitz". Aole i hui pu i ke kaua, ka mea i luku ai i ka poʻe Pelekāne mokulele 'ana i ka? Aeia.

Na makana luina o ka Ally na mana a hiki i ka lanakila

Iloko o ke kaua, me ka Arctic convoys, kiʻi o i i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ka pepa haawi ai i ko kakou aina eha a me ka hapalua miliona na tona o ka oihana koa ukana a me ka ai, a ua ma kahi o kanakolu pakeneka o ka nui o ka holoʻokoʻa Union kokua. Me ka ho'ākāka 'ia e pili ana i ka mea kaua, ka mea i hāʻawi ai i ke kukulu akau ma ka ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hapalua o ka huina dala i hoakaka ia ma ka Soviet Union, Pelekane a me Amerika. Total Artic convoys i lawe mai i loko o ka wahi koke o ka Kelemānia-ku mokuna 1398 amo moku.

I kēia makahiki, ho'olaule'a ka lehulehu o ko mākou'āina, a me'Amelika Huipū'ia a me Pelekāne Nui i ka makahiki o ka'ekalesia'o Arctic mua. He lā nui loa. Ua ho'olaha'ia nā lālani hui i kona lā 75. He kūlana ko'iko'i ka'aha hau'oli o Arctic i ka ho'okahuli'ana o Nazi Kelemānia, a'a'ole hiki ke ho'okūkino nui'ia kona nui, a no laila, ua launa pono nā mele i ho'onohonoho'ia i kēia manawa ma Pomorie. 'O nā'elele mai'eiwa mau'āina i komo i loko.

Ma waho a'e o Severodvinsk a me Arkhangelsk, ua mālama'ia nā hanana i hana'ia i Murmansk a me St. Petersburg, kahi i hala aku i'elua makahiki i hala a'e nei he wahi ho'omana'o i ka'ānekona Arctic. I ka wā ma mua, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi ho'omana'o i ka ho'omana'o'ana i nā po'e o ia mau hanana kaulana i Murmansk.

I nā lā o ka ho'okipa'ana i ka leka Lūkini, ua pana'ia ka puke "Arctic Union convoys o 1941-1945" i pana'ia e nā mea pena ki'i'Amelika i 2001. Mahalo i kēia ki'i'oni'oni, ua hiki i ko mākou mau pilikāne ke a'o i nā mea nui e pili ana i nā hanana i hō'ike'ia i nā makahiki kaua i ka pi'i'ana o ke kai i nā latitudes o ka'ākau.